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 Material Balance Equation I:
Reservoir I SolutionGas-GasCap Drive
 

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Pressured gas reservoir
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 Units Conversion factors
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Units
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Rolling Wheel
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surface
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2D Stresses & Mohr's Circle  
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 Static Failure analysis: Ductile material  
Static Failure analysis: Brittle material  
Buckling of Column with Rectangular  
cross-section
Buckling of Column with Circular cross-  
section
Fatigue & dynamic Failure analysis  
Stress Concentration factors: Two U-  
Notches in a Rectangular member
Stress Concentration factors: Circular  
Hole in a Rectangular member
Stress Concentration factors: U-Notch in
a Circular shaft
...

CONVERSION FACTORS

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M
N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z
Prefixes Of S.I. Units

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

acres x 0.404 69 = hectares

acres x 43,560 = square feet (ft2)

acres x 4,046.873 = square meters (m2)

acre-feet x 43,560 = cubic feet (ft3 or cf)

acre-feet x 7,758 = barrels

angstrom units x 1.0E-10 = meters (m)

atmospheres x 14.70 = pounds/square inch

atmospheres x 1.033 = kilograms/square centimeter

atmospheres x 1.013250E+05 = pascal

atmospheres x 33.90 = Feet of water

atmospheres x 76.0 = centimeter of mercury

B  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

barrels (crude oil) x 5.6146 = cubic feet of crude oil

barrels (crude oil) x 0.158 987 3 = cubic meters of crude oil

barrels (crude oil) x 42 = gallons of crude oil, US

barrels (crude oil) x 158.987 3 = liters of crude oil

barrels (crude oil) x 0.136 = metric tons of crude oil

barrels/day x 0.0292 = Gallons(US)/minute

barrels/day<> x 1.84 = cubic centimeters/second

barrels (crude oil) x 0.15 = short tons of crude oil

barrels, US liquid x 0.75 = barrels of crude oil

barrels, US liquid x 31.5 = gallons, US

bars x 0.98 = atmospheres

bars x 14.50 = pounds/square inch

British thermal units (Btu) x 3.931E-04 = horsepower-hours

British thermal units (Btu) x 0.000 292 8 = kilowatthours (kWh)

bushels, US x 0.035 239 07 = cubic meters (m3)

C  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

calories (cal) x 4.186 8 = joules (J)

centimeters (cm) x 0.394 = inches (in)

centimeters of mercury x 0.44 = feet of water

centimeters/second x 0.036 = kilometers/hour

centipoise x 0.01 = poise

centipoise x 0.01 = grams/cm-sec

centipoise x 0.0010 = pascal-second

centipoise x 6.72E-04 = pounds/ft-sec

cubic centimeters (cm3) x 3.531E-05 = cubic feet (ft3 or cf)

cubic centimeters (cm3) x 0.06102 = cubic inches (in3)

cubic centimeters (cm3) x 2.642E-04 = gallons, US liquid

cubic centimeters (cm3) x 1.0E-03 = liters (L)

cubic feet (ft3 or cf) x 28,320 = cubic centimeters (cm3)

cubic feet (ft3 or cf) x 1728 = cubic inches (in3)

cubic feet (ft3 or cf) x 7.48 = gallons, US liquid

cubic feet (ft3 or cf) x 28.316 8 = liters (L)

cubic feet (ft3 or cf) x 2.831685E-02 = cubic meters

cubic feet/minute x 472 = cubic centimeters/second

cubic feet/minute x 4.72E-4 = cubic meters/second

cubic feet/minute x 0.12 = gallons/second

cubic feet/minute x 0.471 947 4 = liters/second

cubic inches (in3) x 16.38706 = cubic centimeters (cm3)

cubic inches (in3) x 1.639E-05 = cubic meters (m3)

cubic inches (in3) x 4.329E-03 = gallons (gal)

cubic inches (in3) x 0.016387 06 = liters (L)

cubic meters (m3) x 35.315 = cubic feet (ft3 or cf)

cubic meters (m3) x 264.20 = gallons, US liquid

cubic meters (m3) x 1,000 = liters (L)

cubic meters/sec (m3/s) x 15,850 = gallons/minute

cubic meters/sec (m3/s) x 2118 = cubic feet/minute

cubic meters/sec (m3/s) x 60,000 = liters/minute

cycles/second x 1.0 = hertz

D  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

darcy x 0.9869E-12 = meter squared

days (mean solar) x 86,400 = seconds

degrees (angle) x 0.0111 = quadrants

degrees (angle) x 0.017 453 29 = radians

degrees (angle) x 3,600 = seconds

degrees/second x 0.16667 = revolutions/minute

dynes x 1.0E-05 = joules/meter (newtons)

dynes/square centimeter x 1.0E-06 = bars

E  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

em (pica) x 0.42 = centimeters (cm)

ergs x 1.0E-07 = joules (J)

ergs x 2.78E-14 = kilowatthours (kWh)

ergs/second x 1.3E-10 = horsepower (hp)

ergs/second x 1.0E-10 = kilowatts

F  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

feet (ft) x 30.48 = centimeters (cm)

feet (ft) x 12 = inches (in)

feet (ft) x 0.3048 = meters (m)

feet (ft) x 1.645E-04 = miles (nautical)

feet (ft) x 1.894E-04 = miles (statute)

feet of water x 0.029499 = atmospheres of water

feet of water x 0.8826 = inches of mercury

feet of water x 0.433515 = pounds/square inch

feet/minute x 0.5080 = centimeter/second

feet/second x 1.09728 = kilometers/hour

feet/second x 0.59248 = knots

feet/second x 0.681818 = miles/hour

foot-candles x 10.763 91 = lumens/square meter

foot-pounds x 3.77E-07 = kilowatthours (kWh)

foot-pounds/minute x 2.26E-05 = kilowatts (kW)

foot-pounds/sec x 0.00181 = horsepower

G  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

gallons, US (gal) x 0.031 75 = barrels

gallons, US (gal) x 0.02381 = barrels of crude oil

gallons, US (gal) x 3,785.41 = cubic centimeters (cm3)

gallons, US (gal) x 0.1337 = cubic feet (ft3 or cf)

gallons, US (gal) x 3.785412E-03 = cubic meters (m3)

gallons, US (gal) x 0.832675 = gallons, imperial

gallons, US (gal) x 3.785412 = liters (L)

gallons, liquid British

x 1.2014 = gallons, US liquid
imperial

gallons of crude oil x 0.02380952 = barrels of crude oil

gallons/minute, US x 8.0208 = cubic feet/hour

gallons/minute, US x 0.134 = cubic feet/minute

gallons/minute, US x 6.309E-05 = cubic meters/sec

gausses x 1.0E-04 = webers/square meter

grains x 0.064798 91 = grams (g)

grams (g) x 0.0353 = ounces

grams (g) x 2.204623E-03 = pounds (lb)

grams/centimeter x 5.6E-03 = pounds/inch

grams/cubic centimeter x 62.43 = pounds/cubic foot

grams/cubic centimeter x 8.347 = pounds/gallon

grams/liter x 1,000 = parts/million

grams/liter x 8.34 = pounds/1,000 gallons

grams/liter x 0.06243 = pounds/cubic foot

grams/square centimeter x 2.04816 = pounds/square foot

gram-calories x 1.56E-06 = horsepower-hours

gram-calories x 1.16E-06 = kilowatthours (kWh)

H  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

hectares (ha) x 2.471 = acres

hectares (ha) x 107,600 = square feet (ft2)

hectares (ha) x 10,000 = square meters (m2)

horsepower (hp) x 1.014 = horsepower (metric)

horsepower (hp) x 42.44 = British thermal units/minute

horsepower (hp) x 550 = foot-pounds/second

horsepower-hour (hp-hr) x 2.684520E+6 = Joules

horsepower (hp) x 0.746043 = kilowatts

horsepower (metric) x 0.986 = horsepower

horsepower (metric) x 542.5 = foot-pounds/second

I  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

inches (in) x 2.54 = centimeters (cm)

inches (in) x 0.0254 = meters (m)

inches (in) x 1.578E-05 = miles (mi)

inches of mercury x 0.4912 = pounds/square inch

inches of water at (4oC) x 2.458E-03 = atmospheres

inches of water at (4oC) x 0.03 = pounds/square inch

J  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

joules (J) x 9.48E-04 = British thermal units (Btu)

joules (J) x 2.778E-04 = watthours (Wh)

K  Return to top of page

 Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

kilograms (kg) x 2.204 6 = pounds (lb)

kilograms (kg) x 9.84E-04 = tons, long

kilograms (kg) x 1.1E-03 = tons, metric (t)

kilograms/cubic meter x 1.42E-03 = pounds/square inch

kilograms/meter x 0.67197 = pounds/foot

kilograms/square centimeter x 0.9678 = atmospheres

kilograms/square centimeter x 14.223 = pounds/square inch

kilograms/square meter x 9.81E-05 = bars

kilogram-meters x 2.72E-06 = kilowatthours (kWh)

kilometers (km) x 3,280.84 = feet (ft)

kilometers (km) x 0.621 4 = miles (mi)

kilometers/hour x 0.91134 = feet/second

kilometers/hour x 0.53995 = knots

kilometers/hour x 0.62137 = miles/hour

kilowatts (kW) x 1.341 = horsepower (hp)

kilowatts (kW) x 1,000 = watts (W)

kilowatthours (kWh) x 3,413 = British thermal units (Btu)

kilowatthours (kWh) x 3.60E+06 = Joules

L  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

liters (L) x 0.0063 = barrels of oil

liters (L) x 0.0084 = barrels

liters (L) x 0.035315 = cubic feet (ft3 or cf)

liters (L) x 61.02 = cubic inches (in3)

liters (L) x 0.264 = gallons

long tons x 1,016.047 = kilograms (kg)

long tons x 1.016047 = metric tons (t)

long tons x 2,240 = pounds (lb)

long tons x 1.12 = short tons (st)

M  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

meters (m) x 3.281 = feet (ft)

meters (m) x 6.21E-04 = miles (statute)

meters/second x 2.23 = miles/hour

meters/second x 196.8 = feet/minute

metric tons (t) x 1,000 = kilograms (kg)

metric tons (t) x 2,204.62 = pounds (lb)

metric tons (t) x 1.1023 = short tons (st)

metric tons of crude oil x 7.33 = barrels (bbl)

microns x 1.0E-06 = meters (m)

miles, statute x 161,000 = centimeters (cm)

miles, statute x 5,280 = feet (ft)

miles, statute x 1.609344 = kilometers (km)

miles, statute x 1,609 = meters (m)

miles, statute x 0.868975 = miles, nautical

miles/hour x 44.70 = centimeter/second

miles/hour x 1.4667 = feet/second

meters (m) x 3.281 = feet

meters (m) x 6.21E-04 = miles (statute)

millimeters x 0.03937 = inches

milligrams/liter x 1 = parts/million

million gallons/day x 1.5472 = cubic feet/second

minutes (angles) x 0.0167 = degrees

N  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

newtons x 0.22481 = pounds force

newtons x 100,000 = dynes

O  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

ounces (oz) x 28.34 = grams (g)

ounces (oz) x 0.0625 = pounds (lb)

P  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

pascal x 1 = newton/sq meter

pascal x 9.871E-06 = atmosphere

parts/million x 8.34 = pounds/million gallon (gal)

pints, US liquid x 0.125 = gallons, US (gal)

poise (P) x 1 = grams/centimeter second

poundals x 13,826 = dynes

pounds (lb) x 4.45E+05 = dynes

pounds (lb) x 453.59 = grams (g)

pounds (lb) x 4.5359E-04 = Tons (metric)

pounds (lb) x 4.448 = joules/meter (newtons)

pounds (lb) x 0.45359237 = kilograms (kg)

pounds (lb) x 16 = ounces (oz)

pounds of water x 27.68 = cubic inches (in3)

pounds of water x 0.11983 = gallons (gal)

pounds/cubic foot x 0.1337 = pounds/gallon (US)

pounds/cubic foot x 0.006944 = pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)

pounds/cubic foot x 0.016026 = specific gravity

pounds/cubic foot x 0.016026 = grams/cubic centimeter

pounds/cubic foot x 16.026 = kilograms/cubic meter

pounds/cubic inch x 27.68 = grams/cubic centimeter

pounds/cubic inch x 27,680 = kilograms/cubic meter

pounds/foot x 1.4882 = kilograms/meter

pounds/inch x 178.60 = grams/centimeter

pounds/gallon (ppg) x 0.12005 = specific gravity

pounds/gallon (ppg) x 0.052 = pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)

pounds/gallon (ppg) x 7.48 = pounds/cubic foot

pounds/gallon (ppg) x 0.1198 = grams/cubic centimeter

pounds/square inch x 0.0680 = atmospheres

pounds/square inch x 2.3095 = feet of water

pounds/square inch x 2.03602 = inches of mercury

pounds/square inch x 703.0696 = kilograms/square meter

pounds/square inch x 6.894757E+03 = pascal

pounds/square inch x 144 = pounds/square foot

pounds/sq inch/foot(psi/ft) x 19.23 = pounds/gallon (US)

pounds/sq inch/foot(psi/ft) x 144 = pounds/cubic foot

pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft) x 2.3095 = specific gravity

Q  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

quadrants, angle x 90 = degrees

quadrants, angle x 1.5708 = radians

quarts, liquid x 57.75 = cubic inches (in3)

quarts, liquid x 9.46E-04 = cubic meters (m3)

R  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor
radians x 57.29 = degrees

radians x 3,438 = minutes

radians x 206,000 = seconds

revolutions x 360 = degrees

revolutions x 4 = quadrants

revolutions x 6.283185 = radians

S  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

seconds (angle) x 2.78E-04 = degrees

seconds (angle) x 4.848137E-06 = radians

short tons (st) x 0.8929 = long tons

short tons (st) x 0.9071847 = metric tons (t)

short tons (st) x 2,000 = pounds (lb)

short tons of crude oil x 6.65 = barrels (bbl)

specific gravity x 1 = grams/cubic centimeter

specific gravity x 0.433 = pounds/sq inch/foot (psi/ft)

specific gravity x 8.33 = pounds/gallon (US)

specific gravity x 350.5 = pounds/barrel

specific gravity x 62.4 = pounds/cubic foot

square centimeters (cm2) x 1.08E-03 = square feet (ft2)

square centimeters (cm2) x 0.1550 = square inches (in2)

square inch (in2) x 6.4516 = square centimeter

square feet (ft2) x 2.2956E-05 = acres

square feet (ft2) x 929.03 = square centimeters (cm2)

square feet (ft2) x 144 = square inches (in2)

square feet (ft2) x 0.09290304 = square meters (m2)

square feet (ft2) x 3.59E-08 = square miles (mi2)

square kilometers (km2) x 247.10 = acres

square kilometers (km2) x 100 = hectares

square kilometers (km2) x 0.386 = square miles (mi2)

square meters (m2) x 2.471E-04 = acres

square meters (m2) x 10.763915 = square feet (ft2)

square meters (m2) x 3.86E-07 = square miles (mi2)

square miles (mi2) x 640 = acres

square miles (mi2) x 27,900,000 = square feet (ft2)

square miles (mi2) x 2.589988 = square kilometers (km2)

T  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

therms x 100,000 = BTUs of natural gas

therms x 1.054804E+08 = joules (J)

tonnes x 1.0 = tons, metric

tons, long x 1,016.047 = kilograms (kg)

tons, long x 1.016047 = metric tons (t)

tons, long x 2,240 = pounds (lb)

tons, long x 1.12 = short tons (st)

tons, metric (t) x 7.33 = barrels of crude oil

tons, metric (t) x 1,000 = kilograms (kg)

tons, metric (t) x 2,204.62 = pounds (lb)

tons, short (st) x 6.65 = barrels of crude oil

tons, short (st) x 0.8929 = long tons

tons, short (st) x 0.9071847 = metric tons (t)

tons, short (st) x 2,000 = pounds (lb)

U  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor
V  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

W  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

watts (W) x 3.41219 = British thermal units/hour

watts (W) x 0.001341 = horsepower (hp)

watts (absolute) x 1 = joules/second

watthours (Wh) x 3.41219 = British thermal units (Btu)

watthours (Wh) x 2,656 = foot-pounds

weeks x 168 = hours

X  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

Y  Return to top of page

Multiplied Conversion
Original Unit Equals Final Unit
By Factor

years (mean of 4-year period) x 365.25 = days

years (mean of 4-year period) x 8,766 = hours

years (mean of 4-year period) x 526,000 = minutes (time)

years (mean of 4-year period) x 31,558,150 = seconds (time)

years (mean of 4-year period) x 52.17 = week

Z  Return to top of page

Prefixes Of International System Of Units

Exponential
Numerical Value Prefix Symbol Meaning
Expression
1 000 000 000 000 000 000   exa E Quintillion 1018
1 000 000 000 000 000   peta P Quadrillion 1015
1 000 000 000 000   tera T Trillion 1012
1 000 000 000   giga G Billion 109
1 000 000   mega M Million 106
1 000   kilo k Thousand 103
100   hecto h Hundred 102
10   deca   or da Ten 101
deka
1        100
0.1 deci d One-tenth 10-1
0.01 centi c one-hundredth 10-2
0.001 milli m one-thousandth 10-3
0.000 001 micro ? one-millionth 10-6
0.000 000 001 nano n one-billionth 10-9
0.000 000 000 001 pico p one-trillionth 10-12
0.000 000 000 000 001 femto f one-quadrillionth 10-15
0.000 000 000 000 000 001   atto a one-quintillionth 10-18

  Return to top of page

CHEMISTRY CALCULATIONS

DILUTION OF SOLUTIONS

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Initial volume of solution   L 

Initial concentration of solution   mol/L  
Final concentration of solution   mol/L  

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Final volume of solution   L 
 ♦  Added volume of solvent   L 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Dilution Of Solutions

A chemical solution is prepared by dissolving a solute in a solvent. The concentration of

a solution is usually given in moles per litre (mol/L or M). This is also known as
Molarity . When a solution is diluted, more solvent is added to it. The dilution equations
are as follows:

     V1M1 = V2M2

     ΔV = V2 - V1

where
     V1 = volume before dilution
     V2 = volume after dilution
     ΔV = volume of solvent added during dilution
     M1 = concentration (molarity) before dilution
     M2 = concentration after dilution

ACID-BASE TITRATION

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

NaOH + HCl ===> NaCl + H2O  

NaOH + H2SO4 ===> Na2SO4 + 2H2O  
Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ===> Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O  

Volume of base   mL  
Molarity of base   mol/L  
Volume of acid   mL  

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Moles of base   10-3mol  
 ♦  Moles of acid   10-3mol  
 ♦  Molarity of acid   mol/L  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Acid-Base Reaction

Standard acid-base reactions, also known as neutralisation reactions, leads to the

production of a salt and water:
acid + base ===> salt + water
Titration involves the progressive addition of one reactant from a burette (usually the
acid), to a known volume of the other reactant in a conical flask (usually the base).
Titration stops when the equivalence point (endpoint) is reached, i.e. when mole of H+
ions equals the moles OH-. An indicator (eg litmus dye) is used to show the equivalence
point.

The calculator here considers three selectable reactions:

   • NaOH + HCl ===> NaCl + H2O  
   • NaOH + H2SO4 ===> Na2SO4 + 2H2O  
   • Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3 ===> Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O  
involving one of two bases: sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)
and one of three acids: sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid
(HNO3). The required number of moles in the acid or base solution is given by the
relation:
number of moles = (molar concentration) x (number of liters);

Also, the two solutions will react exactly with each other if they contain the same number
of equivalents, e.g. the balanced equation shows that 1 mole of barium hydroxide is
equivalent to 2 moles of nitric acid.

EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

  Concentration   Coefficient  
#  mol/L  integer 
Aa 0 0

Bb 0 0

Cc 0 0

Dd 0 0

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS
Variables   Values   Units
 ♦  Equilibrium constant, Keq    
 ♦  Standard free energy change, ΔG°   J/mol  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Chemical Equilibrium

Chemical equilibrium applies to reactions that can occur in both directions, such as:

     CH4(g) + H2O(g) <==> CO(g) + 3H2(g);      AgBr(s) <==> Ag+(aq) + Br-(aq);     
HNO2 <==> H+ + NO2-.

After some of the products are created, the products begin to react to form the reactants.
The reactants are then constantly forming products and vice-versa.

Chemical equilibrium is the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and
products have no net change over time. Usually, this state results when the forward
chemical reactions proceed at the same rate as their reverse reactions.

For a reversible chemical reaction:

     aA + bB <==> cC + dD ,      {e.g. for N2 + 3H2 <==> 2NH3, a=1, b=3, c=2, d=0}

the Equilbrium constant is given by the equation:

     Keq = [C]c[D]d/([A]a[B]b)

There are some special cases of Keq (e.g., Ka for the ionization constant of an acid, Kb for
the ionization constant of a base, Kd for the dissociation constant).

Also, the free energy changes in the chemical reaction at equilibrium is given by:

     ΔG° = -RTln(Keq)

where
     Keq = equilibrium constant
     ΔG° = Gibbs standard free energy change
     [A] = concentration of reactant A
     a = stochiometric coefficient of reactant A
     [C] = concentration of reactant C
     c = stoichiometric coefficient of reactant C
     R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J.K-1.mol-1
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Period
1 2
1
H He
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23
19 20 21 22 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
4 V
K Ca Sc Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
5
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
55 56 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
6
Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
87 88 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
7
Fr Ra Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

Non Alkali Alkaline Transition Rare Basic Semi- Noble

Legend Halogen
Metal Metal Metal Metal Earth Metal Metal Gas

OUTPUT   VARIABLES  

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Name of Element   Flourine  
 ♦  Atomic Number   9  
 ♦  Atomic Mass (Weight)  18.998403  
 ♦  Melting Point   -219.62 °C 
 ♦  Boiling Point   -188.14 °C 

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Name of Element   Chromium  
 ♦  Atomic Number   24  
 ♦  Atomic Mass (Weight)  51.996  
 ♦  Melting Point   1857 °C 
 ♦  Boiling Point   2672 °C 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

The Periodic Table

All of chemistry starts with the periodic table of the chemical elements.
The periodic table, first devised in 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev, is a tabular
framework for classifying and displaying the chemical elements and hence
their chemical properties and behavior. The periodic "law" of chemistry
recognises that properties of the elements are periodic functions of their
atomic number. The periodic table orders the elements by atomic number
in columns (groups) and rows (periods) in a way that emphasizes their
periodicity.

The standard form of the table is presented here. By clicking on an

element in the table, some attributes of the elements displayed. There are
currently 116 confirmed elements, and two further speculated ones.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Number of moles of solute   mol  

Volume of solution   mL  

Temperature of solution   °C  

     <>
     

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Molar concentration of solution   mol/L  
 ♦  Osmotic pressure, Π   atm  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Osmotic Pressure

Solvent properties affected by the amount of solute and not the identity of the solute are
called colligative properties, and osmotic pressure is one of these properties. Osmotic
pressure is the pressure exerted by the flow of solvent through a semipermeable
membrane separating two solutions with different concentrations of solute.

The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution of a non-electrolyte is given by the equation:

     Π = MRT = [n/V]RT

where
     Π = osmotic pressure
     R = universal gas constant = 0.0821 L.atm.K-1.mol-1
     M = molar concentration
     n = number of moles of solute
     V = volume of solution

ELECTOCHEMISTRY

FARADAY'S LAWS OF ELECTROLYSIS

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Molar mass of substance   gm/mol  

Valence number   integer  
Electric current   amp  
Time duration   minutes  

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Total electric charge   coulombs  
 ♦  Mass produced   gm  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Faraday's Laws Of Electrolysis

In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating bonded elements

and compounds by passing an electric current through them. Faraday's laws state that a)
The amount of any substance dissolved or deposited in electrolysis is proportional to the
total electric charge passed, and b) The amounts of different substances dissolved or
desposited by the passage of the same electric charge are proportional to their equivalent
weights.

For example, in the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, NaCl, one faraday, or one
mole, of electrons is transferred at the cathode to one mole of sodium ions, Na+, to form
one mole of sodium atoms, Na (valence number = 1), while in the electrolysis of molten
magnesium chloride, MgCl2, two faradays of electrons must be transferred at the cathode
to reduce one mole of magnesium ions, Mg2+, to one mole of magnesium atoms, Mg
(valence number = 2). Valence number of silver is 1, zinc is 2 and iron is 3.

Mathematically, the laws can be expressed as:

   m = [QM]/[Fn] = [ItM]/[Fn]

where
     m = mass of the substance produced at the electrode (in grams)
     n = valence number of the substance as an ion in solution (electrons per ion)
     M = molar mass of the substance (in grams per mole)
     F = Faraday's constant = 96,485 coulombs
     Q = total electric charge that passed through the solution (in coulombs)
     t = time interval of current flow
     I = average of electrical current flow, amp

MOLAR MASS OF A GAS

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Volume of gas   cm3  

Mass of gas   g 
Temperature of gas   °C  
Pressure of gas   atm  

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Molar mass of gas   g/mol  
 ♦  Density of gas   g/L  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Molar Mass Of An Unknown Gas

The molar mass (M) is the number of grams in one mole of a substance. It is easy to
calculate the molar mass of a substance if you know its formula ? you simply add up the
atomic masses of all of its component atoms. But if the substance is unknown you have
no formula to work with, so you perform some measurements. Thus if the volume and
weight of gas are measured at any given pressure and temperature, it is possible to
estimate the molar mass and density, via the ideal gas law. Starting from the ideal gas law
equation:

     PV = nRT

the following relations can be derived:

     M = wRT/PV

     d = MP/RT

where
     P = gas pressure
     V = gas volume
     R = universal gas constant [=0.0821 L.atm.K-1.mol-1]
     n = number of moles of gas
     T = temperature [° K]
     w = mass of gas
     M = molar mass of gas at STP
     d = gas density at STP [air density = 3.21 gm/litre]

Calorimetry

HEAT & CHANGE OF PHASE OF WATER

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Initial temperature   °C
Final temperature   °C
Mass of
g 
ice/water/steam  
     

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS
<
Variables   Values   Units
 ♦  Heating ice   cal  
 ♦  Melting ice   cal   Graphs:
 ♦  Heating water   cal      Bar Chart of Heat Transfer
 ♦  Vaporizing to steam   cal  
 ♦  Heating steam   cal  
 ♦♦  Total   cal  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Heat Required To Turn Ice To Water

When a material is heated (with no chemical reaction occurring), kinetic energy is added
to its molecules usually resulting in a rise in its temperature. The only exception is when
the material reaches its melting or boiling points. At those two temperatures, the heat
energy goes into changing the state of the material (solid => liquid, liquid => gas). After
the state has changed, the temperature will rise again with added heat. The process is
reversed during cooling, condensation and freezing.
The amount of heat required per unit mass to raise the temperature by one degree is the
specific heat of the material. The amount of heat required to melt a unit mass of the
material is called the latent heat of fusion, and to boil it off to gas is called the latent heat
of vaporization.

   • Specific heat of water = 1.0 cal/g-°C, ice = 0.50, steam = 0.48

   • Latent heat of melting/freezing = 80 calories
   • Latent heat of boiling/condensation = 540 cal.

The governing equations are:

     ΔH = m·c·ΔT, within each phase

     ΔH = m·L, at phase change

where
     ΔH = heat exchange
     m = mass
     c = specific heat capacity
     L = latent heat
     ΔT = change in temperature

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Temperature of water   2 °C 

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Density g/cc
 ♦  Viscosity cP
 ♦  Heat capacity   cal/g.°C
 ♦  Thermal conductivity   micro-cal/s.cm.K
 ♦  Surface tension dyne/cm
 ♦  Vapor pressure   mm Hg  
 ♦  Heats of vaporization   cal/g  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Properties Of Water

Thermodynamical properties of water are required in many chemical calculations,

including the sizing vessels, process pipeline separation of multi-components, gas
adsorption and chemical reactor design. The properties include density, viscosity, heat
capacity, thermal conductivity surface tension, latent heat of vaporization and vapor
pressure. The variation of these properties with temperature (from zero to the critical
temperature Tc of 374.2 °C) are considered here. Many correlations for estimating these
properties have been published. The correlations of usually polynomial expressions of the
form:

y = A + BT + CT2 + CT3
with some variations as implemented:
   Density: y = 1.0-[(T + 288.9414)/(508929.2*[T + 68.12963])]*[T - 3.9863]2;     
   Viscosity: logy = A + B/T + CT + DT2
   Vapour pressure: logy = A + B/T + ClogT + DT + ET2
   Surface tension: y = A[(Tc - T)/(Tc - B)]n

where
     T = temperature
     Tc = critical temperature
     y = water property in question
     A,B,C,D,E,n = appropriate correlation constants for the property

LIQUID PIPE FLOW: PIPE LENGTH CALCULATION

SI/Metric Units
US Customary Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Flow rate , Q   m3/hr  

     

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

VARIABLES   Values   Units

 ♦ Flow velocity, V   m/s 
 ♦ Reynolds number, Re    
 ♦ Flow regime    
 ♦ Darcy Friction factor, ƒd    
 ♦♦ Maximum Length of pipe, L   m 
 ♦ Total Pressure drop, ΔP   N/m2 
 ♦ Minimum Pumping horsepower, BHP   kW 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Flow Of Liquid & Compressed Gases Through Circular Pipe

A common engineering problem to be able to determine the losses (analysis), or velocity

(prediction) or the conduit size (design) of a piping system. Flow in a pipe is
characterized by 7 parameters: Fluid viscosity & specific gravity, Pipe internal diameter,
roughness & length, Flow rate/velocity & head loss/pressure drop. Based on which of the
parameters are known, four types of computational problems are identified: namely the
Calculation of i) Pressure drop, ii) Flow rate, iii) the Pipe internal diameter and iv) Pipe
length. This task is accomplished by appropriate rearrangement, substitution and iterative
solution of the following Equations:

    Reynolds Number Re=VD/ν

     <>

where
     Re = Reynolds Number
     Q = average flow rate
     V = average flow velocity
     γ = fluid specific gravity
     ν = kinetic viscosity, centistokes
     D = pipe inside diameter
     L = pipe length
     ε = absolute internal pipe roughness
     ƒ = friction factor
     ΔZ = change in elevation
     h = pressure head
     hf = head loss due to pipe friction
     Lm = head losses due to fittings, valves, etc(length equivalent)
     P = pressure
     g = gravitation acceleration

FLOW THROUGH PACKED BEDS

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Packed bed diameter   ft 

Packed bed length  ft  

Fluid flow rate   lb/hr
Particle diameter   in  
Particle length   in
Fraction of voids in bed   
     <>
Fluid density   lb/ft3
Fluid viscosity  cP 

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Cross-sectional area of bed   ft2
 ♦  Superficial mass velocity   lb/hr.ft2
 ♦  Area of particles   ft2
 ♦  Volume of particles  ft3
 ♦  Packed bed surface area   ft2/ft3 bed  
 ♦  Effective particle diameter   ft
 ♦  Fluid Reynold's Number    
 ♦  Friction factor  
 ♦  Flow regime    
 ♦  Total Pressure Drop   psi 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Packed-Bed Flow

The packed bed represents a workhorse configuration for a wide variety of mass transfer
operations in the chemical process industry, such as distillation, absorption and
liquid/liquid extraction. The packed bed configuration also facilitates the intimate mixing
of fluids with mismatched densities, largely due to increased surface area for contact.
Flow through a packed bed can be regarded as fluid flow past some number of
submerged objects. When there is no flow through the packed bed, the net gravitational
force (including bouyancy) acts downward. When flow begins upward, friction forces act
upward and counterbalance the net gravitational force. For a high enough fluid velocity,
the friction force is large enough to lift the particles. This represents the onset of
fluidization. The frictional force can be expressed in terms of a friction factor. This leads
to equations describing the the flow of a fluid past a collection of particles. The Ergun
correlation is one such equation:

     <>

where
     ΔP = pressure drop
     L = unit depth of packed bed
     gc = dimensional constant
     μ = fluid viscosity
     V = superficial fluid velocity
     G = superficial mass velocity
     D = effective particle diameter
     ε = void fraction of bed

LIQUID PIPE FLOW: PRESSURE DROP CALCULATION

SI/Metric Units
US Customary Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Flow rate , Q   m3/hr  

Fluid specific gravity, γ   1.0  

Kinematic viscosity, ν   cSt  

Pipe diameter, D   mm 

Pipe roughness, ε   mm  
Pipe length, L   m 

Fittings/minor losses, Lm   0 m 

Elevation change, ΔZ   0 m 

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

VARIABLES   Values   Units

 ♦ Flow velocity, V   m/s 
 ♦ Reynolds number, Re    
 ♦ Flow regime    
 ♦ Darcy Friction factor, ƒd    
 ♦ Frictional Head loss, hf   m 
 ♦ Total Pressure drop, ΔP   N/m2 
 ♦ Minimum Pumping horsepower, BHP   kW 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Flow Of Liquid & Compressed Gases Through Circular Pipe

A common engineering problem to be able to determine the losses (analysis), or velocity

(prediction) or the conduit size (design) of a piping system. Flow in a pipe is
characterized by 7 parameters: Fluid viscosity & specific gravity, Pipe internal diameter,
roughness & length, Flow rate/velocity & head loss/pressure drop. Based on which of the
parameters are known, four types of computational problems are identified: namely the
Calculation of i) Pressure drop, ii) Flow rate, iii) the Pipe internal diameter and iv) Pipe
length. This task is accomplished by appropriate rearrangement, substitution and iterative
solution of the following Equations:

    Reynolds Number Re=VD/ν

     <>

where
     Re = Reynolds Number
     Q = average flow rate
     V = average flow velocity
     γ = fluid specific gravity
     ν = kinetic viscosity, centistokes
     D = pipe inside diameter
     L = pipe length
     ε = absolute internal pipe roughness
     ƒ = friction factor
     ΔZ = change in elevation
     h = pressure head
     hf = head loss due to pipe friction
     Lm = head losses due to fittings, valves, etc(length equivalent)
     P = pressure
     g = gravitation acceleration

LIQUID PIPE FLOW: PIPE DIAMETER CALCULATION

SI/Metric Units
US Customary Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Flow rate , Q   m3/hr  

Fluid specific gravity, γ   1.0  

Kinematic viscosity, ν   cSt  

Available Pressure head, h   m 

Pipe roughness, ε   mm  
Pipe length, L   m 

Fittings/minor losses, Lm   0 m 

Elevation change, ΔZ   0 m 

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

VARIABLES   Values   Units

 ♦ Flow velocity, V   m/s 
 ♦ Reynolds number, Re    
 ♦ Flow regime    
 ♦ Darcy Friction factor, ƒd    
 ♦♦ Minimum Pipe Internal Diameter, D   mm 
 ♦ Total Pressure drop, ΔP   N/km2 
 ♦ Minimum Pumping power, PP   kW 

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Flow Of Liquid & Compressed Gases Through Circular Pipe

A common engineering problem to be able to determine the losses (analysis), or velocity
(prediction) or the conduit size (design) of a piping system. Flow in a pipe is
characterized by 7 parameters: Fluid viscosity & specific gravity, Pipe internal diameter,
roughness & length, Flow rate/velocity & head loss/pressure drop. Based on which of the
parameters are known, four types of computational problems are identified: namely the
Calculation of i) Pressure drop, ii) Flow rate, iii) the Pipe internal diameter and iv) Pipe
length. This task is accomplished by appropriate rearrangement, substitution and iterative
solution of the following Equations:

    Reynolds Number Re=VD/ν

     <>

where
     Re = Reynolds Number
     Q = average flow rate
     V = average flow velocity
     γ = fluid specific gravity
     ν = kinetic viscosity, centistokes
     D = pipe inside diameter
     L = pipe length
     ε = absolute internal pipe roughness
     ƒ = friction factor
     ΔZ = change in elevation
     h = pressure head
     hf = head loss due to pipe friction
     Lm = head losses due to fittings, valves, etc. (length equivalent)
     P = pressure
     g = gravitation acceleration

LIQUID-PHASE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Molecular weight of solvent B    

Absolute temperature   °K 

Viscosity of solvent B   cP
Molal volume of solute A   cm3/g-mol
Association factor of solvent B   1.0

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Diffusion coefficient of liquid phase cm2/s Graphs:
 Diffusion coeff. Vs Molal volume

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Liquid-Phase Diffusion

Diffusion is the spontaneous migration of substances from regions where their

concentration is high to regions where their concentration is low. The knowledge of the
degree of diffusion is important in several chemical engineering mass transfer process
design - eg. gas adsorption, distillation and liquid-liquid extraction. A number of
correlations have been proposed for predicting the diffusion coefficient for a binary
mixture of solute A in solvent B (e.g. propane in chlorobenzene). The Wilke-Chang
method estimates this coefficient for dilute solutions via the equation:

     <>

where
     D0AB = diffusion coefficient of solute A in solvent B, cm2/s
     MwB = molecular weight of solvent B
     T = absolute temperature, °K
     vA = molal volume of solute A at its normal boiling point temperature, cm3/g-mol
     μA = viscosity of solvent B, cP
     φ = association factor of solvent B, e.g. = 1 for unassociated solvents, =2.6 for water

In the implementation here, the infinite series is approximated by summation from m=0
=> 250, with insignificant loss of accuracy.

TRAPEZOIDAL OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW

SI/Metric Units
US/UK Customary Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Bottom width, w   m 

Slope of bank #1, z1

Slope of bank #2, z2
Slope of channel, S
Depth of flow, d   m
Manning     
coefficient, n  <>

    
OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  
GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Flow rate or discharge, Q  m3/s 
 ♦  Flow velocity, V m/s
 ♦  Top width, T m
 ♦  Channel area, A m2
 ♦  Wetted perimeter, P m
 ♦  Hydraulic radius, R m
 ♦  Froude number, F

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Uniform Flow Of Water In A Trapezoidal Channel

Open channel flow is flow of a liquid with a free surface, where the free surface is at
atmospheric pressure. The flow takes place under the force of gravity. That is, it takes
place due to the slope of the channel bed and the hydraulic gradient coincides with the
free surface of water. Many natural and man-made channels are approximately
trapezoidal in cross-section.
The most common method for determining the behavior of open channel flow is
Manning's variation of the Chezy equation: :

     <>
where
     Q = discharge rate
     V = mean velocity of flow
     d = depth of flow
     w = width of bed of channel
     z1 = slope of bank 1, horizontal to vertical
     z2 = slope of bank 2, horizontal to vertical
     S = slope of channel, vertical to horizontal
     θ = slope of channel in degrees
     T = top width of surface of flowing water
     P = wetted perimeter of cross-section
     R = hydraulic radius of flow cross-section
     n = Manning's roughness coefficient
     F = Froude number: F < 1 => subcritical flow, F=1 => critical, F>1 supercritical

    

FORCE ON A PIPE BEND

SI/Metric Units
US Customary Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Flow m3/min
rate, Q       
Fluid  
specific 1.0
gravity,
γ 
Inlet 106N/m2 
Pressure
, P1  
Pipe mm  <>
inlet
diamete
r, D1  
Pipe mm 
outlet
diamete
r, D2  
Bend
Angle, ° 
θ 

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

VARIABLES   Values   Units

 ♦♦ Force magnitude, F   N 
 ♦♦ Force direction, α   ° 
 ♦ X-component of force, Fx   N 
 ♦ Y-component of force, Fy   N 
 ♦ Outlet Pressure, P2   106N/m2 
 ♦ Inlet Velocity, V1   m/s 
 ♦ Outlet Velocity, V2   m/s  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Forces Due To Pipe Bend And/Or Diameter Changes

When a flowing fluid changes direction, a force will act in the bend. Thrust blocks are
used in pipe bends to withstand the forces on the pipe caused by momentum change and
unbalanced pressure of the fluid flowing in the pipe. Consider a pipe bend lying in the
horizontal plane with or without a diameter change. The resultant force and its direction
can be estimated by the equations:

     <>
where
     F = reacting force on bend
     α = direction of reacting force with respect to x-axis, anticlockwise +ve
     Fx = x-component of force
     Fy = y-component of force
     Q = average flow rate
     θ = angle of pipe bend, -180 to 180, anticlockwise +ve w.r.t. x-axis
     D1 = internal pipe internal diameter before bend or size change
     D2 = internal pipe internal diameter after before bend or size change
     P1 = pressure before bend or size change
     P2 = pressure after bend or size change
     A1 = area before
     A2 = area after
     V1 = flow velocity before
     V2 = flow velocity after
     γ = fluid specific gravity; water = 1
     ρ = fluid density

CONCRETE JOB MIX

SI/Metric Units
Sand-to-cement weight ratio    

Gravel-to-cement weight ratio  

Cement specific gravity  
Sand specific gravity SSD  
Gravel specific gravity SSD  
Cement weight per sack   kg
Water volume per cement sack   m3
Entrained air   %

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Volume Weight
Variables  
m3/sack kg/m3
 ♦  Cement  
 ♦  Sand
 ♦  Gravel
 ♦  Water
 ♦  Yield

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Yield Of Concrete

The yield or quantity of concrete of a trial batch is used to predict the total quantity of
concrete to be obtained from a job mix. The absolute volume for each of the component
materials (cement, sand, gravel, and water) is given by:

V = W/[(sgm)*(denw)]

where
     V = absolute volume, ft3(m3)
     W = weight of loose material, lb(kg)
     sgm = specific gravity of material, saturated-surface-dry state
     denw = density of water, 62.4 lb/ft3(1000 kg/m3)
     a = air-entrainment fraction

The sum of the four component materials absolute volumes gives the yield. Some
cements have air-entraining agents added during manufacture, and these increases the
yield by the factor 1/[1-a]. It is also important to know how heavy the concrete
components are per unit concrete volume.
A useful conversion unit in concrete mixing is: 1 lb/ft3 = 27 lb/yard3 = 16.01846 kg/m3

FINANCIAL

ECONOMICS - PROJECT EVALUATION

Basic Cash Flow Analysis

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Year  Cash Stream  

  (Monetary Units)
1 0
2 0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

7 0

8 0

9 0

10   0

11 0

12 0

13 0

14 0

15 0

16 0

17 0

18 0

19 0

20 0

Discount Rate 0 %

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Net Present Value (NPV) monetary units

Internal Rate of Return %
Payout Time years
Payout Time (discounted) years

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Basic Cash Flow Analysis (Generic)

Determination of the Profitability Indicators and Cash Flow Streams of a development

project,
given the following input: time profile of net cash flow stream.

Let us assume a time-series of net cash flow (NCF1, NCF2,…NCFt…),  ,  over a planning
horizon T years

where NCFt = net cashh in year t;

     t = 1,2,3…T.

And also given:

     σ = discount rate.

The Profitability Indicators are computed from the generalized relationship:

     <>

where Net Present Value NPV = γ, when λ = T and σ = discount rate;

     Internal Rate Of Return IRR = σ, when λ = T and γ = 0;

     PayOut Time = λ, when γ = 0 and σ = 0.

Adjustable Rate Mortgage Calculator

Adjustable rate mortgages can provide attractive interest rates, but your payment is not
fixed. This calculator helps you to determine what your adjustable mortgage payments
may be.

Definitions
Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)
This calculator shows a fully amortizing ARM which is the most common
type of ARM. The monthly payment is calculated to payoff the entire
mortgage balance at the end of the term. The term is typically 30 years. After
any fixed interest rate period has passed, the interest rate and payment adjusts
 at the frequency specified. A Fully Amortizing ARM will also have a
maximum rate that it will not exceed. Below is a list of the most common
types of Fully Amortizing ARMs.
Common Adjustable Rate Mortgages
ARM Type Months Fixed
Fixed for 120 months, adjusts annually for the
10/1 ARM
remaining term of the loan.
Fixed for 84 months, adjusts annually for the
7/1 ARM
remaining term of the loan.
Fixed for 60 months, adjusts annually for the
5/1 ARM
remaining term of the loan.
Fixed for 36 months, adjusts annually for the
3/1 ARM
remaining term of the loan.
Mortgage amount
Original or expected balance for your mortgage.
Starting interest rate
Initial annual interest rate for this mortgage.
Term in years
The number of years over which you will repay this loan. The most common
mortgage terms are 15 years and 30 years.
Interest rate cap
This is the highest interest rate allowed by your mortgage. Your actual interest rate
will not be adjusted above this rate.
Months before first adjustment
This is the number of months that the interest rate is fixed. After this period, the
interest rate will be subject to rate adjustments. If you enter zero in this field, we
assume that the rate will begin making adjustments after initial period of time
between adjustments has passed. If any number other than zero is entered, the first
adjustment will take place at that time, and adjustments will happen at the frequency
entered in the "months between adjustments" field.
Expected adjustment
The amount you believe that your mortgage's interest rate will change. This amount
will be added to or subtracted from your interest rate.
Months between adjustments
The number of payment periods between potential adjustments to your interest rate.
The most common is 12 months, which means your payment could change at most
once per year.
Starting monthly payment
Monthly principal and interest payment (PI) based on your beginning balance and
starting interest rate.
Total payments
Total of all monthly payments over the full term of the mortgage. This total payment
amount assumes that there are no prepayments of principal.
Total interest
Total of all interest paid over the full term of the mortgage. This total interest amount
assumes that there are no prepayments of principal.

Alternative Payment Frequencies

Use this calculator to determine your payment or loan amount for different payment
frequencies. You can make payments weekly, bi-weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, bi-
monthly, quarterly or annually. You can then examine your principal balances by
payment, total of all payments made, and total interest paid.

Payment
Payment for this loan.
Interest rate
Annual interest rate for this loan. Interest is calculated per period on the current
outstanding balance of your loan at the annual rate divided by the number of annual
periods.
Payment
The type of payment for this loan. The options are weekly (52 payments per year), bi-
weekly (26 payments per year), semi-monthly (24 payments per year), monthly (12
payments per year), bi-monthly (6 payments per year), quarterly (4 payments per year),
semi-annual (2 payments per year), and annually (1 payment per year).
Number of payments
Number of periods for this loan. This is the total number of scheduled payments for the
loan.
Loan amount
Total beginning loan balance.

Stock Option Calculator

Receiving options for your company's stock can be an incredible benefit. Even after a few
years of moderate growth, stock options can produce a handsome return. Use this
calculator to determine the value of your stock options for the next one to twenty-five
years.

Current stock price

Current stock price. If this price is above your option strike price, you are already in the
money. If it is currently below the option strike price, your options will not have any value
until it exceeds the strike price.
Stock appreciation
This is the annual rate of return you expect from the stock underlying your options.
Thanks to the leveraged nature of your stock options, once the underlying stock value
has exceeded your strike price, the value of your options will increase at an accelerated
rate. The actual rate of return is largely dependant on the type of investments you select.
From January 1970 to December 2006, the average compounded rate of return for the
S&P 500, including reinvestment of dividends, was approximately 11.5% per year
(source: www.standardandpoors.com). During this period, the highest 12-month return
was 61%, and the lowest was -39%. Savings accounts at a bank pay as little as 1% or
less.

It is important to remember that future rates of return can't be predicted with

certainty and that investments that pay higher rates of return are subject to higher
risk and volatility. The actual rate of return on investments can vary widely over
time, especially for long-term investments. This includes the potential loss of
principal on your investment. It is not possible to invest directly in an index and
the compounded rate of return noted above does not reflect additional sales
charges and fees that funds may charge.

Number of options
This is the number of stock options you were granted.
Strike price
The strike price is the stock price that your options were issued at. The underlying stock
price must exceed the strike price for your options to have any value.
Number of years

The number of years you expect to hold these options. This can be any number from one to
twenty-five.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOILS

SI/Metric Units

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Wet volume of sample, V   cc 

Wet weight of sample, W   gm 

Dry weight of sample, Ws gm 

Specific gravity of soil solids, G  

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Porosity, φ
 ♦  Void ratio, e Graphs:
 ♦  Saturation, S    Solids, Water & Air fractions in Soil  
 ♦  Moisture content, m
 ♦  Air content, a
 ♦  Bulk density, γbulk   gm/cc  
 ♦  Saturated density, γs   gm/cc  
 ♦  Dry density, γd   gm/cc  
 ♦  Bouyant density, γbouyant   gm/cc  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Properties Of Soils

Soil samples consists of three phases: solids (soil particles), water and air. Soil properties
are measured in situ in the field or in the laboratory. Typically, the measurements include
wet volume, wet weight and oven-dried weight. A variety of properties can be defined or
derived as shown in the inter-relationships below:

     <>

where
     V = total volume of wet sample
     W = total weight of wet sample
     subscripts s,w,a,v = solids, water, air, void respectively
     Vv = Vw + Va
     G = specific gravity of soil solids
     e = voids ratio
     n = porosity
     S = degree of water saturation
     m = moisture content
     a = air content
     γ = density
     γ d = dry density
     γ sat = saturated density
     γ bouyant = density when submerged in water

AIR-COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN

INPUT   DATA ♥ EXAMPLE Of Input/Output

Title  

Inlet fluid temperature ° F 

Outlet fluid
°F
temperature  
Inlet air temperature   °F
Overall heat-transfer
Btu/hr.ft2.° F
coefficient  
Heat load   Btu/hr     
Tube length   ft <>

    

OUTPUT   VARIABLES   &  

GRAPHS

Variables   Values   Units

 ♦  Number of tube rows   
 ♦  Surface Ratio: bare-tube to bundle face area 
 ♦  Face velocity of air   ft/min
 ♦  Estimated air outlet temperature   °F 
 ♦  Calculated air outlet temperature   °F 
 ♦  Effective log mean temperature difference   °F 
 ♦  Bare-tube surface area based on tube OD  ft2
 ♦  Face area of bundle  ft2
 ♦  Airflow over tubes  std.ft3/min  
 ♦  Fan horsepower   bhp  
 ♦  Air-cooler weight   lb  
 ♦  Tube bundle width   ft  

THEORY  &  
FORMULAE

Sizing of Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger

Heat exchangers are systems that transfer heat between fluid mediums. The fluids or
gases in a heat exchanger can be mixed or the energy transference can go through a
conductive wall that keeps them separate. Heat exchangers are found in car radiators,
furnaces, refrigerators, air conditioning, space heating, refining and chemical processing
systems. Air-cooled heat exchangers typically have rectangular bundles containg several
rows of tubes. The hot fluid enters at the top of the bundle, while air is blown by fans
vertically upwards across the tube bank, i.e. counter current flow.

The calculator here is based on the correlations presented by Smith and Brown, and the
series of equations presented by Blackwell to fit the graphs and tables of Smith and
Brown. In brief, the method begins with the first equation, hinges on the iterative solution
of the second equation below, and ultimately leads to the third equation, as described by
Coker:

     <>

where
     R = number of tube rows
     U = overall heat transfer coefficient
     Q = exchager duty (heat load)
     Ci's = correlation constants
     t1 = air outlet temperature
     t2 = air inlet temperature
     T1 = process fluid outlet temperature
     T2 = process fluid inlet temperature
     Af = face area of bundle
     Vf = face velocity of air
     W = tube bundle width
     L = tube width