Engineering Book PDF

ANSWER KEY
LISTENING 19 A Now when it comes to complaints about

the whole meal … then I do want to know.
… I want to speak to the customers myself
PREVIEW TEST (pages 8–11) 20 A Finally, if the customer has already paid,
1 steam ('... it had an engine as well, and the and then complains about anything, then this
power for this came from steam.') is something only the manager can sort out
2 navigation ('He was also a writer – he'd
Section 3
published a significant book on the subject of
navigation.') 21 A/C F: I guess we could look at local
records to see why this particular site was
Section 1 chosen.
1 DANIEL Is that D-A-N-I-E-L? M: OK, I’ll do that then.
2 410623 The number is 410623. 22 C/A M: Really – now that is interesting. I
could look to see whether anyone’s applied
3 0779 435354 Yes, that’s 0779 435354. for permission to the local council’s
4 Art History I’ve enrolled to do Art History. Planning Office?
5 4(th) Aug(ust) / 04/08 / 08/04 The fourth of F: Exactly.
August. 23 E/D M: I guess we need to ask somebody
6 Self-catering Self-catering, please. if it’s OK before we go over there and start
talking to people.
7 single let’s say single.
F: Yes – the land belongs to the city
8 private F: So shall I put ‘private’? council – and somebody there manages it.
M: Yes, OK. Let’s do that. I’ll give them a call.
9 car Yes – it’s for a car. 24 D/E F: Then I thought I ought to check
out any other research there’s been on the
10 100 Oh, 100 please. subject.
Section 2 M: Yes, that’s true. We don’t want to

do stuff that’s already been done!
11 A The clean stuff is kept just inside the
kitchen – OK? – the same place where the 25 B F: or something more attitudinal. Like,
chef leaves the plates of food that are ready what motivates people to do it, what they
to be served. get out of it, what difference it makes to
their lives.
12 F Clean table linen is kept in a cupboard
here below the till, M: Yes, I like that. Let’s go with that.
13 D the stand by the front door. There are 26 B M: Well, she said specifically … to go to
always spares there if you need one. her once we had a definite proposal – with
the details in place.
14 C in a bucket of water beside the door that
leads into the yard behind the restaurant. F: OK. Let’s do that then.
15 E there’s a supply of disposal towels next to 27 C F: I think that’s going to be the hardest
the barman’s sink. part … finding what level of detail to go
into.
16 G there’s a red box on the wall by the door
into the restroom which you share with the M: I think you’re right.
kitchen staff. 28 B but the creeping buttercup doesn’t have
17 C customers complain when they first enter little leaves which point downwards just
the restaurant … This is something the head under the flower – they’re called sepals –
waiter will deal with. whilst the bulbous buttercup does.
18 C with complaints about the food … always 29 C And then it has polygonal-shaped leaves
go through the head waiter. rather than triangular-shaped leaves. So if
the leaf is divided into five sections rather
than three, then it’s the creeping buttercup.
The Complete Guide To IELTS (ANSWER KEY)
1
ANSWER KEY
30 G only the creeping buttercup sends out

new stems from the base, which creep along TASK TYPE 1 Sentence Completion
the ground – and these are called stolons. (pages 12–15)
1
Section 4
1 NO – There may be one, two or three
31 fragmentation the wildlife that remains – speakers.
even in pristine, untouched habitat – is
under threat due to the effects of a process 2 YES
known as fragmentation 3 NO – The instructions tell you how many
32 fruit small areas of rainforest don’t have words to write.
the same volume of vegetation as larger 4 YES
areas, and so provide less of the food – in
particular fruit – needed to support complex 5 NO – You hear the same information, but
ecosystems. different wording.
33 genetic diversity This leads to a reduction 6 YES

in genetic diversity. 7 NO – You only hear it once.
34 temperature Farming practices change the 2
quality of the habitat where it meets the
forest, affecting the amount of light and 1 England 2 (soft) ball 3 wood 4 yellow
shade and the temperature. 5 200/two hundred
35 hunting Additionally, rainforest bordering 4
farmland is more likely to attract hunting 1 a number – The phrase ‘a total of’ gives you
parties. this clue.
36 diet However, small animals are also 2 a noun – The article 'a' tells you it will be a
vulnerable, especially if they rely on a very noun.
specific diet.
3 an adjective – The gap will be a word that
37 monkeys keep your eyes and ears open gives you more information about the
for the animals themselves or signs of them. facilities in the conference centre.
This works for noisy animals such as
monkeys, 4 a date – The phrase ‘in the year’ gives you
this clue.
38 snakes or creatures with predictable
hiding habits such as some snakes. 5
39 buckets usually a long sheet of plastic. In 1 350/400/650
trying to get around it, the animals fall into 2 a fire/museum doors reopened/restaurant was
buckets dug into the ground. rebuilt
40 microchip a microchip can be inserted 3 restaurant/conference centre/exhibition hall
under the skin so it can be identified if
caught again. 4 1896/1898/1902
6
1 350 2 (serious) fire 3 audio(-)visual
4 1902
8
1 a year 2 a noun 3 a number
4 an amount/percentage or fraction
5 a noun 6 a number
2
ANSWER KEY
9
VIDEO 1 (pages 16–17)
1 1938 2 speed record 3 51/fifty-one
4 a/one third 5 weight 6 160 1 Possible answers:
11 1 live exhibits (animals, plants, insects, sea

creatures), aquariums, aviaries, skeletons,
1 More than two words – write numbers in fossils, educational displays, interactive
figures – not in words e.g. 1938 displays, etc.
2 Wrong information 2 The impact it has on the environment, i.e. the
3 Three words – don’t copy words that are materials it is built from, how sustainable it is,
already in the sentence, e.g. ‘a new’ its carbon footprint, how energy efficient it is,
how waste is recycled, etc.
4 Three words – don’t include information that
is already in the sentence, e.g. ‘around’ means 3
the same as ‘approximately’ 1 warm air 2 recycled 3 21/twenty-one metres
5 spelling – ‘weight’ not ‘wait’ 4 60,000
6 wrong information 4
1 land 2 line drawing 3 complicated
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 4 (visionary) public 5 roof
1 sixteenth/16th – The speaker mentions two
different centuries – but only one completes TASK TYPE 2 Note, Form, Table and
the sentence with the correct information. Flow-chart Completion and Short Answer
2 water quality – Listen for the word ‘improve’ Questions (pages 18–23)
– it matches ‘make better’ in the sentence. 1
3 four/4 – The phrase ‘a total of’ tells you that 1 You hear one or two speakers. 2 Yes
you’re listening for a number. 3 The written instructions tell you how many
4 monitoring programme – The phrase ‘what’s words to write. 4 Yes 5 Yes – you must spell
called a ...’ tells you that you’re listening for a the words correctly. 6 Only once.
specific term. 2
5 internship – Eileen says that she’s not ‘an 1 (big) hotel you can see the Yavari in Puno
employee’ – the word internship tells us her Bay, near to the big hotel.
role in the project.
2 guided tour and a guided tour is available
6 biodiversity – Eileen tells us that this is her
‘speciality’. 3 1862 it was constructed in the city of
Birmingham in England in 1862.
7 building – three types of behaviours are
mentioned – but Eileen is only studying one 4 iron The ship, which is made mostly of iron
of them.
5 trainthe coast. From there, it continued its
8 boat – Eileen mentions two forms of transport journey by train
– but she only used one of them that evening.
6 wool raw materials such as precious
9 measure – the word ‘to’ before the gap tells us metals and wool
that we are listening for a verb.
7 steam (engine) the ship was originally driven
10 camera trap – the words ‘what’s called’ tell by a steam engine
you that you’re listening for a term.
4 c
5
1 You follow the information from top to
bottom. The numbered questions help you
follow the order of information.
3
ANSWER KEY
2 a numerical information? Q5 b an 3 Red Room The Red one’s slightly bigger,

adjective describing ability? Q7 so we’ve gone for that one
c the name of an activity? Q8 4 marine I wasn’t sure whether he was doing
marine biology or not so I left that blank – but
d a word which is likely to be spelled for
he is apparently.
you? Q1/2/3
5 pronunciation she’s going to be talking
6
about pronunciation.
1 THWAITE John-Paul Thwaite. That’s
6 Quiet Room It’s called the Quiet Room
T-H-W-A-I-T-E.
7 online courses He’s going to be talking
2 HASLEWORTH No. H-A-S-L-E-
about online courses after all.
W-O-R-T-H.
8 (the) medal it’s actually the medal
3 PREBEND F: P-R-E-B-E-N-D?
ceremony.
M: That’s it.
12 Students’ own answers.
4 Medicine F: Shall I put Medicine?
13
5 23(rd) July 1996 The twenty-third of July
1 electrical – wrong information
1996. 23/07/1996 / 07/23/1996
2 ENDYUNA – wrong spelling
6 Canadian I was born in Montreal, so I have
a Canadian passport. 3 Yellow Library – wrong information
7 Intermediate F: So shall we say 4 Life Sciences – wrong information
intermediate level?
5 pronuntiacion – wrong spelling
M: Isn’t there anything
6 in the red room – too many words
between beginner and intermediate?
7 online courses not work placements – too
F: I’m afraid not.
many words + some wrong information
M: That’ll have to do then.
8 closing – wrong information
8 squash (club) M: I did join the squash club
14
last year, but I didn’t go to many sessions, and
I’m not renewing my membership. 1 hare, rabbit, wolves
F: Well, I’ll put that down for 2 7, 20, 7, 80, 600, 1,500, 2,000
the record.
15
7–8 Students’ own answers.
1 (the) (Arctic) hare(s)
9 b
2
10
a distances? A seven-kilometre stretch, eighty-
1 From left to right (not up and down in kilometre-long pass
columns). The numbered questions help you
b periods of time? 20 years
follow the order of information.
c heights? 600 metres above sea level, 1,500
2 a a location? Q3 and 6
metres above sea level, 2,000 metres above sea
b part of a compound noun? Q1, 4 and 8 level
c a word which is likely to be spelled for 16 d
you? Q2
11
1 structural He’s a structural engineer – and
that’s what his presentation’s going to be
about.
2 NDJUMA – that’s N-D-J-U-M-A.
4
ANSWER KEY
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 1

5 Suggested answers:
1 (Arctic) wolf/wolves as well as on Arctic
1 He was ‘born to an Irish-speaking family
wolves
famous for generations of singers’ and ‘grew up
2 observational (study) Dr Gray’s research singing Sean nós in Gaelic’. So these facts
was what’s termed an observational study probably influenced him to become a singer.
3 600 metres The study area is about 600 2 a mix of song and oral history
metres above sea level
3 She lifted him up and stood him on a desk and
4 (the/its) toe(s) it’s usually possible to make said ‘Sing!’. So this probably reinforced his
out the toe marks of an Arctic hare family influences and his identity as a singer.
5 (around) rocks Such evidence is often found 4 He realized that Sean nós was only popular to
around rocks those with whom he grew up and felt it was
leading nowhere (a dead-end street), so he gave
6 dried/dry apples dried apples were placed
up singing. Then he was invited to play with
inside.
some African musicians and this inspired him to
7 2/two kilometres some hares could be sing again.
identified from up to two kilometres away
8 midnight (shift) more effort was spent on
1 It was expected he’d be a singer, it was a
the midnight shift
family tradition.
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 2 His music wasn’t viewed as modern, but old-
fashioned.
1 client’s/clients’ needs An architect will use
this stage to get an understanding of the 3 He couldn’t see a future for himself singing
client's needs. traditional songs.
2 materials This is also when an architect will 4 It’s authentic and makes everyone feel
start selecting the materials that will be used in included or part of the tradition, no matter what
the design. your background is, everyone is welcome to join
in.
3 plans This is when the details of how to
build the project are put together in a thorough 7–8 Students’ own answers.
set of plans.
4 contractors This is when the construction VOCABULARY 1 (pages 26–29)
documents have been approved and an owner
gets estimates, or bids, from potential 2
contractors. 1e 2h 3i 4f 5b 6d 7c 8a 9g
5 clarifying the architect’s in charge of The words in column A are more
clarifying the drawings for those doing the formal/academic.
work.
3
1 immediate/instant 2 a minimum of/at least
VIDEO 2 (pages 24–25)
3 At first / Originally 4 Meanwhile / At the
1 Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, same time
Cornwall, north-west France (Brittany), north-
5
west Spain (Galicia)
1 created 2 continued 3 conducted
2–3 Students’ own answers.
4 appeared unexpectedly 5 develop
4 1 Ireland/Cork 2 5/(about) five 6 understand
3 20 years 4 artists
5
ANSWER KEY
7 3 F Now, looking to our right, we pass the

university theatre.
1 c 2h 3 f 4 a 5 g 6 d/e 7 b 8 d/e
4 H the restaurant which is situated opposite
the Faculty of Law on this side of the river.
1 is rising/has risen over the last twenty years.
5 C ahead of us, just beyond the fountain, we
2 two and seven hours. can see the Faculty of Medicine.
3 wool or metal. 6 A At the fountain we turn left ... and we
pass the university car park on our left.
10
4
1 adjective 2 verb (participle) 3 noun
4 verb 5 noun 6 noun a1 b3 c4 d2 e5
11 5
1 finalise verb 2 amendment noun 1 B the focus of the first room is the world’s
3 structural adjective 4 presentation noun oceans
5 placement noun 6 industrial adjective
2 B I suggest going into the one on the right
12 first. This is room is devoted to the world’s
highest places
1 structural 2 placement 3 presentation
4 finalise 5 industrial 6 amendments 3 A Here the emphasis is on the world’s
coldest environments,
14
4 B Here the displays deal with the areas on
1 stretch 2 live 3 tagged 4 frees the hands either side of the equator, and particularly the
5 shifts 6 corresponded 7 season 8 prime
rainforest.
Students’ own answers, e.g. live is typically a
5 A Here we look in detail at the world’s
verb but used as an adjective in the summary,
driest places
stretch is typically a verb but used as a noun in
the summary. 6
15 1 G Well, the first room to our right is the
general astronomy one, so we could make a
1C 2A 3D 4C 5B 6A
start in there.
7D 8D
2 A and opposite that it’s the Big Bang
16 Theory.
1 specifications 2 illustration 3 variations 3 D Then, there’s a room at the end that’s
4 inadequacies 5 incorrectly 6 indication about manned spaceflight.
7 intelligently 8 volunteered 9 beneficial
10 theoretically 4 C two of them are closed today – like the
second one on the left – but the one next to it
on the same side has got an exhibition about
TASK TYPE 3 Map/Plan/Diagram space exploration.
Labelling (pages 30–33) 5 E the one on the opposite side of the
corridor to that’s got an exhibition about the
1 planet Mars
1 Classmate B 2 Classmate B
3 Classmate A 4 Classmate A IELTS PRACTICE TASK
5 Classmate B
1 E M: So they’re not as wide as those on a
normal bike.
2
F: completely smooth as well as being
1 E The first building we come to on our very narrow?
left ... the offices of the university registry.
2 G these ones are made of a special alloy, so
2 I ... the new library was built on the other there’s hardly any weight in them at all
side of the river.
6
ANSWER KEY
3 H F: And what about the other metal parts,

3 innocent-looking thing: an appliance that
like the frame?
doesn’t look as if it is using much power or
M: Well, he hasn’t gone for new material that it isn’t efficient, but actually is consuming
there – he’s used some pieces from other energy
bicycles that he’d used in the past
4 vampire loads: the power used by appliances
4 B M: the gears themselves are ordinary on ‘stand-by’ i.e. they are actually on all of the
ones. time even though you aren’t using them
F: What, the sort you find on a normal 5 good old common sense: practical things like
bike? switching off lights when you leave a room
5 D M: No, he made them out of an old 6 the climate problem: climate change / global
saucepan. warming
VIDEO 3 (pages 34–35) 6 1E 2I 3D 4B 5F
1 7 and 8 Students’ own answers.
coffee machine: kitchen
TASK TYPE 4 Multiple Choice
dishwasher: kitchen
DVD player: living room (pages 36–39)
food mixer: kitchen 1

fridge freezer: kitchen 1 You have to choose one of the three options in
hairdryer: bedroom, bathroom each set.
kettle: kitchen 2 The questions are in the same order as the

information in the passage.
toaster: kitchen
3 The incorrect options refer to information you
TV: living room, bedroom hear in the recording.
VCR: living room 4 You are unlikely to hear the words used in the
options in the recording.
washing machine: kitchen or laundry room
5 You write a letter on the answer sheet.
water heater: kitchen, bathroom
Possible other appliances: microwave, 2
oven/cooker, vacuum cleaner, tumble dryer, air- 1 A According to recent research, an
conditioning unit, electric heater, dehumidifier, incredible 70 per cent of people never bother
fan. to lock the screen with a passcode.
2 Students’ own answers. 2 B when it comes to shopping apps, it’s
really foolish to stay logged in on your
3 1 F more than half 2 T 3 F it’s all
about how efficiently we use it (energy) handset – you really shouldn’t do that
4 F Vampire loads can cost a lot of money 3 B This might help if you’ve simply
as well as wasting electricity 5 T 6 T forgotten where you put it in your room
4 4 C for use in the worst-case scenario where
you don’t get your phone back.
1 energy-eating monster: modern American
houses that are not energy efficient / that use a 5 A if you’ve sensibly locked yours with a
huge amount of energy passcode, how is the kind person who comes
across it by chance, and wants to return it to
2 eco-detective: professionals who can
you, able to do that?
investigate and analyse where your house
wastes power 6 C Finders and losers are linked up
anonymously so they can organise the return
of the item directly.
7
ANSWER KEY
4 IELTS PRACTICE TASK

1 main point, proposals 2 topic, beginning with
1 A with the aim of identifying any variations
3 best procedure to adopt 4 outcome, research
in long-term patterns of behaviour.
project
2 B F: And what made it all the more
5
incredible was that it happened all of a sudden,
1E 2C 3A 4B didn’t it, Jack?
1 B One of the key aspects of the proposal is M: That’s right.
getting off on the right track – a
3 A I was convinced that it was going to be
2 A The topic you start with should be quite something like diet, so we changed the food
wide, so that you can narrow it down as you we gave our captive birds, but that made no
get more ideas. difference.
3 B you’ll want to focus on the procedure that 4 B Honestly, I didn’t think that this could
you'll follow to do the research. This should make much difference, but by that time, we
ultimately lead to your conclusion. were willing to try almost anything to get
these birds to show their natural behaviour.
4 B In order to complete your proposal for
research, you need to have a possible outcome 5 A I was happy because we could resume
for your research in your head. our normal experiments
7 6 C Which suggests a correlation with density
of human population and activity – therefore
1A 2B 3B 4C 5C 6B
robins in urban areas are at greater risk.
8
1 B The deadline is the 21st of May, but VIDEO 4 (pages 40–41)
that’s Wednesday not Tuesday!
2 B I list the points I’d like to include on the 3
plan itself – like stuff I already know – and 1 TRUE I started my photography career in
leave a space for new information I come college.
across as I’m going through my background
reading around those points. 2 NOT GIVEN He says he’s been working
almost continually for National Geographic,
3 C I write the paper and cite the reference. I but there’s no mention of retirement.
mean that is important. But it’s only worth
doing if you can find those notes again. I 3 TRUE Steve is looking for 36 picture
spend half my life searching for stuff. perfect frames to shoot on this final roll of
Kodachrome.
4 A M: It’s a nice idea, but it didn’t work for
me when I tried it. 4 FALSE I think it could really work for one
of my 36 shots.
F: Oh good, because I found the same
thing. 4
5 B F: but you have to make it clear in your 1 C But my real ambition was to find a
notes what’s a direct quote and profession hopefully in photography which
would allow me to travel and see the world.
M: … otherwise you risk forgetting and
accidentally plagiarizing someone's work. 2 A to go back and do that action again was a
bit strange, a little bit nostalgic …
6 C And if you have to do any kind of oral
presentation about your research project, the 3 B life is out there and you just improvise.
same notes come in handy then too. It’s really about observation, walking around
and then discovering
4 B where there’s some play of light and
shadow
8
ANSWER KEY
VOCABULARY 2 (pages 42–45) TASK TYPE 5 Multiple Choice (with
2
more than one answer)
1 divide into 2 focus on 3 deal with (pages 46–49)

4 research into 5 look at/look into/look out
of/look on 6 make out of/from/into 7 rest on 1
8 sit on/sit with 1 No. Sometimes there’s only one.
3 2 No. Only two are correct. 3 No. They are
in random order. 4 Yes, that’s right.
1 divided into 2 focusing on 5 Yes, that’s right.
3 research into 4 deals with
2
4
1 B/C The main entrance has been redesigned to
soft/hard wide/narrow new/old provide better security.
ordinary/normal
2 C/B These have been installed as part of the
5 general refurbishment of the cooking and
a high b light c smooth eating areas
7 3 C/D Your room will be cleaned on a weekly

basis, but if you want extra cleaning – like
1h 2b 3d 4i 5c 6f 7e 8a 9g more than once a week – this can be arranged
Column A has more formal words. on payment of a supplement.
8 4 D/C Electricity is included in your rent, but

we would ask you to use it sparingly please
1 select 2 significant 3 mislaid
5 A/E Any instances of theft, or suspected theft
9 if things go missing is more serious, however,
1 private 2 take the trouble 3 brief look and the office should be informed in writing.
4 it is obvious 5 annoying 6 finds 6 E/A if you have any difficulties with people
10 Students’ own answers. working for us, whether cleaners,
administrators or whoever, the sooner we
11 know about the issues, the better from
1 verb 2 verb 3 noun (compound) 4 verb everybody’s point of view.
5 adjective 6 verb 4
12 a a teacher b a guest speaker c note two pieces
1 submission 2 relevance 3 relationship / of information
relation 4 plagiarism 5 quote 6 cite 5
13 1C 2B 3A 4E 5D
1 to cite 2 relationship 3 Plagiarism 6
4 submit 5 relevant 6 quote
E the topic, which is very relevant to what we’ve
14 Students’ own answers. been studying this semester. The speaker’s
15 going to be reporting on recent research into
the effects of the Internet on the publishing
1D 2A 3C 4B 5D 6A 7B industry
8 D 9 B 10 C
A the talk’s going to be held in the library, in
16 Seminar Room 1
1 of 2 no preposition 3 to 4 in 5 on Information in options B, C and D is not given.
6 no preposition 7 no preposition 8 into
9 to 10 with 11 at 12 on 7
1A 2D 3A 4D 5A 6A 7A 8A
9 A 10 D
9
ANSWER KEY
8
1 D F: Actually it will make everybody think VIDEO 5 (pages 50–51)
twice before behaving anti-socially.
M: You’ve got a point there. I guess it’ll 1 kiteboarding
have an effect on all of us. 4
2 A M: I think the idea is actually to protect 1 a cold, winter’s day, not warm, windy
us, which I guess is fair enough. 2 kiteboarding 3 It gives the lift or lifting power
F: There’s no doubt in my mind that they to allow him to fly. 4 yes
do make the place safer 5
9 I would dispute that actually. 1A E 2C E
That’s hardly true in this case.
I wouldn’t be so sure actually. TASK TYPE 6 Matching (pages 52–55)
You’ve got a point there. 1 There may be one or two speakers. Website B
There’s no doubt in my mind that … 2 The numbered questions always follow the
There’s no denying that … order of the recording. Website B
3 There are more letters than numbered
IELTS PRACTICE TASK questions in Type 1. Website A
1 C M: Subscribers can learn who’s reading 4 You can use the letters only once in Type 1.
what, when and why – far more quickly than Website A
through conventional citation analysis. 5 You have to write the correct letter on the
F: And a huge bibliography of hundreds answer sheet. Website B
of articles can be achieved within minutes. I
used to waste hours doing that. 2
2 D M: That’s right. As a scientist, I always 1 F Damian Rose. … He’s in charge of
dreamt of cataloguing my research library in recruitment and staff issues ... he’s the person
the same way as I organise my music in to go to if you have any queries about your
iTunes. salary or terms and conditions of service.
F: And basically, Mendeley provides 2 G Now Clara’s the person to go to for other
software similar to iTunes, which allows you financial issues, like anything to do with
to manage and annotate research documents payments from guests or to suppliers. … she
and compile bibliographies. does deal with quotes for events and for
3 E M: For me, the only downside is that it invoicing.
doesn’t directly promote the ‘open access’ 3 D she co-ordinates all of the activities
model of scientific publishing, though – you concerned with providing food and drink to
know, where anyone can read research papers our guests
for free. Instead, when users find a paper in
the Mendeley database and want to download 4 C Oliver Ansell has responsibility for large
it, they’re directed to the publisher's website bookings, such as when the hotel is the venue
and still need to pay for it. for weddings and conferences. He makes sure
that we all pull together to make those run
F: That’s true. smoothly.
4 B F: For me, the only drawback was that I 5 A Luca’s in charge of front of house, so if
did find it occasionally failed to extract you are working there – welcoming guests
information from the thousand or so papers when they arrive, giving information …
that I imported, but having said that, it was
largely successful.
M: Yes, I noticed that too.
10
ANSWER KEY
4
6 A The chance to study in these beautiful
A venue ancient surroundings, whilst taking advantage
of the purpose-built interactive classrooms is
library
not to be missed
location
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
well-equipped classrooms
purpose-built 1 A For the Russian School, for example, the
most important thing is that the interpreter
B course content
understands every word of the presentation
coverage of topics
2 H For the Paris School that’s less important
syllabus – they place emphasis instead on how well the
interpreter can express the ideas in the
overview language of the listener.
examination preparation 3 E She concluded that a good interpreter …
suitable for beginners made sure that the listener understood exactly
what the original speaker intended ... that
C teaching methods should be the interpreter’s principal goal.
workshops 4 C Buhler’s study found that the concerns of
lectures interpreters and their clients did not always
match.
seminars
5 D He found that users of interpreting
personal feedback services often associated quality with a fluent,
online support fast and convincing speaker, and saw awkward
intonation and hesitations as a sign of a poor
presentations interpreter at work
individual assignments
5 VIDEO 6 (pages 56–57)
1 A I’d say go to Pilkington if you’re looking
2
to get access to its excellent resource centre
with its thousands of books and pleasant garbage, trash
environment to sit and read
livestock, animals
2 A its downtown location makes it the ideal
re-purposed, re-used
choice for anyone dependent on public
transport or hoping to go along after work. urban dwellers, homeowners
3 B What makes these classes attractive, treasure, goldmine
however, is the systematic way all major
3
artistic movements are covered, making it an
excellent starting place for the beginner. 1 keeping things that are or could be useful such
as water tanks, satellite dishes, livestock and
4 B The flexible organisation means they’re
things for recycling
perfect for anyone wanting to specialise in one
particular area, 2 that anyone can build a hot water system like
this
5 C The syllabus is much the same as you’d
find anywhere, but the combination of 3 access to lots of hot water (a plentiful supply),
inspiring presentations on key topics and the quality of life and improved sanitation,
excellent online support and personal feedback reduce (cut down on) energy costs/bills
on assignments really mark this course out as
special. 4
1A 2E 3C 4D
11
ANSWER KEY
5
13
To build the water system, you need: solar panels,
1B 2D 3B 4A 5C 6B 7C 8D
metal tubes, a tank
14
How it works: the solar panels heat up the water
that circulates in the metal tubes and then this fills 1 refurbish 2 recruit 3 liaise 4 salary
the tank with hot water. 5 install 6 distribute 7 assist 8 investment
9 accommodation 10 colleague
6 Possible answer: Something which may
appear to be rubbish to one person can be
valuable to someone else. REVIEW TEST (pages 62–65)
VOCABULARY 3 (pages 58–61) 1 8.30/eight-thirty If you call at eight-thirty,

then you can usually get an appointment for
that same day.
1
2 urgent If it’s urgent, we have a surgery in
1f 2c 3g 4a 5b 6d 7e 8h
the evening at five o’clock.
Column A informal; column B formal
3 10/ten minutes A standard consultation is
2 ten minutes.
1 a small charge/a fee 2 fell out with/had an 4 9.30/nine-thirty as long as you ask for the
argument with 3 quite a few/several visit by nine-thirty
4 stuff/belongings
5 user name I can issue you with a user name.
4
6 password You’ll also need a password to
1 it’s important 2 I don’t recognise it gain access to the website
3 locate 4 I don’t agree 5 it puts people off
7 Haworth H-A-W-O-R-T-H
6 I feel sure 7 I don’t like it
8 42 Garden Street Is that 42 Garden Street?
9 412398 That’s 412398.
6
10 Science F: So that’s the Science Faculty?
1b 2c 3d 4f 5g 6e 7h 8a
M: Yes, that’s right.
11 C the medals and cups that the club has
8
won … are on the second floor in the first big
1 of 2 for 3 with 4 with/for 5 with 6 for room you come to after you’ve gone up the
stairs.
All of the expressions are followed by an object.
12 J on the first floor. It’s in the first room
9
you come to on your right as you walk down
1 (be) in charge of 2 (be) responsible for the main corridor from the entrance.
3 deal with 4 (be) in charge of, working with
13 H the type of kit the team members used to
5 liaise closely with 6 taking responsibility for
play in at various times in its history in a
work with can imply as equals, work for is usually display in the next room on the same side of
subordinate the corridor on the first floor.
10 14 F That’s in the middle room on the second
floor.
1 the cooking 2 salary queries
3 invoicing guests 4 co-ordinates kitchen 15 B interesting display of posters at the end of
activities 5 welcoming guests the corridor on the first floor – just before you
go up the stairs.
12
16 D you can watch some of the finest
1 Simultaneous 2 Accuracy
moments in the club’s history in the last room
3 fluent/proficient 4 comprehensibility
on the left-hand side of the corridor on the first
5 fluent/proficient 6 hesitations 7 concerns floor. You can see old newsreels
12
ANSWER KEY
17 A so we should be finished by 3.15.

29 D F: They’re called imaging consumables –
18 C no eating and drinking please – that’s our so there’s a special unit handling those.
only rule.
30 C M: There’s a special type of recycling
19 B you’ll see their shirts hanging up in the known as CRT that applies to them.
places where they normally get changed.
F: That’s right.
20 A If you could save them until I’ve come to
31 reconstructive In 1890, the psychologist
the end of my little talk in each area, that
William James described memory as
works best.
‘reconstructive’.
21 B/D M: households … the amount of
32 video clip People are wrong, therefore, to
rubbish finding its way into the recycling bins
think of memory as something similar to a
… has now risen to 70 per cent of the total, up
video clip
from 65 per cent last year.
33 1974 One of the best known experiments
F: Great. I found much the same story
showing how memory actually works was
for commercial rubbish – there the rise has
carried out by Loftus and Palmer in 1974.
been slightly less, but from a stronger base –
They showed students a short film of a car
recycling from commercial premises was
accident.
already at 70 per cent before, and has risen to
73 per cent in the last year. 34 contacted if the students were asked how
quickly the car was travelling when it
22 D/B Well, it appears that there is some truth
‘crashed’, the answer was generally: ‘about 60
in the first of those stories – some refuse is
miles per hour’, but if the word ‘contacted’
sold to processing plants abroad
was used instead, then the students tended to
23 A/D F: Well, we’re going to share giving say ‘about 40 miles per hour’.
the presentation, remember – fifty-fifty – that
35 cognitive interview Elizabeth Loftus’s work
was our agreement.
led to the development of this technique which
M: Yeah – but if you’d prefer me to is called ‘cognitive interview technique’
take on all of that, I wouldn’t mind.
36 TV/television program(me) eventually the
F: OK woman realised that she’d been watching the
TV programme when the attack happened
24 D/A F: But maybe writing the body of the
report is more your sort of thing. Getting ideas 37 DNA evidence There have even been
across clearly and concisely on the page is several cases of people convicted on this basis
something I find quite tricky. of eyewitness reports being released after
DNA evidence, which is more reliable
M: OK, I’m up for that
38 shopping centre/center Loftus convinced
25 F F: everything else goes into a room where
people that they’d been lost in a shopping
somebody plugs them in and switches them on
centre at the age of five.
to see if they work – what they call the Testing
Area. 39 25 per cent / % In a follow-up interview,
25 per cent of participants claimed that they
26 A M: What route do they follow?
remembered getting lost on the trip - an event
F: Well, those items are classed as that never happened
‘Beyond Repair’
40 false confession people may be confused
27 H F: they then get assessed and broken into making a false confession if there is
down into their constituent parts. enough reliable evidence.
M: Dismantled, you mean.
F: Exactly. That happens in the
Dismantling Area.
28 E F: so the next stage is a segregation area,
where stuff is divided up into what’s
recyclable and what isn’t.
13
ANSWER KEY
ACADEMIC READING 16 iii

17 x
PREVIEW TEST (pages 68–75) 18 i

19 vii
1 TRUE black bears and grizzly bears are
often difficult to tell apart. 20 v
2 FALSE Grizzlies, likewise, may range in 21 1944

colour from black to blond. 22 copper
3 FALSE grizzly bears are, on average, 23 twelfth/12th
significantly larger than black bears
24 duits
4 TRUE Black bears are primarily adapted to
forested areas and their edges and clearings. 25 (Dutch) ship
Although grizzly bears make substantial use of 26 antique weaponry
forested areas
27 YES explore its functions – something
5 FALSE Black bears have short, curved people of my generation never seem to have
claws better suited to climbing trees than the skill or patience to do.
digging. … This enables grizzlies to forage
efficiently for foods which must be dug from 28 YES a group of researchers from Boston in
the soil the USA have been exploring in the unlikely
setting of Ethiopia
6 NOT GIVEN The primary difference
between the dietary habits of black bears and 29 YES Negroponte and Matt Keller … have
grizzly bears is the amount of meat, fish and launched an experiment so bold it might be
root foods eaten (but we don’t know whether science fiction.
they prefer fish) 30 NO No instructions were left with the
7 TRUE Grizzly bears tend to be more packages, aside from telling the village elders
carnivorous that the iPads were designed for kids aged four
to eleven.
8 NOT GIVEN Black bear cubs are born in
the winter hibernation den (no information 31 NO they didn’t sit with a machine each on
regarding grizzly bears) their laps in isolation as western kids might be
expected to do.
9 climb trees Black bears ... rely on their
ability to climb trees to ... escape predators 32 NOT GIVEN (we don’t know their attitude
towards this decision by the Ethiopian
10 defensive attack If you come within three to government)
six metres of a grizzly bear, and it suddenly
notices you, he/she may react defensively and 33 NO More startling still, one gang of kids
even attack out of response to a possible even worked out how to disable a block that
threat. The predatory attack ... is most often the Boston-based researchers had installed into
launched by black bears the machines, which was supposed to stop
them taking pictures of themselves.
11 play dead you should play dead
34 J This experiment still has much further to
12 run Shout! Wave your arms and try to run
appear as large as possible. Don’t run.
35 M they have the ability to figure out
13 rocks If actually attacked, throw rocks at sophisticated technology,
them.
36 C no matter how remote children are, or
14 ix how illiterate their community,
15 viii 37 I Instead they huddled together, touching
and watching each other's machines,
constantly swapping knowledge.
14
ANSWER KEY
38 A instead of pouring money into shiny

4 FALSE Not only would this method be
buildings and teacher training, aid groups
more cost effective than other methods …
might do better just to distribute mobile
phones and laptops with those self-teaching 5 TRUE it might also be particularly useful
games. for measuring the snow in remote locations
such as the peaks of high mountains or the
39 C Should someone who worries about the
frozen tundra.
failures of the US education system to reach
the American poor, for example, be looking to 6 NOT GIVEN Basically, this is just a flat
iPads for a possible solution? piece of white-painted wood on which snow
can accumulate. Windshields placed around
40 D Or is the ability to decode an electronic
these can also add to the accuracy of
gadget innate to all young human brains,
measurements.
irrespective of where they live? (para 1)
6
The results were thought-provoking, particularly
for anyone involved in the education business 1 A TRUE B FALSE The recipes were
(para 4) collected into a book 1,500 years ago, but they
were in existence several centuries before that.
Negroponte and Keller's experiments raise …
questions in my mind. Firstly, what is all this 2 A FALSE B TRUE Not much is known
technology doing to our kids' neural networks and about this man other than the fact that he loved
the way future societies will conceive of the good food and enjoyed a luxurious lifestyle
world … Those devices may now be unleashing
3 A TRUE B FALSE This book was once
an evolutionary leap. (final para)
famous but, unfortunately, it has since been
lost.
TASK TYPE 1 Identifying Information 4 A FALSE B TRUE Few scholars today
(True/False/Not Given) (pages 76–83) think Apicius was the actual author of the
recipes in the book that bears his name.
1 5 A FALSE B TRUE Some of the recipes,
1 Yes 2 Yes 3 Yes 4 No – the passage is such as the one for Isicia Omentata (a kind of
correct, but the information in the statements may ancient Roman burger), would not seem
not match it word for word. 5 No – you have to strange to us today.
write TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN in the box. 6 A TRUE B FALSE for ingredients that
2 would have been rare and hard to come by
even in Ancient Rome, such as flamingo
1 TRUE the National Center for Atmospheric tongues, roast ostrich and camel heels. This
Research (NCAR) in the USA is indicates that the book was written for wealthy
experimenting with new ways of achieving a Romans, as only they could have afforded
greater level of accuracy in snowfall figures. such exotic ingredients.
2 NOT GIVEN Guttman’s colleagues have 8
been testing a number of new snow-measuring
devices, including ultrasonic snow depth 1 GIVEN (True) Around 1769, an Austrian
sensors, which send out a pulse of noise and inventor constructed one called the Chess
measure how long it takes to bounce back Turk.
from the surface below the snow, and laser 2 NOT GIVEN (Franklin was fascinated by
sensors which work on the same basic the machine and said it was the most
principle but use light instead of sound. interesting game of chess he had ever played.
3 FALSE Another device for measuring But we don’t know who won.)
snowfall is a type of open container with 3 GIVEN (False) The writer Edgar Allan Poe
motor-vehicle antifreeze inside it. The wrote an essay explaining how he thought the
antifreeze melts the snow as it falls and Chess Turk worked, but he didn’t realise it
sensors measure the weight of the resulting was a hoax.
liquid.
15
ANSWER KEY
4 GIVEN (True) It was discovered that a 6 FALSE After reviewing the female
living chess master was concealed within the dolphin’s skeleton recently, though, Charlton-
machine, plotting the moves and operating the Robb’s team determined she was a Burrunan.
machinery. (We know that the female dolphin’s skeleton
was recently re-examined, but we know
5 NOT GIVEN (The computer was developed
nothing about what became of the other one.)
in the 1950s, but we don’t know when the first
chess game was played on one.) 7 NOT GIVEN (The research team has
petitioned the Australian government to list
6 GIVEN (False) In 1997, a chess-playing
the animals as endangered, but we know
supercomputer called Deep Blue played the
nothing about the government’s intentions.)
reigning world chess champion Garry
Kasparov in two six-game matches. Kasparov
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
won one of these matches and the computer
won the other.
1 TRUE In recent years, however, as labour
7 NOT GIVEN (We know that Grand Masters and production costs have soared
find them challenging, but we don’t know who
2 NOT GIVEN (We know about the number
designed the first ones.)
employed in Kenya, but there is no
10 information about the number employed in
Europe.)
1 TRUE Around 1769, an Austrian inventor
constructed one called the Chess Turk 3 FALSE It is the country’s largest
agricultural foreign exchange earner after tea
3 FALSE The writer Edgar Allan Poe wrote
an essay explaining how he thought the Chess 4 TRUE the UK cut-flower industry now
Turk worked, though his theories proved to be supplies just about ten per cent of the
incorrect. country’s needs. Twenty years ago it was
more like half.
4 TRUE It was discovered that a living chess
master was concealed within the machine, 5 FALSE Cranfield University in the UK
plotting the moves and operating the showed that the production of Kenyan flowers,
machinery. including delivery by air freight and truck,
resulted in ...
6 FALSE In 1997, a chess-playing
supercomputer called Deep Blue played the 6 NOT GIVEN (We know that roses are
reigning world chess champion Garry produced there, but there is no information
Kasparov in two six-game matches. Kasparov about other flowers.)
won one of these and the computer won the
7 TRUE with water levels dropping by three
other.
metres, fish catches falling, and …
13
8 FALSE Roses, for example, have to be
1 NOT GIVEN (We hear that the name comes shipped by air rather than by sea because they
from their language, but we don’t know require constant refrigeration and wilt quickly.
whether aborigines themselves named the Transporting other types of flowers by sea can
dolphin.) also be tricky compared to air freight.
2 FALSE around a hundred ... another fifty
are known to frequent the saltwater coastal
lakes of the rural Gippsland region.
3 NOT GIVEN (We know that these species
have different DNA from the Burranans – but
nothing about how similar they are to each
other.)
4 FALSE The results were so surprising that
the team initially thought there was a mistake
and reran the tests
5 FALSE (Burrunan’s more curved dorsal fin,
stubbier beak, and unique colouring that
includes dark grey, mid-grey and white)
16
ANSWER KEY
TASK TYPE 2 Note, Table, Flow-chart 6 Traditional methods: fibre discs, heavy stones,
Completion and Diagram Labelling ladders, millstones, wooden spoons
(pages 84–91) Commercial methods: assembly line,

electronic tongs, fans, hammermill, industrial
decanter, large nets, nitrogen
1
1 Yes – that’s correct. 7
2 No – the instructions will tell you how many 1 ladders workers on ladders simply pick the
words to write in each gap. olives by hand
3 No – the notes may take different forms, e.g. a 2 Electronic tongs Commercial processors use
set of notes under headings, a set of notes in a electronic tongs to strip olives off the branches
table, a diagram or flow chart with labels. 3 large nets and drop them into large nets
4 Not always – This is correct for notes, tables spread out below the trees
and flow charts, but in diagrams the answers 4 Fans Fans blow away the majority of
may not come in the same order as the smaller particles
information in the passage.
5 (large) millstones Large ‘millstones’ are
5 Yes, it is – the words you write must be used for this purpose
spelled correctly.
6 hammermill involves the use of a
6 No – write the words exactly as you see them mechanised alternative, known as a
in the passage – you mustn’t change them in hammermill.
any way.
7 wooden spoons This is done with wooden
7 Yes – that’s correct. spoons
2 8 Nitrogen/nitrogen may fill the malaxation
1 supplementary services Some chamber with an inert gas such as nitrogen
supplementary services, such as food for the 9 fibre discs the paste is spread on to fibre
workers, can be in the hands of private discs
companies
10 heavy stones heavy stones are placed on top
2 economic inefficiencies Economic of the discs
inefficiencies have led to a decline in the
number of service ports in recent years 11 industrial decanter uses a machine called an
industrial decanter
3 Port Authority called the Port Authority
12 Assembly line while commercial producers
4 transitional stage For many ports, the tool use an assembly line
port stage represents a transitional stage.
8
5 rent in exchange for rent
1 Student has written the wrong word.
6 port equipment to maintain port equipment
and keep it up to date. 5 Student has written ‘milstones’ instead of
‘millstones’.
7 stock public agencies own a majority of the
stock 11 Student has spelled the answer incorrectly.
8 port activities but must agree to only 12 Wrong answer: the answer should be for the
develop port activities commercial method.
9 regulatory the government operates in just a IELTS PRACTICE TASK 1

regulatory capacity
4 The vocabulary describes an industrial 1 Heliosheath Both are currently in the
process. Heliosheath
2 copper The Golden Records are 12-inch
gold-plated copper discs
3 aluminium jackets sealed in aluminium
jackets
17
ANSWER KEY
4 (a) committee selected for NASA by a 4 Classmate B You have to write the exact
committee. words you find in the passage.
5 scientific The first images are mainly of 5 Classmate A All answers must be spelled
scientific interest correctly.
6 cultures Images of humanity depict a wide 2
range of cultures
1 (a/the) supercontinent that fuses continents
7 fifty-five/55 languages spoken greetings in together into a single landmass – or
fifty-five languages supercontinent – and then forces them apart
again
8 classical In addition to such classical pieces
2 Two hundred/200 million years the most
9 world music what we would call ‘world
recent evidence coming from the splitting up
music’ today
of the single land mass called Pangaea about
10 kiss The final sound is that of a kiss. 200 million years ago
3 about 300/three hundred kilometres It is
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 made up of six distinct segments that together
span a distance of about 300 kilometres
1 tongue its tongue can stretch as far as
46 centimetres. 4 (significant) earthquakes Part of the reason is
that the region has been the site of significant
2 180 degrees/180° it can move its head earthquakes
through 180 degrees
5 (a/the) tectonic map combined them to
3 ball-and-socket/ball and socket are joined create a new tectonic map of the seafloor
together by what are known as ball-and-socket
joints 6 embryonic ‘It is not a fully developed
subduction, but an embryonic one,’
4 flexibility the ones that join the neck to the
back. These have the same type of joints as the 7 (the) oceanic section the oceanic section –
cervical vertebrae, which gives the giraffe which is made of denser rock - will dive
great flexibility, as well as explaining why it beneath the continental section
has its characteristic hump
8 (the) Mediterranean (Sea) could also pull
5 tight skin/Tight skin a concentration of red Africa and Europe together, causing the
blood cells and tight skin, especially around Mediterranean Sea to vanish.
the legs
4
6 one-way valves/One-way valves/one way
1 a person/name
valves This doesn’t happen because of one-
way valves 2 the name of a part of the human eye
7 standing position to rise to a standing 3 a number
position on its spindly legs
4 the names of colours
5 the name of a type of light
TASK TYPE 3 Short Answer Questions 6 the name of an animal
(pages 92–97) 5
1 Suggested answers
1 Classmate A You are mostly reading for 1 Who discovered that white light breaks into
facts and figures. component colours?
2 Classmate B The questions usually follow 2 Which part of the human eye is sensitive to
the order of the passage, but diagram tasks colour?
might be different. 3 How many colours is the human eye able to
3 Classmate A You have to check the distinguish?
instructions to see how many words you can 4 Which colours are dogs unable to perceive?
write.
18
ANSWER KEY
5 What type of light can bees see that humans 7 (bumpy) (humpback) (whale)
can’t see? flipper thanks to an idea inspired by the
bumpy design of a humpback whale’s flipper
6 Which animal has the most complicated
colour vision? 8 twenty-five per cent/25% WhalePower says
its fans move 25 per cent more air than
7
conventional fans
1  The Gold Rush The region had just
seen the rapid development associated with
the Gold Rush VOCABULARY 4 (pages 98–99)
2 X (a) bookseller Muybridge initially set 2

himself up as a bookseller in the city
1 into 2 after 3 to 4 for 5 into 6 with
3  landscape soon began to develop a
reputation for his images of the local 3
landscape 1 develop chess-playing computers
2 download a program from the Internet
4  Alaska As part of his new role,
3 create a chess-playing machine 4 play a game
Muybridge travelled to Alaska, which had just
of chess 5 operate machinery
become US territory, to produce a
6 write an essay 7 plot moves 8 win a match
photographic record
5
5 X wet-plate techniques But his first
efforts, using wet-plate techniques, were not The verbs collocate with the word snow.
conclusive
6
6  projecting the images by projecting
1 developing 2 private 3 direct
images on to a screen … using a device called
4 controlling 5 distinct 6 basic
a zoopraxiscope which he also invented
8
7 X 1882 Muybridge’s public
demonstration of this technique in 1882 2 development 3 environmentally
4 traditional 5 individuality 6 instruction
8 X Thomas Edison is regarded as having
7 regional 8 validity 9 involvement
inspired Thomas Edison who was to invent the
10 specifically
cine camera
9
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 essential 3 disapproval 4 creation
5 insecurity 6 uneconomic(al) 7 irregular
1 biomimicry Through a process known as 8 varieties
biomimicry, they aim to use designs inspired
by the natural world to address human
problems. TASK TYPE 4 Matching Headings
2 non-renewable energy Human (pages 100–105)
manufacturers, on the other hand, use large
inputs of non-renewable energy 1
3 air pockets The insects accomplish that feat 1 You cannot use the headings more than once.
by creating air pockets in strategic places in 2 You should read the passage carefully.
the mounds they inhabit
3 There are more headings than paragraphs.
4 (near/at/in) the/its core which ends up
warming the blood that is closer to the 4 You are unlikely to see the words in the
animal's core headings repeated in the passage.
5 heat exchangers Heat exchangers in 5 You write a numeral on the answer sheet.
industrial-scale heating and cooling systems 2
use a similar type of principle
1 iii Three reasons are mentioned: to reduce
6 brown dog tick similar to the liquid that a cross-contamination; to protect patients from
parasitic insect called the brown dog tick infection; to protect health professionals from
secretes to absorb water from the air. infection.
19
ANSWER KEY
2 vi Two main varieties are mentioned:

IELTS PRACTICE TASK
surgical gloves and exam gloves, as well as
other variations such as sterile/non-sterile and 1 viii ‘the find’ refers to the fish hooks and ‘the
powdered/unpowdered. age’ to the radiocarbon dating.
3 v The paragraph talks about the 2 iii ‘that these types of fish were being
‘innovations’ that led to the use of gloves routinely caught’ shows that early modern
humans in Southeast Asia had amazingly
4 vii mentions the publication of Bloodgood’s
advanced maritime skills.
report
3 vi 'researchers can only speculate about
5 i criminals wrongly assumed gloves would
exactly how these ancestral fishermen
protect their identity
managed to catch the deep-sea fish.'
4
4 iv 'rising sea levels over time'
1 i We read various reasons: largest flower, most
5 i ‘These new finds ... go a long way
bizarre, only found in Southeast Asia, but
towards solving that puzzle.'
scientists are not mentioned in this paragraph.
2 i The paragraph is referring to the unusual
features of the Rafflesia rather than the TASK TYPE 5 Matching Information
Tetrastigma vine. (pages 106–111)
3 ii This paragraph is all about ‘reproduction’ –
how the plant spreads. 1
4 i We read that the plant is classified as 1 Incorrect – you are reading for main ideas and
‘threatened’ or ‘endangered’ in this paragraph arguments too.
– and why – but not about what should be 2 Incorrect – they are lettered.
done.
3 Correct
5 ii We read how the plant is becoming well-
known and of interest to tourists – but this 4 Incorrect – you see the same ideas, but not the
helps to protect it rather than threatening it. same words.
6 i We read that the Titum arum is also smelly 5 Correct
and very large, but there are botanical 6 Correct – but check the instructions about this.
differences that mean it doesn’t threaten the
Rafflesia’s ‘record’. 7 Correct
6 2
A iv This refers to the international study, 1 B ‘very many kinds of monkeys, when
which is suggesting a new explanation. pleased, utter a reiterated sound, clearly
analogous to our laughter.’ ... chimpanzees
B ii Evidence was gathered through an play and chase each other, they make noises
analysis of ancient plant samples, a study of ice strikingly like human laughter, and that dogs
cores and computer modelling.
have a similar response
2 E The capacity to laugh appears early in
childhood, as anyone who has tickled a baby
knows.
3 C Researchers must use special electronic
receivers that convert the chirps to sounds that
humans can hear.
4 B In an experiment Panksepp had
performed earlier
5 A Ancestral forms of play and laughter
existed in other animals long before they did
in humans.
6 C rats are especially ticklish in the area
around the back of the neck, which is also the
20
ANSWER KEY
area young rats tend to nip each other during

5 C rather than doing what had been asked,
chases and play.
Vasari had built a false wall in front of da
7 F are the same in humans and other Vinci’s work and painted his mural on that
mammals underscores our similarity to other surface instead.
species and ...
6 C has spent around 40 years on a quest to
4 find out what happened to da Vinci’s painting.
1F 2I 3A 4J 5E 6C 7G 8H 7 A Da Vinci, it is said, used the opportunity
9 B 10 D to try out a new oil-painting technique, but it
was not very successful
5
8 D Martin Kempof of Oxford University,
1A 2A 3A 4B
who wasn't involved in the work. ‘That kind
6 of damage can be repaired invisibly.’
1 it won’t be long before locally grown – and
less expensive – quinoa becomes an everyday TASK TYPE 6 Matching Features
option.
(pages 112–117)
2 farmers are struggling to meet demand, and
some urban populations are unable to afford 1
the resultant price increases.
1 No, you are also reading for ideas and
3 The long-term objective is diversity, says arguments.
Kevin Murphy, a plant breeder at Washington
State University. ‘There are hundreds of 2 Yes, they are.
varieties of quinoa, and our goal is to develop 3 No, they include the same ideas, but the words
the ideal one for each climate.’ will be different.
4 other cultures have developed a taste for it too, 4 Yes.
with imports to the US rising from 3 million
kilograms per year to 30 million 5 Yes.
5 because the UN hopes its high protein content 6 Yes.
will help to alleviate hunger. 2
6 To cash in on the crop’s popularity, countries 1 C London … The tunnelling has unearthed
on other continents have begun moving from archaeological remains of great interest, a
customer to cultivator. There are now quinoa factor that held up the construction project.
farms in 56 countries ...
2 C a forward-thinking conclusion reached by
IELTS PRACTICE TASK city leaders in London ... Today, there are
more than 160 subway systems around the
1 E To avoid damaging original portions of world that have followed that model.
Vasari's painting, museum curators permitted 3 B In New York City, the subway system is
them to drill only into existing cracks and currently in the middle of a massive
recently restored spots. renovation project that involves boring a
2 F da Vinci's most famous painting, La number of new tunnels using what’s known as
Giaconda. That Seracini found components a tunnel-boring machine
unique to Renaissance painting leads him to 4 A Paris metro … you’re never more than
call the results ‘encouraging evidence’ 500 metres from a station.
3 B but at least one source describes Vasari as 5 A in Paris, soft mud rather than hard rock is
a Leonardo fan who couldn't bring himself to the main headache for tunnelling engineers,
destroy the work. whose solution has been to freeze it using
4 F further samples couldn't be collected calcium chloride so that it can be removed
because he was only permitted to work on the more easily.
project within a very narrow time period. 6 C while the original tunnelling in London
was marked by a high level of both injuries
and fatalities.
21
ANSWER KEY

a academics: John McWhorter, Clare Wood, 1 B One girl was rated by the psychologist
Laura Mickes doing the analysis as ‘the perfect tennis talent’
... went on to win twenty-two grand-slam
b professional writers: Tom White, Jane Austen,
titles.
George Orwell
2 D John McEnroe enjoyed going for a burger
c other people: John Humphrys (broadcaster)
much more than going to the gym.
5
3 C To protect his joints, Lendl pioneered
1 A John Humphrys John Humphrys, the aerobic training on bikes rather than road
BBC broadcaster, once dismissed texters as running.
‘vandals’ intent on destroying the language.
4 C He used nurture, if you like, to make up
He's wrong.
for a shortfall in nature. And it worked. Lendl
2 C Laura Mickes A recent study by Laura overhauled his rivals and spent 270 weeks as
Mickes … found that people were much better the world number one.
at remembering casual writing … that's
5 E ‘His DNA’, says Rafael Nadal, ‘seems
probably why Twitter and Facebook are so
perfectly adapted to tennis …’
successful.
6 A That is what happened within 20 years.
3 B George Orwell His ideal was writing
The upshot was that for 302 weeks between
that sounded like speech. It seems that thanks
2004 and 2009, the world number one was
to modern communications technology, we're
Roger Federer, widely rated the most talented
getting there at last
player ever to pick up a racket.
6
1 email Email kicked off an unprecedented VOCABULARY 5 (pages 118–121)
expansion in writing.
2 blogs By 2006, the analysis firm NM Incite 2 and 3
had identified 36 million blogs worldwide; 1 dispose (verb) / disposable (adj)
five years later, there were 173 million.
2 sensitive (adj) / sensitivity (noun)
3 texts/texting Her own study of primary
school students suggested that texting 3 easy (adj) / easier (comparative adj) (easily is
improved their reading ability. also possible, but this is not in the text)
4 social media (Twitter) People on Twitter 4 irritate (verb) / irritation (noun)

often omit unnecessary words which waste 5 strange (adj) / strangely (adverb)
space, and vocabulary is more succinct.
6 thin (adj) / thinness (noun)
5 social media (Facebook) people were much
better at remembering casual writing like 7 clinic (noun) / clinical (adj)
Facebook posts than lines from books. 5
6 social media (Twitter) Nobel prize-winning 1 improbable
scientists tweet too. And you can express quite
thought-provoking new concepts in everyday 2 unpowdered
language, and conversational prose actually 3 non-medical
improves your chances of being heard and
understood 4 non-sterile
8 5 inappropriate
1A 2E 3C 4B 5D 6 illegal
7 immodest
6
1 m, p 2 l
22
ANSWER KEY
8
6
1 largest 2 bizarre 3 lack 4 foul 5 rare
1 A Body mass index (BMI) is a standard
6 endangered 7 depicted
method for determining whether an individual
10 is underweight, of normal weight, overweight
or obese.
1 balmy/cool 2 consensus/disagreement
3 onset/conclusion 4 reduction/increase 2 B BMI doesn't measure fat, and it doesn't
5 rapid/slow 6 suddenly/gradually indicate where fat is found.
12 3 A To find an adult’s BMI it is necessary to
do a simple calculation.
2 method of 3 speculate about
4 experts at 5 capable of 6 sheds light on 7 and 9
7 as a consequence of
1 BMI was developed by a physician from
15 Belgium. (‘a Belgian statistician’)
1 joy, pleased 2 laugh 3 laughter 4 giggle 2 Quetelet’s main aim was to define what
5 joke, jokes 6 humour, sense of humour represented an obese person. (‘a project which
7 ticklish had nothing to do with obesity-related
diseases’)
17
3 BMI takes into account the differences in
1 to 2 of 3 to 4 with 5 for 6 of 7 to
weight between body fat and muscle. (‘it
8 for
doesn’t distinguish between body fat and
18 muscle’)
1 hold 2 conclusion 3 meet 4 implement 4 BMI has been shown to vary in people from
5 perform 6 maintain 7 place 8 solve different ethnic backgrounds. (‘and doesn’t
consider ethnic differences.’)
TASK TYPE 7 Multiple Choice (with more 5 Trefethen thinks that Quetelet’s formula is
most accurate when used with taller people.
than one answer) (pages 122–127) (‘short people tend to appear underweight and
tall people overweight.’)
1
12
1 two 2 the same order 3 can 4 likely
5 letter A Because the BMI is expressed as a number
between 1 and 100 and derives from a
2 mathematical formula, it carries an air of
1 A Sharpless says that there’s a lot of unused scientific authority. The use of precise
potential protein swimming in the ocean. Fish measurements suggests that there are distinct
are ‘the healthiest, cheapest, and most categories of underweight, normal, overweight
environmentally friendly source of animal and obese, with sharp boundaries between
them.
protein.’ If we manage the way fish are
caught, and choose wisely which fish we eat, E ‘Because it's simple,’ says Ahima, but it is
there should be plenty of food for the growing also cheap and non-invasive ... Other methods
number of mouths on the planet. ... are very expensive ... require ... more time
2 D A farmed salmon can consume as much and training than it takes to record a BMI
as two kilograms of small fish in order to reading, and they don't come with any official
cut-offs that can be used to make easy
produce about half a kilogram of protein.
Aquaculture should, in Sharpless’ view, add assessments. All this explains why BMI
protein to the planet, not reduce it. continues to be the standard.
23
ANSWER KEY
IELTS PRACTICE TASK

5
1 D Migration ... Leaving early may mean 1 cook, scientist, philosopher 2 cells, keyholes,
arriving too soon for the optimum nesting scientists, shapes, tastes 3 sweet, salty 4 visual
conditions, which may have an effect on image, map, diagram
breeding rates.
6
2 E Light pollution ... takes a biological toll
1 (Greek) philosopher 2 (tiny) keyholes
on people as well: sleep deprivation, increased
3 sweet 4 (tongue) map
incidence of headaches, fatigue, stress and
anxiety have all been all be attributed to light 7
pollution by researchers. At least one recent
study has suggested a correlation between 1 a scientific term 2 a type of food or meal or
higher rates of certain types of cancer and the ingredient 3 a word describing what a product is
night-time brightness of residential areas. used for 4 a technical term
3 B Simple changes in lighting design yield 8c

immediate changes in the amount of light spilt 1 chemical composition 2 seaweed
into the atmosphere and often represent energy 3 food additive 4 taste receptors
savings.
10
4 D Timers and sensors can turn off artificial
lighting when it is not needed. Illuminated 1 wrong information (The student didn’t read the
outdoor advertising, for example, doesn’t have passage carefully enough.) 2 This is the name of
to operate all night. the dish – not what it is made from. (The student
didn’t read the question carefully enough.)
3 wrong spelling (The student didn’t copy
TASK TYPE 8 Sentence Completion carefully enough.) 4 too many words (The
student didn’t read the instructions carefully
(pages 128–133) enough.)

1 facts and figures 2 the same order as the
information in the passage 3 the number of 1 the developing world
words indicated in the instructions 2 molten rock
4 words from the passage 5 find words which
already fit the grammar of the sentence 3 interferograms
6 important 4 cloud (cover)
2 5 uplift
6 long duration
1 wood engravings
7 six-day cycle
2 natural history
8 false alarms
3 bankrupt
4 (humble) clerk
TASK TYPE 9 Summary Completion (1)
5 1687
(pages 134–139)
4
1 an occupation or job 2 the name of a 1
publication 3 a place – perhaps a city, a region 1 Wrong – it can sometimes be different.
or a country 4 a person or an institution 2 Wrong – the instructions tell you the word
5 a word describing an aspect of his work. Look limit. 3 Correct 4 Correct 5 Wrong – all
out for words meaning ‘difficulty’ in the passage. spelling must be correct.
6 the name of a relatively small animal. Check all
the names of animals in the passage.
24
ANSWER KEY
2
6 geranial whilst others such as geranial,
which had been regarded as marginal
1 gravitational
contributors, were actually key.
2 sleep lab
7 hybrid ‘People love the taste of this hybrid
3 artificially controlled and it is easier to grow,’ Klee says.
4 brain activity 8 genetically modified/GM he does not see a
role for GM technology in breeding better
5 30%/thirty per cent
tomatoes
6 5/five minutes
7 regulate VOCABULARY 6 (pages 140–141)
8 circalunar clock
2
4
1 c According to Ahima, there’s no single number
Suggested answers: to represent healthy weight.
a (a number): 1, 10 2 d Since the early twentieth century, studies
b (a place name): 7 have linked obesity and health.
c (a specific term): 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 3 e Further studies show that a low BMI can be

dangerous.
d (a plural noun): 2, 3
4 b This raises the question of why BMI is widely
7 used.
1 90/ninety 2 flightless birds 3 (bush) fires 5 f Other methods have their drawbacks as well.
4 warm(-)dry 5 desertification 6 plant
matter/vegetation 7 Antarctica 8 surface water 6 a All this explains why BMI continues to be the
9 eastern 10 15%/fifteen per cent standard.
9 4
3 no need to write ‘caused’ – ‘started’ is already 1 had an idea, notice 2 look like
in the summary 4 wrong term 3 proposed 4 holes 5 named/called
5 wrong term 6 ‘grassland’ is not a type of food 6 different
7 too many words 8 wrong spelling The words in sentences 1–6 are more academic
and likely to be written than the words in the box.
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
7
1 texture what has been lost in terms of taste 1 not 2 not 3 too much 4 again
and texture 5 you can 6 full of
2 shelf life growers are not paid for flavour, 8
they're paid for yield and extended shelf life
1 workings 2 performance
3 consumer put together an integrated system 3 development 4 disturbance
that starts with the consumer and what they 5 surroundings 6 avoidance
want. 7 establishment 8 assessment
9 findings
4 heritage what are sometimes called heritage
tomatoes, which date back to the period before 9
mass commercialisation
1d 2h 3a 4g 5e 6b 7c 8f
5 smell Most important are ‘volatiles’, many
of which also contribute strongly to the
enticing smell of freshly-picked tomatoes.
25
ANSWER KEY
TASK TYPE 10 Summary Completion (2) 9

(pages 142–147) 6D shadow a shadow in the riverbed that
reveals the presence of the Roman rubbish
1
7G object noticed a large lump of wood
1 False. You are mostly reading for ideas and sticking out of the mud
views.
8A intact The barge was almost intact;
2 False. Some of them do and some don’t. most of it was still buried
3 False. The summary usually relates to one 9H cargo excavations revealed that it had
section of the passage, but may not always. held on to its last cargo
4 False. They are usually in the same order. 10 F possessions even to a few personal
5 False. You write the correct letter on the effects left behind by its crew
answer sheet. 12
2 6 the correct answer is a singular (not a plural)
1 I proportion cities as the source of 75% noun
of greenhouse gas emissions ... also the 7 wrong word: the text says ‘a large lump of
consumers of 75% of the world’s natural wood’, it doesn’t say a boat
resources
8 the correct answer is an adjective, not a noun
2 B formation One group of cities has gone
a step further and formed the Biophilic Cities 9 wrong word: this section of the text doesn’t
Network refer to rubbish
3 C commitment Any city joining the 10 the correct answer is a plural (not a singular)
network is asked to commit to the following noun
aims
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
4 E protection Work diligently to protect
and restore nature 1 C to defend species such as ants, which
5 A initiatives programmes and projects aggressively defend the feeding areas
which have been successfully applied in the 2 H to rethink opens the door to a completely
city new way of thinking about
6 H expertise Assist other cities outside the 3 K cultural transmission this preference
group ... sharing technical expertise and has been reinforced by cultural transmission
knowledge between generations.
4 4 J to follow new arrivals at a colony
1 d 2 a 3 a 4 d 5 a 6 b 7 b 8 d 9 b 10 c follow experienced old hands
8 5 E feeding patterns This raises the

question of how many other species show
1 clay These were jars made of clay segregated feeding patterns.
2 transport the Romans needed millions of 6 B conservation strategies The answer
them to ship liquids like olive oil and fish will be important for formulating conservation
sauce around the empire strategies
3 re-used Often, they didn't recycle their
empties. TASK TYPE 11 Matching Sentence
4 broken Monte Testaccio, that consists
Endings (pages 148–153)
almost entirely of shattered amphorae
5 transferred Freight from all over the 1
Mediterranean was unloaded from ocean-
going vessels and reloaded into riverboats 1 ideas and opinions 2 the same order as the
passage 3 more 4 sometimes 5 letter 6 None
26
ANSWER KEY
2 4 E thinking about them could be a helpful

way of exploring our own thoughts.
1 E because many people predict that there
will be significantly higher levels of the gas
everywhere by the middle of this century. TASK TYPE 12 Multiple Choice
2 A produced twice as many seeds as those (pages 154–161)
grown under normal conditions ... ‘If
anything, they actually seem to be slightly 1
better seeds rather than more seeds of poorer
quality.’ 1 Classmate B You are reading to understand
the writer’s views and claims.
3 G a previous study established that grasses
and other herbaceous plants tend to produce a 2 Classmate A There are two different types of
greater number of seeds under high CO2, but question stem.
of inferior quality. 3 Classmate A The questions always follow
4 D 'Even if both groups were producing the order of the passage.
twice as many seeds, if the trees are producing 4 Classmate A The question stems probably
high-quality seeds and the herbaceous species include words from the passage.
aren't, then competitively you can get a shift
5 Classmate B You only write the correct
5 C will depend how other comparable trees letter on the answer sheet.
respond to high CO2 levels ... 'We don't know
that yet, because we only have estimates for 2
loblolly pines.’ 1 C Diversity of genetic material is thus
6 reduced to a bare minimum, leaving crop
species exposed to any disease which can
1 B The point of the experiment, however, is exploit that single strain.
to prove the long-held belief
2 B the more resilient but notably less tasty
2 A Parnell ... who wanted to see if his Cavendish cultivar
calculations regarding the viscosity of pitch
were correct 3 A it has more frequently been accessed
when national gene banks lose samples due to
3 B The Queensland experiment, however, accident, equipment failures, natural disasters
has demonstrated that calculating the exact and, all too often, mismanagement.
moment when a drop is likely to occur is
hardly an easy matter. 4 B access to individual specimens is
regulated by their respective depositors.
4 B Shane Bergin set up a webcam so that the
world at large could witness a pitch drop. 5 C and crucially the remote northern location
also serves as a natural fridge.
5 A Science, in the public imagination is
often perceived as data-driven and analytical, 6 D explain the role of the master seed bank
by design divorced from human emotion. But in Norway.
this ... is a nice reminder of the excitement that
6
can be embedded in even the dullest of
experiments. 1 A is correct because the passage says
‘provides us with fascinating insights into an
IELTS PRACTICE TASK alien world.’
B is wrong because the passage says ‘it was
1 C Nowadays we are less likely than our worth waiting for’ and so the wait was not
ancestors to believe that dreams have a ‘unacceptably long’.
predictive function
2 G Incredibly enough, the idea that the
symbolic meaning of our dream is there,
waiting to be interpreted, remains very
appealing.
3 B But adopting such a scientific attitude to
dreams doesn’t imply that they are no longer a
source of fascination to us.
27
ANSWER KEY
2 B is correct because the passage says ‘The

3 C He is surprised at how few historians
probe hit the ground with an impact speed
make use of the Internet as a source but
similar to a ball dropped from about a metre
expects that to change rapidly in five or ten
on Earth.’
years as a new generation of scholars better
A is wrong because the comparison with a ball understands its potential
is to give is an idea of the ‘impact speed’.
4 B ‘But the days of the lone scholar are
3 B is correct because the passage says gone; in my personal opinion we really need
‘suggesting a substance with the consistency to embrace creative ways to work
of soft, damp sand’. collaboratively.’
A is wrong because there is no ‘false 5 B to persuade people to stop and think
impression’ in the passage. about how the decisions they make now will
affect the next 10,000 years
4 A is correct because the quote gives an
analogy with snow that helps us understand 6 A This is her tone in the whole text, e.g.
what the ground was like. Clearly, this is a golden age for librarians,
historians and scholars (para 1); the ‘Wayback
B is wrong because Schroder describes a
Machine’, is deservedly one of the most
similar type of ground surface.
popular sites online.(para 2); Yet she, too, is
5 A is correct because the passage says: ‘it had refreshingly positive about the chances of
evidently not rained on the landing site for being able to both create and preserve your
some time.’ own space online (para 6)
B is wrong because there was no evidence of
recent rainfall at the site. TASK TYPE 13 Identifying the Writer’s
7 Views and Claims (Yes/No/Not Given)
1B 2A 3C 4C 5A 6C (pages 162–169)
11
1
1C This is the sense of the whole paragraph
1 No – you are mostly reading for the writer’s
2B Tour operators report a surge in interest views and claims.
in eclipse viewing, sparked by the ‘eclipse of
the century’ in July 2009 2 Yes, they do.
3C the growth of the hobby also taps into 3 Some of them may – but not all.
enthusiasm for more natural and less
4 You have to write YES, NO or NOT GIVEN
commercialised forms of tourism in the correct box.
4D They are all good and each is intriguing 5 No – you write NOT GIVEN.
in its own way.
2
5B they cannot compare to the sheer beauty
and drama of a total eclipse in a clear sky 1 NO but I struggled to find any causal link in
chapter after chapter of correlations.
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 NO Rosen fails to convince that their
incidence is on the rise.
1 D one of the biggest drivers behind the idea
was his fear that culture and history would be 3 NOT GIVEN (We hear about the argument
lost to future generations if they were not put forward in the book, but nothing about its
preserved online. influence.)
2 D on the fast-moving web the average page 4 YES warning that we cannot trust the large
is changed every hundred days – or any social corporations that run the internet with our
media. This snapshot of the web precious personal data. It’s a viewpoint I’m
entirely sympathetic with.
5 NOT GIVEN (We hear about the WHO’s
statistics on road accidents, but nothing about
their views on social networking.)
28
ANSWER KEY
6 YES If you can't go five minutes without a 11

status update then, yes, you should probably
1 NOT GIVEN We know that some
step away from the touchscreen
containers will eventually be retired, but we
6 have no information about what will happen to
the majority.
1 A NO B YES I just happened to notice one
day that mycelium ... had an unusual quality 2 NOT GIVEN There is no information about
this in the passage. The writer doesn’t make
2 A NO B YES I teamed up with Gavin
this claim.
Mclntyre and our professor Burt Swersey to
figure out how this could work as a product. 3 NO The writer says that it is ‘an innovative
Packaging materials made from mushroom solution’ that ‘could catch on’, i.e. it is a new
waste were the outcome. idea.
3 A YES B NO we are cost competitive with 4 NO The writer tells us that even ‘dented and
synthetic packaging materials such as beat up’ containers can be reconditioned to
expanded polystyrene and polyethylene. look remarkably attractive.
4 A NO B YES Biomaterials like ours are 5 NOT GIVEN We know that the housing is
sustainable, non-polluting and need little ‘affordable’, but we have no information about
outside energy to make. whether the containers will be sold, or how
much they cost.
5 A YES B NO Our key challenge at the
moment is an enviable one: scaling up to meet 6 NO The writer’s view is that ‘containers
the growing demand. We’re coping with it. cannot by themselves solve the urban housing
needs of developing nations.’
8
1 GIVEN It remains one of the best books IELTS PRACTICE TASK
around for demystifying the deliberately
mysterious arts of advertising. 1 NO pidgin English. Once you learn that –
and Europeans usually manage this in less
2 NOT GIVEN (There is no information
than six months – you can speak directly to the
about Packard’s background in psychology in
local people.
the passage.)
2 NOT GIVEN We hear that the para-
3 GIVEN Packard’s book was a great success,
ecologists are locally trained – but the cost of
his impeccable choice of a very catchy title
this is not mentioned and no comparison with
revealing just how well he understood at least
Europe is made.
one of the basic rules of marketing.
3 NOT GIVEN We hear that the rate of pay
4 NOT GIVEN (There is no information in
per insect had to be reduced – but nothing
the passage about where the term came from.
about how this affected the collectors.
The passage just says ‘Although the term was
yet to be coined …’) 4 YES This collaboration with local people
helps our research because it opens up
5 GIVEN Vicary later admitted that he’d
possibilities that others don't have. For
made up the original sales figures. In fact, it’s
instance, we have contacts with people who
likely that he never even conducted the first
own the forest
experiment, so his findings deserve to be
disregarded. 5 NO When local people were clearing their
part of the forest, we worked with them
6 NOT GIVEN (There is no mention of
evidence in the passage, only that people still 6 NO ecologists also tend to get overexcited
believe in the idea.) by the huge diversity we see in rainforests and
extrapolate it to unrealistic numbers of species
10
for the entire planet.
1 YES
3 YES
5 YES
29
ANSWER KEY
VOCABULARY 7 (pages 170–171) 6 TRUE the creature was in danger of

becoming extinct, and leech farms were
2 established … to ensure a continued supply.
in favour: 4, against: 1, 2, 3, 5 7 NOT GIVEN (We hear that it was
considered ‘old-fashioned’ and ‘barbaric’ but
3 we have no specific information about the
1e 2f 3a 4d 5g 6c 7b USA.)
5 8 NOT GIVEN (We know that he wrote an

article that changed people’s opinions, but
1 thick 2 eventually 3 decades nothing about how long it took him or how
4 momentous 5 hardly 6 reminder difficult it was to convince them.)
6 9 (from) clotting saliva contains a natural
1 development 2 never-ending 3 big anti-coagulant called hirudin that prevents
4 remember 5 careful 6 interesting blood from clotting
7 change totally 8 keep 9 egalitarian 10 (local) anaesthetic It acts as a local
(The more academic words are in the list anaesthetic because it contains a chemical that
(1–9).) numbs its host so that the person doesn’t know
that a leech has attached itself.
7
11 swelling contains a chemical that brings
1 ancient 2 minimise 3 tiny 4 slow down swelling
5 weak 6 nearby 7 different 8 include
12 natural antibiotic bacteria that produce a
8 natural antibiotic substance to prevent their
1 maximise 2 massive 3 resilient host picking up other infections
4 remote 5 exclude 13 arthritis it is useful in treating arthritis
9 14 E Volvo, which builds cars programmed to
1 domesticated 2 sustained 3 distributed spot and avoid large animals such as moose.
4 estimate 5 consumes 6 declining 15 B The media was treating it as one of those
7 excluding 8 insure 9 survive 10 stored things crazy professors do,’ says Broggi.
10 ‘When we made it to the national news, our
drive was broadcast after an item about the
1 fresh 2 severe 3 primary 4 excess fattest cat in the world.’
5 controlled 6 hard 7 top 8 exact
16 B Google’s demonstration of self-driving
technology in 2010 … ‘put a rocket under the
REVIEW TEST (pages 172–179) industry’.
17 F To spread the cost, autonomous cars will
1 FALSE The earliest recorded use of leeches
simply have to work harder
being used for this purpose dates back 3,500
years to paintings of medicinal leeches in … 18 G If it can be summoned with nothing more
Ancient Egypt. than the tap of a smartphone app, then
discarded after dropping a passenger off, why
2 TRUE In classical … Rome, bloodletting
bother to own a car outright? ‘People won’t
with leeches was believed necessary to restore
buy robotic cars, they’ll subscribe to them.’
the body’s essential balance, even in perfectly
healthy people. 19 E Meanwhile, insurers have nightmares
about court cases involving crashes for which
3 TRUE although in many cases, the
responsibility lies with a defective microchip
treatment was ineffective and often even
rather than a person. Carmakers say these
dangerous
difficult questions will not stop them.
4 NOT GIVEN (We know that lots of leeches
20 A the hottest new thing in the car industry
were used in France, but there is no
as technology companies and carmakers race
information about use in other countries.)
to build vehicles.
5 FALSE A good collector could gather up to
21 school or school runs where parents help
2,500 leeches in a day.
their kids with their homework
30
ANSWER KEY
22 slow-reacting No longer under the control 34 F Dravidian, which includes languages

of slow-reacting humans, cars can travel much spoken in southern India
closer.
35 D ‘proto-words’ which they believed to be
23 lanes Also, by driving close together in the common ancestral item of vocabulary
narrow lanes
36 H and were gratified to find 24 that were
24 speed at a constant speed shared by at least four of the language families
25 B/C most buyers would be priced out of the 37 B although frustratingly only one (thou)
market. that was found in all seven
26 C/B Even a small number of mishaps would 38 C ‘I was really delighted to see it there,’ he
raise difficult questions about the technology. says. ‘Our society is characterised by a degree
of cooperation and reciprocity that you simply
27 YES but there was little research in this
don’t see in any other animal.’
field until the 1780s. That is when William
Jones noted the similarity between Latin, 39 D This is the latest of many attempts to get
Greek and Sanskrit, and proposed that they all around the unfortunate fact that systematic
derived from a common ancestral language. sound-meaning correspondences in related
This idea is the basis for historical linguistics languages decay so much over time that even
if the words survive, they are unrecognisable
28 NO For instance, by comparing Romany
as cognates … This means that word sets that
with various Indian languages, it was possible
have similar meanings and also sound similar
to prove that India was the original homeland
after 15,000 years are unlikely to share those
of the Roma people living in Europe
similar sounds as the result of inheritance from
29 NO Traditionally, linguists have believed a common ancestor
that it was impossible for words to exist in a
40 A ‘It probably won't convince most
recognisable form for more than 9,000 years.
historical linguists to accept the hypothesis,
Recently, however, evolutionary biologist …
but their resistance may soften somewhat.’
claim to have traced a group of common
words back to the language used by hunter-
gatherers some 15,000 years ago.
30 NOT GIVEN (The team from Reading
published a report in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences but it doesn’t
say whether the National Academy of
Sciences was impressed with the research
methods.)
31 NOT GIVEN (The researchers studied some
200 cognates, but the passage doesn’t say
whether they studied words that begin with the
same sound in various languages.)
32 YES The researchers examined commonly
used words
33 C About half of the world’s current
population speaks one of the languages in
these seven families
31
ANSWER KEY
ACADEMIC WRITING more after seeing the cleverly crafted

commercials on television, and the parents are
forced to work even harder just to satisfy the
PREVIEW TEST (pages 182–183) needs of this offspring. This offspring becomes
part of the consumer society and sometimes lack
sense of other important values in life, such as
Writing Task 1 loving of nature, or concern for environment.
Sample answer (Band Score 8): On the other side, advertising is vital part of
engine of growth and development in many
Looking at this bar chart about why and how nations, and all over the world. Without it, how
often students of medicine made use of the can we know about the products that are being
internet according to a 2009 report, the most produced? How will jobs therefore be created?
striking points are that a significant percentage of Employment and subsequent economic power are
students never use the internet at all, but roughly created through sales of goods, which must be
10% use it for a variable purposes every day. advertised in order to be sold. And another point,
There are five given purposes, and most common advertising can spur creativity as well. Many
use of the internet is for email on weekly basis, imaginations are used to produce stunning and
with 50% of students doing this. entertaining advertisements in print and on
With regard to daily use, research is least screen, which are outlets for creativity of people.
common reason for going online (around 7%), One point may be though that this waste valuable
and chatting the most popular (approximately talent.
12%). With regard to weekly use, figures are So all in all, the issue is balanced, but on the
higher, with chatting is also popular (over 40%) whole, I can say advertising is necessary evil.
and attaining information for patients similar to
daily use figures. Research is notably more
common (just under 30%). With regard to TASK 1 Line Graphs (pages 184–193)
monthly use figures are low again and similar as
daily use, though emailing is more common, and
chatting less so. As regards to occasional use, 2 Suggested answers:
figures are in the 12–32 % range, with research
1F 2C 3E 4I 5J 6B 7A 8D 9H
much higher when it is unfrequent. With regards
to never use the internet, nearly half of all 3 For a sample answer, see Student’s Book,
students do not use the internet to obtain Sample Writing Answers (pages 334–342).
information for patients, and over 20% never use
5 Example answers:
it for research.
1 This graph shows the average temperatures in
Writing Task 2 three cities over a two-month period.
2 This graph provides information about average
Sample answer (Band Score 8):
temperatures in three cities around the world.
How much damage or harm does advertising
3 This graph compares average temperatures
cause? This is a very relevant question in today’s
from April to June.
era. We have very much advertising in all
dimensions of life, from TV to street to internet. 4 Information is provided about average
To answer the question it is essential to look at all temperatures in three cities over a two-month
sides of the case. period.
First of all, to consider the harm that is caused 6 Example answers:
from advertising. One important point is that
1 The number of applications received by
many products which are not good for our health
Atherton University rose from 1980 to 2005.
may be advertised, for example, tobacco or
alcohol, or fast food. Many people are suffering 2 The number of applications received by
from disease and illness due to consumption of Atherton University climbed to its highest
such product. Another factor is targeting of figure (over 6,000) by about 2005.
children in advertising. Many now consume so
3 Applications to The University of Lakewood
much sweets and grow up with highly developed
fell to their lowest numbers in 2010.
consumer needs. Parents suffer pressure
meanwhile their little ones demand more and
32
ANSWER KEY
4 There was a decline in applications during the 8 Example answers:

1980s at The University of Lakewood.
2 Projection 2 shows there is probably going to
5 Applications to Linslade College fluctuated be a slow increase in rice consumption in the
between 1980 and 2010. next 25 years.
6 Student applications to Alstead University 3 Projection 3 shows that there will probably be
started to level off around 1985. a very slight increase in rice consumption
from 2020 to 2040.
7 Applications to Alstead University reached a
peak around 2000. 4 According to Projection 4, rice consumption is
predicted to fall steadily over the next 30
8 Application numbers to Alstead University
years.
dropped after 2000.
9 Example answers:
9 Despite fluctuations, the number of
applications to Linslade College stayed the 1 It provides figures about marriage and divorce
same for ten years from 1985 to 1995. in the UK over a fifty-year period.
7 Example answers: 2 They indicate the four areas measured: all
marriages, first marriages, divorces and
French
remarriages.
1 Interest in studying French reached a peak in
3 The number of marriages and divorces,
1995.
measured in thousands
2 There was a steady decline in the number of
4 The time period covered
students studying French from 1995 to 2010.
5 Overall since 1956, marriages have gone
Spanish
down, divorces and remarriages have gone up;
3 During the 1990s, interest in studying Spanish the number of total marriages is higher than
went up slightly, then declined somewhat. the number of divorces and remarriages.
4 A dramatic increase in the number of students 6 The time between 1966 and 1976 when
taking Spanish classes took place from 2000 to marriages went up and then started their
2015. decline; at about the same time, the number of
divorces and remarriages increased noticeably;
German around 1970, there were more divorces than
5 During this entire period, the number of remarriages; by 2006, the number of first
students learning German remained about the marriages and divorces were approximately
same. the same.
6 There was a slight dip in this number after 7 No, you don’t need to detail each and every
2010. figure and each and every change.
Chinese 10
7 Between 2000 and 2005, the number of 1 Statement B is better because it doesn’t simply
students enrolled in Chinese classes soared. repeat the information that is already given in
the instructions.
8 After 2005, it increased more gradually.
2 Statement A is better because it describes the
Polish main trends; Statement B goes into too much
9 The number of students learning Polish went detail.
up slowly from 2000 to 2005. 11 Example answers:
10 The numbers rose suddenly beginning in 2010. 1 The overall idea is about changes in
Arabic population in these three countries, both
historical and in the future.
11 Interest in taking Arabic reached its lowest
point in 2000. 2 a United States: had the highest population in
1950 of the three countries; steady increase
12 It grew sharply between 2000 and 2005. from 1950 to the present, which is projected to
continue.
33
ANSWER KEY
b Nigeria: had the lowest population in 1950; 14 Model answer:

steady rise from 1950 to 2000, where it
The line graph shows changes in population
reached the same population as Japan; more
numbers in three countries, both historically and
rapid increases are projected in the future; it is
changes projected for the future. It shows that the
expected to rise quite sharply after 2025; it
population of the United States and Nigeria has
may well have a greater population than the
risen over the last 60 years, and will continue to
United States by 2050.
rise, while the population of Japan will remain
c Japan: Neither significant increase or about the same over the 100-year period.
decrease/remained the same over the 100-year
The United States had the highest population of
period; slight rise in population after 1950;
the three countries in 1950 (just under 200
same population as Nigeria in 2000; by 2050,
million), whilst Nigeria had the lowest (around 50
the population is expected to decrease to the
million). From 1950 to the present day, there has
same numbers as in 1950.
been a steady increase in the population in the
3 United States had the highest population in United States and Nigeria. A significant point
1950, Nigeria had the lowest; in 2050, Nigeria was in the year 2000, where the population of
is projected to have the highest population and Nigeria was greater than that of Japan. On the
Japan the lowest; Nigeria will have the other hand, the population of Japan rose slightly
greatest increase overall, Japan will increase to 2000, but then started to fall.
the least; Nigeria and Japan reached the same
The rising trends in the population numbers in the
population in 2000.
United States and Nigeria are projected to
12 Example answers: continue to 2050. In the US, it will reach over
400 million. It is predicted that the number of
1 The line graph shows changes in population
people in Nigeria will increase rapidly after 2025;
numbers in three countries, both historically
by around 2040 it will be the same as the US, and
and changes projected for the future. It shows
by 2050, the population will reach around 600
that the population of the United States and
million and have the highest population of the
Nigeria has risen over the last 60 years, and
three countries. Finally, the projection for Japan
will continue to rise, while the population of
is that the population will decrease, so by 2050,
Japan will remain about the same over the
the population will be almost the same as in 1950
100-year period.
(approximately 100 million). (238 words)
2 The United States had the highest population
of the three countries in 1950 (just under 200
million), whilst Nigeria had the lowest (around TASK 1 Bar Charts (pages 194–201)
50 million). From 1950 to the present day,
there has been a steady increase in the
population in the United States and Nigeria. A 2 Example answers:
significant point was in the year 2000, where 1 The bar chart provides information about how
the population of Nigeria was greater than that much rain has fallen each month in this
of Japan. On the other hand, the population of country over a 50-year period from 1951 to
Japan rose slightly to 2000, but then started to 2000.
fall.
2 A trend is how much something changes
3 The rising trends in the population numbers in direction over time.
the United States and Nigeria are projected to
continue to 2050. In the US, it will reach over 3 The main trend in this chart is that rain
400 million. It is predicted that the number of increases over the year, reaching a peak in
people in Nigeria will increase rapidly after September, then it declines through to
2025; by around 2040 it will be the same as December.
the US, and by 2050, the population will reach 4 An exception is a number which does not fit
around 600 million and have the highest the main trend.
population of the three countries. Finally, the
projection for Japan is that the population will 5 The rainfall in May is higher than in June, so
decrease, so by 2050, the population will be this statistic does not fit the main trend.
almost the same as in 1950 (approximately 6 The lowest bars are in January, February and
100 million). March; the highest bars are in August,
September and October.
34
ANSWER KEY
3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK apartments or university dormitory

accommodation. / The least popular types of
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample undergraduate student accommodation were
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). living in their own houses or in married
student housing.
5 Example answers:
3 The most popular types of accommodation for
2 In 1950, there were slightly more bicycles
graduate students were shared apartments and
produced than cars.
shared houses. or Most graduate students lived
3 There were roughly three times as many cars in shared apartments or shared houses. / The
produced in 1980 as in 1960. least popular were university dormitories (no
graduate students lived in dormitories) and
4 By 2000, overall, there were far fewer cars living with their parents.
produced than bicycles.
4 Similarities: Shared apartments were a popular
5 In 1980 there were about twice as many choice of accommodation for both
bicycles produced as cars. undergraduate and graduate students.
6 In 1980 there were only half as many cars Differences: University dormitories were
produced as bicycles. popular with undergraduate students. No
6 Example answers: graduates lived in this type of accommodation.
/ Around 750 graduate students lived in
2 In November, Viking Mountain had about half married student housing, whereas only a
as much snow as Snowbury. relatively small number of undergraduate
3 In December, there was almost three times as students did so (about 100).9
much snow at Snowbury as there was at 9 Example answers:
Viking Mountain.
1 The chart shows the different types of housing
4 There was about twice as much snow at both graduate and undergraduate students
Powder Peak in December as there had been lived in in 2013. Overall, there were many
in November. more undergraduate students in student
7 Example answers: accommodation than graduate students.
2 The London Olympics in 2012 were the 2 The most popular types of undergraduate
second most expensive. student accommodation were university
dormitories (over 4,000) and shared
3 The Montreal Olympics (1976) and the Los apartments (just under 4,000). The least
Angeles Olympics (1984) were the least popular types of undergraduate student
expensive. accommodation were living in their own
4 The actual costs of the Seoul Olympics were houses or in married student housing, which
only slightly higher than the estimated costs. were both much less than 500.
5 In general, the earlier Olympics were much 3 The most popular types of accommodation for
less costly than the more recent Olympics. graduate students were shared apartments (just
over 1,000) and shared houses (nearly 1,500).
6 The London Games were far more expensive The least popular were university dormitories
than had been estimated. (no graduate students lived in dormitories) and
8 Example answers: living with their parents.
1 The chart shows the different types of housing 4 Shared apartments were a popular choice of
both graduate and undergraduate students accommodation for both undergraduate and
lived in in 2013. graduate students. Whilst university
dormitories were popular with undergraduate
Tip – remember that you must use your own students, no graduates lived in this type of
words in this sentence – don’t copy the accommodation. Also, it is interesting to note
wording directly from the instructions in the that around 750 graduate students lived in
box above the chart. married student housing, whereas only a
2 The most popular types of undergraduate relatively small number of undergraduate
student accommodation were university students did so (about 100).
dormitories and shared apartments. or Most
undergraduate students lived in shared
35
ANSWER KEY
11 tended to drop or stay about the same, while

the number of texts tended to increase.
Model answer:
5 Age group 45–54 used more voice minutes
The chart shows the different types of housing
than age group 35–44; the trend was for older
both graduate and undergraduate students lived in
groups to use fewer minutes. People 64 and
in 2013. Overall, there were many more
older used more voice minutes and fewer texts
undergraduate students in student accommodation
in 2007 than in 2012. The trend for all other
than graduate students.
age groups was to do the opposite.
The most popular types of undergraduate student
6 About 20 minutes
accommodation were university dormitories (over
4,000) and shared apartments (just under 4,000). 7 At least 150 words
The least popular types of undergraduate student
accommodation were living in their own houses 3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK
or in married student housing, which were both
much less than 500. For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
Writing Answers (pages 334–342).
The accommodation where most graduate
students lived were shared apartments (just over 5
1,000) and shared houses (nearly 1,500). No
graduate students chose to live in university 1 Films based on an original screenplay
dormitories or with their parents. 2 Films based on books or plays
Shared apartments were a popular choice of 3 movies based on fact, movies based on TV
accommodation for both undergraduate and shows, films based on fact
graduate students. Whilst university dormitories
were popular with undergraduate students, no 4 Films that were based on legends and fairy
graduates lived in this type of accommodation. tales
Also, it is interesting to note that around 750 5 Movies based on theme park rides, percentage
graduate students lived in married student of market share
housing, whereas only a relatively small number
of undergraduate students did so (about 100). 6 Example answers:
(165 words) 1 The category of film which made the most
movies were original screenplays (4,972
IELTS PRACTICE TASK movies), whereas the lowest number of films
made were based on theme park rides (just
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample seven movies).
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). 2 The highest grossing category was also
original screenplays, followed by films which
were based on books or plays.
TASK 1 Tables (pages 202–208) 3 Films based on theme park rides made the
most money on average, per film, whilst
2 Example answers: original screenplays made the lowest money
1 The table provides information about phone on average per film.
calls and text messages for different age 4 The films which had by far the highest market
groups in an Australian city in 2007 and 2012. share (47.2%) had original screenplays.
2 This gives you information about each 7
category, i.e. what the statistics in the table
describe. 1 Example answers: Table 1:
3 This column tells you what age groups were 1 In North America, most people buy cars that
used in the survey. are white (20%), followed by black and silver
(both 17%).
4 In 2007, the number of minutes used dropped
as people aged. In both 2007 and 2012, the 2 In Brazil, most people’s preference is for
number of texts which were sent or received silver (31%) or black (25%) cars.
also decreased as people got older. Also, from
3 Black is the most popular choice of car colour
2007 to 2012, the number of voice minutes
in Europe: among about a quarter of all car
buyers.
36
ANSWER KEY
4 Silver is also a popular choice in South Korea produced in the corresponding month of
(44%) – almost twice as popular as black 2001/2002.
(26%), while red and blue cars are quite
4 Highest milk production in October 2001;
unpopular.
lowest in February/March 2002.
5 Green cars are not very popular in any of these
5 Highest milk production in October 2010;
countries/regions.
lowest in June/July 2011.
2 Example answers: Table 2:
6 The most milk was produced between
1 In 1994, the most popular choice of colour for September and December, with highest levels
cars globally was white (21%), followed by for both years in October.
silver (15%).
10 Example answers:
2 This had changed by 2004, when silver
1 The table compares the amount of milk
became the preferred colour (25%). Black also
produced in Australia in 2001/02 and 2010/11
became more popular than it had been in 1994
on a month-by-month basis. In both years,
(13%).
production generally climbed from July to
3 The percentage of black cars increased further October, and then decreased again for the rest
in 2014, but white once again became the of the year.
colour people chose most for their cars.
2 In July of 2001, Australian dairy cattle
4 In 2024, both silver and white cars will produced 590 million litres of milk. This
probably continue to be the most popular figure climbed to 920 million litres in October
colours. and then began to decline. Milk production
was at its lowest level in February 2002 when
5 It is estimated that the percentage of people
550 million litres were produced. From
buying red cars will increase by 2024.
February through June, milk production
8 Example answers: climbed slowly to 610 litres. In 2010/11, milk
production also started at 590 million litres per
1 transported, carried month in July, peaking in October when it
2 manufactured, produced reached 1,350 million litres. From October
2010 to June 2011, production slowly
3 Approximately, Around decreased, with a low point of 590 million
4 indicates, reveals litres in June 2011.
5 declined, decreased 3 In general, quite a bit more milk was produced
in Australia in 2010/11 than had been in
6 striking, remarkable, notable 2001/02. However, in June 2011, the level of
7 produce, raise, cultivate production was actually lower than it had been
in the corresponding month in 2002.
8 significant
12 Model answer:
9 These figures, This data
The table compares the amount of milk produced
10 excellent, impressive in Australia in 2001/02 and 2010/11 on a month-
9 Example answers: by-month basis. In both years, production
generally climbed from July to October, and then
1 The main point of the table is to show how decreased again for the rest of the year.
much milk was produced in Australia per
month in 2001/2002 compared with In July of 2001, Australian dairy cattle produced
2010/2011. 600 million litres of milk. This figure climbed to
910 million litres in October and then began to
2 The overall trend was that milk production decline. Milk production was at its lowest level in
rose in September, reaching a peak in October, February 2011 when 550 million litres were
and then decreased steadily through the year. produced. From February through June, milk
Also, milk production in 2010/2011 tended to production climbed slowly to 610 litres. In
be higher than it was in 2001/2002. 2010/11, milk production also started at 600
3 In general, milk production was higher in million litres per month in July, peaking in
2010/2011. However, in June 2010/2011, October when it reached 1,250 million litres.
slightly less milk was produced than had been From October 2010 to June 2011, production
37
ANSWER KEY
slowly decreased, with a low point of 600 million 4 Machinery constitutes an important proportion
litres in June 2011. of exports.
In general, quite a bit more milk was produced in 5 Iron and steel represent a quarter of all
Australia in 2010/11 than had been in 2001/02. exports.
However, in June 2011, the level of production
6 Example answers:
was actually lower than it had been in the
corresponding month in 2002. 1 In 1990, wheat represented a major portion of
the crops grown in this county.
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
2 Corn also made up a large portion of the crops
grown here.
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). 3 Barley constituted a modest share of the total
crops grown, a mere 10%.
4 In 2010, wheat still accounted for a large
TASK 1 Pie Charts and Multiple Charts percentage of the total, but its portion had
(pages 208–217) dropped from 1990.
5 No organic fruit and vegetables were grown in
2 Example answers: 1990, but by 2010, this segment made up over
1 The first chart is a pie chart; the second is a 10% of the total.
bar chart. 6 Soybeans grew from a fairly modest share in
2 The two charts provide information about 1990 to become a significant percentage
wind power generation around the world. (22%) by 2010.
3 The pie chart features the following 7

geographical areas – USA, China, India, 1 while 2 significant 3 was 4 quarter
Spain, Germany, the rest of Europe, and the 5 accounted 6 less 7 percentage 8 Turning to
rest of the world. The bar chart is about global 9 majority 10 under 11 40% 12 conclusion
wind power generation. 13 However
4 The time frames are different. The first chart 8 Example answers:
gives information about a specific year, 2011.
The second chart gives information for 2000, 1 The bar chart provides information about the
2005 and 2011, followed by a projection for costs of renting an office in five cities around
2020. the world in 2008 and 2013.
5 The second chart shows a trend that wind 2 The table shows the percentage of office
power generation is increasing. rentals that are empty.
6 China 3 In general, office rents increased over the

five-year period.
7 You should use the language of projection
(e.g. it is forecasted to / it is predicted that / will). 4 In City D, office rents dramatically in 2013.
5 By 2013, City B’s rents had gone up
3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK dramatically, and City B had replaced City A
as the city with the highest office rents. City D
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample replaced City E as the city with the lowest
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). rents.
5 6 The general trend was towards a lower

vacancy rate in 2013 than in 2008. In other
1 Motor vehicles made up almost half of all words, fewer offices stood empty in 2013 than
exports. in 2008.
2 Other goods account for about a third of the 7 City D had a higher vacancy rate in 2013.
exports.
8 City B’s vacancy rate dropped significantly,
3 Chemical products represent only three per while City D’s increased dramatically.
cent of all exports.
9 It appears that lower vacancy rates lead to
higher rents.
38
ANSWER KEY
9 Example answers: IELTS PRACTICE TASK

1 The bar chart provides information about the
costs of renting an office in five cities around
the world in 2008 and 2013. The table shows
the percentage of office rentals that are empty.
2 In general, office rents increased over the five- TASK 1 Diagrams (pages 218–225)
year period in all five cities. There was one
exception to this: in City D, office rents 2
actually decreased from 2008 to 2103 to just
over $500. Another significant point is that by 1 The diagram illustrates the process of glass
2013, City B’s rents had gone up dramatically, recycling
to well over $2,000, and City B had replaced 2 a cyclical process
City A as the city with the highest office rents.
City D replaced City E as the city with the 3 The diagram shows the process of how glass is
lowest rents. recycled.
3 In the table, the general trend was towards a 4 12 steps
lower vacancy rate in 2013 than in 2008. In 5 You should write about all the steps, but some
other words, fewer offices stood empty in key stages may require more information. You
2013 than in 2008. Both City B and City E’s might be able to combine some steps into one
vacancy rates dropped significantly in 2013 sentence.
(City B to 2% and City E to 9%). The
exception to this trend was City D, which had 6 People placing glass in a recycle bin in their
a higher vacancy rate in 2013 (23% compared homes.
to 10% in 2008).
4 In conclusion, based on these charts, it would 3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK
appear that lower vacancy rates lead to higher
rents. For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
11
5 Example answers:
Model answer:
Step 1: First of all, the phone must be removed
The bar chart provides information about the from the water as soon as possible. or
costs of renting an office in five cities around the
world in 2008 and 2013. The table shows the The process of drying a mobile phone begins with
percentage of office rentals that are empty. removing it from the water quickly.
In general, office rents increased over the five- Step 2: Then,/Next,/Following this, the phone
year period in all five cities. There was one should be placed on paper towels.
exception to this: in City D, office rents actually
Step 3: Next/Then the case should be removed
decreased from 2008 to 2103 to just over $500.
and the back of the phone taken off. or
Another significant point is that by 2013, City
B’s rents had gone up dramatically, to well over After the phone has been removed from the
$2,000, and City B had replaced City A as the water, the case should be removed and the back
city with the highest office rents. City D replaced of the phone taken off.
City E as the city with the lowest rents.
Step 4: Following this, the phone should be dried
In the table, the general trend was towards a with a soft cloth.
lower vacancy rate in 2013 than in 2008. In other
Step 5: Once the battery and the SIM card have
words, fewer offices stood empty in 2013 than in
been removed, they should be dried off.
2008. Both City B and City E’s vacancy rates
dropped significantly in 2013 (City B to 2% and Step 6: A vacuum cleaner can then be used to
City E to 9%). The exception to this trend was remove remaining water from the inner sections
City D, which had a higher vacancy rate in 2013 of the phone.
(23% compared to 10% in 2008).
Step 7: Finally, the phone can be placed in a bag
In conclusion, based on these charts, it would of uncooked rice overnight to soak up any
appear that lower vacancy rates lead to higher remaining water.
rents. (201 words)
39
ANSWER KEY
6 Example answers: 10 Example answers:

1 The first step is to plant the coffee seeds. 1 The process of how to launch, fly and land a
hot air balloon.
2 Then, the seedlings are replanted outside.
2 Seven
3 Next, what are called the cherries are picked
and dried. 3 You could write three paragraphs:
introductory sentence and summary sentence;
4 The following step is to mill the cherries to
preparing and launching the balloon; flying
remove the outer coating.
and landing the balloon
5 Once the green coffee has been packed in
4 The present simple passive
bags, it can be transported in container ships.
11 Example answers:
6 Green coffee is next roasted, which changes it
into aromatic brown beans. 1 The diagram illustrates the process of how to
launch, fly and land a hot air balloon. There
7 After the coffee beans have been roasted, they
are seven key stages in the process.
are ground.
2 First of all, when you have found an
8 Coffee must be tasted and checked for quality
appropriate location, you must unfold and lay
by professional tasters.
out the balloon envelope. Next, you attach the
9 After that, the ground coffee is packed in cans inflator fan, and this blows air into the
or bags and then it is sold in stores. envelope to inflate the balloon. After that, the
envelope is attached to the basket, which also
10 The final steps are to brew the coffee and to contains the butane tanks and the burner. Once
enjoy it.
the basket is safely attached, the burner is
7 Example answers: switched on. This mixes the air and butane and
warm, light, dense air is produced.
2 Then, a tadpole emerges from the egg mass.
3 Once the envelope is fully inflated and is full
3 After that, the tadpole starts to grow legs. of the warm, light air, the balloon is launched
4 Next, the tadpole transforms into a young frog. and flies. When you are ready to start your
descent, there is a parachute valve which
5 Finally, the young frog develops into an adult slows the ascent and controls the descent. The
frog and the process begins again. parachute valve is therefore operated to
8 Example answers: control the descent, and finally the balloon
lands, with the basket at 90 degrees, and the
1 The process shown is two possible life cycles envelope still inflated.
of stars.
13
2 A stellar nebula might become an average star
or a massive star. A supernova might form a Model answer:
neutron star or a black hole. The diagram illustrates the process of how to
3 Four launch, fly and land a hot air balloon. There are
seven key stages in the process.
4 Four
First of all, when you have found an appropriate
9 Example answers: location, you must unfold and lay out the balloon
1 become an average star envelope. Next, you attach the inflator fan, and
this blows air into the envelope to inflate the
2 a massive star balloon. After that, the envelope is attached to the
3 it becomes an average star basket, which also contains the butane tanks and
the burner. Once the basket is safely attached, the
4 After that burner is switched on. This mixes the air and
5 The final stage in the life cycle of an average butane and warm, light, dense air is produced.
star is to become Once the envelope is fully inflated and is full of
6 a stellar nebula becomes a massive star the warm, light air, the balloon is launched and
flies. When you are ready to start your descent,
7 Following the supernova there is a parachute valve which slows the ascent
8 Alternatively and controls the descent. The parachute valve is
therefore operated to control the descent, and
40
ANSWER KEY
finally the balloon lands, with the basket at 90 3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK
degrees, and the envelope still inflated. (168
words) For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
5 Example answers:
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample 1 The two maps show how a university campus
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). has developed from 1990 until the present day.
2 Today, many new facilities have been added
to this section of the campus.
TASK 1 Maps and Plans (pages 226–233)
6 Example answers:
2 Example answers: 1 There is now a bike path on the campus which
1 The maps show a park in Canada which had also links this part of the campus and the
some improvements and changes made over a stadium.
twenty-year period. 2 The women’s dormitory/accommodation has
2 There were six changes: been converted to a men’s
dormitory/accommodation.
● The information office was moved.
3 The library building has been expanded.
● There’s a new café on the site, next to the
information office. 4 A science building and arts and music
classroom/building have been constructed.
● The parking area was moved outside the
park and was made bigger. 5 Classroom building B has been demolished.
● There is now a shuttle bus service from the 6 A recreation building has been built.
parking area and around the park, and a 7 The women’s dormitory has been relocated.
number of bus stops.
7 Example sentences:
● A walking/biking trail was created through
the park. 1 A recreation building has been built next to
the athletic fields.
● The marina and the campsite were made
bigger. 2 The bike path runs between the Humanities
building and the Administration building.
3 The key (or legend) on the first map shows
only the information office, the parking area 3 The library has been expanded, but it is still in
and the campsite. the central part of campus.
4 The key on the second map shows the 4 The new Arts and Music classroom is located
information office, the parking area and the in the north-eastern part of the campus.
campsite. It also shows the shuttle bus route, 5 The women’s dormitory is to the east of the
the bus stops and the walking/biking trails. Student Union.
5 The time labels are 1995 and 2015. The choice 6 The science building was built between the
of tense you use depends on the time labels. Humanities building and the Arts and Music
For this question, you should use past tense classroom/building.
forms and time markers.
8 Example answers:
6 The scale (or distance marker) gives
information about how far apart things are. 1 The maps shows the changes that took place in
You should include information about the a shopping centre in the thirty-year period
distances in your response. For example, you from 1985 to 2005.
could mention that the distance from the 2 It appears that several of the businesses that
parking area to the information office is about were operating there in 1985 had closed by
two kilometres. 2005.
7 Yes, you should use passive forms, because 3 1 At one end of the shopping centre, there
you don’t know who caused the changes to was still a big department store in 2005. At the
take place. other end, the cinemas had all closed down
and the buildings were vacant.
41
ANSWER KEY
2 Opposite the sporting goods store stood a ships. These have been replaced with a marina
video store in 1985. In 2005, that space for pleasure boats. Two parks have also been
was occupied by an electronics store. created – one to the west of the waterfront,
and one next to the ferry terminal. All in all,
3 The bookstore between the women’s
the waterfront has been completely
clothing shop and the sporting goods
transformed.
shop closed down.
12 Model answer:
4 The gift shop, which was next to the card
shop, was vacant in 2005. or The maps show the changes in the waterfront area
following a development project. The overall
In 2005, there were two cafés next to the
purpose of this renovation work was to transform
entrance by the electronics store.
the waterfront area of this city from an industrial
5 The card shop in front of the department area to a residential and recreational district.
store was still there in 2005.
The appearance of the waterfront has changed
6 By 2005, the cinemas inside the shopping considerably. For one thing, the factories and
centre had all closed down warehouses that stood on either side of the river
have been demolished. In their place, a hotel and
7 By 2005, the fountain in the middle of the
apartment buildings have been built. In addition,
North Courtyard had been removed. or
an office tower has been constructed on the
In 2005, there was also an additional food eastern side of the river, on the southern edge of
stall in the middle of the food court. the development.
9 Example answers: There have been other changes as well. There
used to be a number of piers for container ships.
1 The maps show changes to the waterfront area These have been replaced with a marina for
of a city following a development project. pleasure boats. Two parks have also been created
2 The overall purpose is to transform the – one to the west of the waterfront, and one next
waterfront area from an industrial area into a to the ferry terminal. All in all, the waterfront has
residential and recreational area. been completely transformed. (155 words)
3 1 The factories and warehouses have been IELTS PRACTICE TASK
demolished and replaced with a hotel and
apartment buildings. 2 The container ship For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
piers now form a pleasure boat marina. Writing Answers (pages 334–342).
4 1 Two parks have been created – one to the
west of the waterfront, and one next to the
ferry terminal. 2 An office tower has been
constructed on the eastern side of the river, on
the southern edge of the development.
10 Example answers:
1 The maps show the changes in the waterfront
area following a development project. The
overall purpose of this renovation work was to
transform the waterfront area of this city from
an industrial area to a residential and
recreational district.
2 The appearance of the waterfront has changed
considerably. For one thing, the factories and
warehouses that stood on either side of the
river have been demolished. In their place, a
hotel and apartment buildings have been built.
In addition, an office tower has been
constructed on the eastern side of the river, on
the southern edge of the development.
3 There have been other changes as well. There
used to be a number of piers for container
42
ANSWER KEY
TASK 2 An Agree/Disagree Essay 4 It’s not true that people learn more from their
(pages 234–239) mistakes; if you always fail, you can become
demotivated. Being successful can be more
2 motivating and lead to better results in the
future.
1 The proposition is: It is much easier to learn
in a small class than in a larger one. 7 Example answers:
2 Students’ own answers. 1 While there are some good reasons to support
the idea that money spent on space research is
3 Students’ own answers. better used elsewhere, I still believe that there
4 No, you can partially agree or disagree. are some strong reasons to continue funding
space missions.
5 At least 250 words
2 It’s only partly true that money spent on
6 About 40 minutes research in space could be better used to solve
problems here on Earth.
3 Some people argue that the problems we face
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample on Earth should be solved before we waste
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). money on space programs, but it is not that
simple.
5 Example answers:
8
1 I agree that meeting face-to-face is far more
effective than meeting electronically or over 1 Sentence 2
the phone. 2 Sentence 1
2 There are a number of strong arguments to 3 Sentence 3
support the idea that face-to-face meetings are
more effective than meetings which take place 9
remotely. Example introduction (Disagree):
3 I don’t agree with the idea that meeting with Many people feel that the primary purpose of a
people in person is more effective than university education is to boost one’s earnings. In
meeting on the phone or Internet. fact, there are many studies that show that people
4 It’s not true that face-to-face meetings are with university degrees have higher lifetime
preferable to meetings held on the telephone incomes, on average, than those who did not
or the Internet. graduate from university. Nevertheless, I feel that
there are several good reasons to pursue higher
6 Example sentences: education that are more important than earnings
1 I fully agree that people learn more from their alone.
mistakes than if they always get things right. Example introduction (Agree):
Mistakes make you think about a problem.
The use of cell phones while driving is a hot topic
2 I definitely share the point of view that you these days. Those who oppose it say that it is a
can learn from getting things wrong rather dangerous distraction that can cause accidents,
than always being successful at something. while others say that it is necessary for their
When you get things wrong, you have to business or their family life. I fully agree with the
consider other ways of doing things, and that notion that there should be rigorous controls on
can be useful for the future. drivers’ use of phones for the following reasons.
3 I completely reject the idea that people learn
from failure; I think a feeling of success is
more important as it gives you confidence in
what you are doing.
43
ANSWER KEY
Example introduction (Partially agree):

13
Many people all over the world dream of one day
Students’ own answers.
running their own business and being their own
boss. However, it is a fact that a large percentage 14
of small businesses fail in the first few years of Students’ own answers.
operation and that many would-be business
owners lose their life savings. Therefore, I do not 15
completely agree with the idea that running your Students’ own answers.
own business is preferable to working for
someone else. 17
10 Model answer:
Currently, the Olympics are held in different There are some people who believe that if you are
locations. This system has been in place since the successful in life it is due to luck rather than
modern Games began. However, I agree with the ability. However, I would argue that your ability
idea that it’s preferable to always hold the Games to do something is equally, if not more important.
in the same city.
On the one hand, it may be true that there are
There are certainly some advantages to having the occasions that when something positive happens,
Games in different sites around the world. First of you seem to be ‘in the right place at the right
all, the Olympics are a chance for the host time’, which means that it is due to luck that
country to be in the spotlight and to show off its something positive happens. For example, you
culture and technology. For example, people could be talking to someone at work about a
everywhere were impressed by the opening and particular project, and you find out about an
closing ceremonies of the 2008 Olympics in opportunity which you otherwise wouldn’t have
Beijing, China. Moreover, hosting the Games has known about. Or you could be playing a sport and
financial benefits. Hotel owners, taxi drivers, a certain coach happens to see you on that day.
waiters and all sorts of people benefit because so
many visitors come to see the Games. On the other hand, I think there is a stronger
argument to say that success is down to whether
Nevertheless, I think it would be a good idea to you are able to do something or not, and also how
have the Games in a permanent location. It’s very hard you work to achieve a particular goal.
expensive to build stadiums and other facilities Whether it’s as a successful sportsperson,
for athletes and fans. For example, the London someone working in business or in a school, for
Games of 2012 cost over $40 billion to stage. example, your success is linked to your ability. I
Furthermore, most of the sports facilities built in would say that to be successful in any job, you
cities that have hosted the Games in the past are need to have a good understanding of how the
not very useful after the Games are over. A recent business or organisation or team works, and how
article in Time Magazine said that many of these people function together, whether that is through
facilities are empty or have been torn down. experience or having the necessary training to be
able fulfil the requirements of the job.
For these reasons, I think it is a good idea to
move the Olympics to a permanent location. If In conclusion, I don’t agree with the statement.
the Olympics were always held in one place, the Whilst luck may occasionally play a part, I think
same facilities could be used over and over. I ability is a more important factor. I also believe
suggest that the Games that are played in summer that hard work and application is a major key to
be held in Athens, Greece, because the ancient success. And if you are in the right place at the
Games were first played there, and the first right time, you’ve probably worked hard to make
modern Games were also held there. Since the most of your skills and abilities to get there.
Switzerland is a neutral country, I recommend (300 words)
that the Games that are played in winter be held
there. Having permanent homes for the Olympics IELTS PRACTICE TASK
is the most economical and efficient way to stage
this important event. For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
12 Writing Answers (pages 334–342).
44
ANSWER KEY
TASK 2 A Discussion/Opinion Essay 2 On the other hand, there are several reasons
why people prefer traditional shopping.
(pages 240–247)
8
2 Example answers: 1 B This is a good topic sentence for the
1 Some students think it’s preferable to study at second paragraph because it provides a linking
a university in the town/city where they live. to contrast with the first paragraph (Although)
and it indicates the main idea of the second
2 Other students would prefer to go to university paragraph.
in a different town/city.
2 A This is a good topic sentence for the first
3 A brief introduction, two main paragraphs, paragraph in that it summarises the main point
and a brief conclusion of the first paragraph.
4 Students’ own answers. 3 X A paragraph should not begin with the
5 Students’ own answers. first reason that supports one of the opinions;
rather, it should begin with a topic sentence
6 Students’ own answers. that sums up the whole paragraph.
7 Students’ own answers. 4 A This is the main idea of the first
8 About 40 minutes paragraph, so it is a good topic sentence.
9 At least 250 words or more 5 X There is no reason for this sentence to

begin with a linking word of concession/contrast.
3 IELTS PRACTICE TASK 6 A This sentence summarises the main
points of the first paragraph.
Writing Answers (pages 334–342). 7 B This sentence states the main idea of the
second paragraph and provides a word linking
5 Example answers: it to the first paragraph (Despite …).
Introduction A: The problem with this 9 Example answers:
introduction is that it is too close in language and
structure to the prompt. It also provides reasons 1 First of all, / The first thing is that
that support the second opinion, which should be 2 Furthermore, / Secondly,
done in the body, not the introduction.
3 What’s more, / In addition,
Introduction B: This is a good introduction for the
response. It sums up the two opinions in the 4 One final reason is that / Finally,
writer’s own words and provides a little 5 For one thing,
background about these two opposing points of
view. 6 In addition, / Secondly,
Introduction C: One problem with this 7 Finally, / What’s more,

introduction is that it does not use a linking word 10 Example answers:
to contrast the summaries of the two points of
view. Also, it is not necessary for the writer to 1 Example: sentences B and D
state his or her own opinion in the introduction. Explanation: sentence A
6 Example answers: Experience: sentences C and D
Both multiple choice tests and essay tests are 2 Example answers:
common ways to determine how much students
have learned in class. Multiple choice tests are A In other words B For example/For instance
usually used to test students’ knowledge of C In my case/Once
specific facts. On the other hand, essay tests D For example/For instance
generally ask students to provide analysis and 3
opinions.
More and more, online shopping is becoming a
7 Example answers: more popular choice, for the following reasons.
1 There are many reasons why people favour First of all, prices at online sites are generally
online shopping. somewhat lower than they are at traditional
stores. D Furthermore, ordering goods online is
45
ANSWER KEY
quick and easy. What’s more, your purchases are 5 All the main points have been covered and the
delivered directly to your home. One final reason essay feels complete.
is that it doesn’t take long at all to receive your
13 Sample conclusion
purchases. B
To sum up, there are advantages and
Despite the convenience of online shopping, there
disadvantages to both types of tests. It is
are some reasons to prefer more traditional forms
important, especially in some courses, for
of shopping. For one thing, many people enjoy
students to learn facts, and multiple-choice tests
shopping with friends. A In addition, you can
are a good way to measure this skill. On the other
examine the merchandise you might buy closely,
hand, multiple-choice tests don’t really show
and in the case of clothing, you can try it on.
what students think about a topic. To measure
Finally, it is usually easier to return items to a
students’ analytical skills, essay tests are more
traditional store if you decide they are not right
appropriate. That’s why I think essay tests – or
for you. C
perhaps a combination of multiple-choice and
11 Example answers: essay questions – are preferable.
There are a number of reasons to think that essay 14
exams are a better way to determine how much
There are varying opinions about the role
students have learned. First of all, essay tests
multinational corprations (corporations) (MNCs)
encourage you to express your own ideas. In
play in developing countries. While many peopel
other words, students have to show an ability to
(people) feel that their role is primarly (primarily)
express opinions, rather than just focusing on
helpfull (helpful), many others think that MNCs
facts. A second reason is that this type of exam
damage the economys (economies) of the host
allows students to show they can use grammar
countries.
correctly. For example, students can show the
range of language they have. Finally, this type of It’s clear that, if goverments (governments) allow
exam doesn’t merely test memorisation. For MNCs to operate in their countries, there are
example, in a history test, students need to learn certain dangers involved. Globel (Global) chains
more than just dates and names. They need to be such as McDonald’s, Walmart, and Coca-Cola
able to explain why and how events took place in have many more resorces (resources) that they
the past or what their importance was. can draw on than local companies do. For
instants, (instance) they have huge bugets
On the other hand, it is not hard to understand
(budgets) for advertising their products. Morover,
why some people think that a multiple choice test
(Moreover) MNCs generaly (generally) send
is preferable to an essay test. For each question
most of their profits back to the home country,
on a multiple choice exam there is only one
unlike local companies that keep the money
answer, so marking is fair. In other words, the
within the local economy. Finally, some
score doesn’t depend on what one individual
internasional (international) companies ‘cut
teacher thinks of your answer. Secondly, multiple
corners’ when it comes to enviromental
choice tests don’t depend only on writing skills,
(environmental) issues, and they pollute the air
but on a student’s knowledge. You can be tested
and water of the host country.
on what you know, and you won’t be penalised
for not possessing specific writing skills. Finally, On the other hand, it’s equally obvius (obvious)
multiple choice tests can be marked quickly, so that MNCs can serve useful purposes. For one
students get results faster. For example, some thing, they hire a lot of local workers. While it’s
online tests give you results almost instantly. true that not all of these workers have high-level
Once I took an online multiple choice exam and I positions, they still improve the employment
received the results within minutes. picture in developing nations. In addition,
multinationals transfer tecknology (technology) to
12 Example answers:
underdeveloped nations. For example, my father
1 The writer believes that traditional shopping is was hired as an acountant (accountant) by a
usually preferable for busy people, but the European oil company. He used the knowlege
writer prefers traditional shopping. (knowledge) he learned from this position to start
his own bookeeping (bookkeeping) company.
2 To summarise the main points of the response.
In short, there are both advantages and
3 To show the merits of online shopping.
disadvantages involved in permiting (permitting)
4 To state his or her own opinion. MNCs to do bussiness (business) in developing
countries. They may unfairly compete with local
firms and force them into bankruptcy, and they
46
ANSWER KEY
might cause ecological damage. On the whole, take care of the ones that they have. Finally,
however, I’m inclined to beleive (believe) that and perhaps most importantly, these facilities
they play a mostly positive role. The presents benefit the ‘public good’. In other words, they
(presence) of MNCs in a developing country is a are helpful to everyone. Supporting these sorts
major part of globalization. All the reserche of facilities is like supporting education with
(research) I am familair (familiar) with indicates public funds. In my case, I don’t have any
that countries that are open to globalization are school-age children, but I recognise that it is
more sucesful (successful) than countries that are important for my taxes to fund education.
not.
2 However, many people ask: Why should we
16 Example answers: have to support facilities that we don’t use?
They point out that the cost of these facilities
1 Many people believe that public facilities (e.g.
makes everyone’s taxes go up. Finally, they
zoos, museums, parks) should be free. Other
say that there are more important things to
people think that you should pay to use these
fund—for example, hospitals, police
facilities.
protection, and schools.
2
19 Example answer:
● Government support allows these facilities
To sum up, some people argue that only the
to be free or low-cost. Therefore, poor people
people who use public facilities should pay for
would not be able to make full use of these
them. Other people take the opposite point of
facilities without government support.
view and say that government funding for these
● Without government support, these places facilities is essential. I agree strongly that we
would have financial problems. should all pay for cultural facilities through taxes.
Directly or indirectly, they benefit all of us, and
● These facilities serve useful purposes that
so we should all pay for them.
benefit the entire community.
21
3 ● Why should people who don’t want or
need to use these facilities be forced to pay for Model answer:
them
There are those who think that people shouldn’t
through taxes?
have to pay to use cultural and recreational
● Supporting these facilities means higher facilities such as zoos, museums and parks. On
taxes for everyone. the other hand, many other people believe that
these costs should be shared and people should
● There are other important things to fund.
pay if they wish to go to these places. It’s true
17 Example answer: that
There are those who think that people shouldn’t People who believe that it should be free to use
have to pay to use cultural and recreational these facilities have a number of justifications.
facilities such as zoos, museums and parks. On They feel that, with government support,
the other hand, many other people believe that everyone can take advantage of these important
these costs should be shared and people should facilities for free or for a modest price. Without
pay if they wish to go to these places. It’s true government support, poorer people could
that probably not afford to visit such places as
museums or zoos. Moreover, without taxpayers’
18 Example answer: money, cultural institutions would probably
1 People who believe that it should be free to experience financial problems. For example, art
use these facilities have a number of museums might not be able to buy works by
justifications. They feel that, with government important new artists, and zoos might not be able
support, everyone can take advantage of these to obtain more animals or take care of the ones
important facilities for free or for a modest that they have. Finally, and perhaps most
price. Without government support, poorer importantly, these facilities benefit the ‘public
people could probably not afford to visit such good’. In other words, they are helpful to
places as museums or zoos. Moreover, without everyone. Supporting these sorts of facilities is
taxpayers’ money, cultural institutions would like supporting education with public funds. In
probably experience financial problems. For my case, I don’t have any school-age children,
example, art museums might not be able to but I recognise that it is important for my taxes to
buy works by important new artists, and zoos fund education.
might not be able to obtain more animals or
47
ANSWER KEY
However, many people ask: Why should we have

5
to support facilities that we don’t use? They point
out that the cost of these facilities makes A The language of the introduction is too close
everyone’s taxes go up. Finally, they say that to the language of the prompt. There is no
there are more important things to fund—for explanation of why illiteracy is a serious
example, hospitals, police protection, and problem.
schools.
B Introduction B includes specific causes of and
To sum up, some people argue that only the solutions for the problem of illiteracy; this
people who use public facilities should pay for information belongs in the body of the
them. Other people take the opposite point of response. It does not explain why this problem
view and say that government funding for these needs to be solved.
facilities is essential. I agree strongly that we
should all pay for cultural facilities through taxes. C This is the best introduction for this task. It
Directly or indirectly, they benefit all of us, and states the topic in the writer’s own words and
explains, in general terms, why illiteracy is an
so we should all pay for them.
important problem.
IELTS PRACTICE TASK 6 Example answer:
Paris, New York, Tokyo – it doesn’t matter what
big city you are in: traffic congestion is always a
problem and can cause serious problems. Traffic
congestion is bad for the environment, makes
commuters late for work and generally causes
TASK 2 A Problem/Solution Essay people to feel frustrated.
(pages 248–257) 7
2 Example answers: 1 This is a good topic sentence for the first main
paragraph because it informs that reader that
1 It asks about the problem of people suffering the rest of the paragraph will deal with several
from poor health because of air pollution. causes of illiteracy.
2 It asks you to think of some causes/reasons for 2 This sentence gives one of the causes of
this problem. illiteracy. A topic sentence should indicate that
3 It asks you to come up with some suggestions there will be several causes discussed in the
for this problem. first main paragraph.
4 Causes: air pollution from industry (e.g. 3 This is a good topic sentence for the second
factories); more traffic on the road; burning main paragraph, which deals with solutions,
fossil fuels not for the first paragraph.
Solutions: ‘cleaner’ industrial processes; 4 This is a good topic sentence for the first main
reducing the amount of road traffic, e.g. paragraph; it informs the reader that several
people should use public transport, transport causes of illiteracy will be discussed in that
goods by rail rather than road; use renewable, paragraph.
sustainable energy (e.g. wind, solar energy) 8 Example answers:
5 Students’ own answers. 1 One cause of / The primary/main cause of /
Perhaps the most important cause of
2 A second cause of / Another cause
For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample 3 might also play a role.
4 may lead to / might also be responsible for
9 Example answers:
Topic Sentence
There are a number of causes for traffic
congestion in large cities.
48
ANSWER KEY
Cause 1
4 This is a good topic sentence because it also
One cause of / The primary/main cause of / connects the second main paragraph to the
Perhaps the most important cause of this problem first topic and summarises the second main
is that there are simply more vehicles on the road paragraph.
nowadays.
5 This sentence begins with a possible solution
Cause 2 to the problem of illiteracy, but the topic
sentence should summarise all the information
Another cause of this problem is the fact that
in the second main paragraph.
many people avoid taking public transport
because buses and trains are often too crowded or 6 This sentence introduces the causes of
they are not convenient. illiteracy, not solutions.
Cause 3 13 Example answers:
Furthermore, many people have less time for 1 recommendation / suggestion / solution
journeys, so rather than walking, cycling or 2 recommendation / suggestion / solution / idea
taking the bus, they always use their cars. 3 recommend / suggest / propose
10 14 Example answers:
1 because 2 due to/because of There are some steps that could be taken to help
3 as a result/therefore 4 causes/leads to/is solve this problem of stress-related illnesses in
responsible for 5 is caused by, Because/Since the modern world. One solution would be for
employers to recognise that they need to agree to
11 Example answer:
specified working hours, rather than expecting
There are a number of causes of illnesses which employees to work at any hours; this would
are caused by stress. First of all, many people are enable people to have time to relax in the
working longer and longer hours and spending evenings. Next, I would recommend that students
more time travelling to and from work; not be put under so much pressure at school
consequently, they have less time to relax and rest through exams and additional homework. Often,
and are more prone to illness. In addition, stress- teachers and administrators want to get good
related illnesses can be caused by financial exam results so that the school looks good, rather
problems. In my country, wages have been cut than thinking about what’s best for their students.
and the cost of living is increasing every year, Finally, I suggest that people set aside some time
and this can cause anxiety. Finally, I think the for exercise. It is a well-known fact that exercise
fact that many students at school or university is beneficial for people’s health – not only does it
have pressure on them to do well in exams also reduce stress, but it also strengthens your body so
results in stress and stress-related illnesses. it can fight illness.
Students are expected to succeed in exams,
15
putting pressure on them from a young age to do
well, and sometimes they are unable to cope and 1C 2E 3B 4A
become ill.
16
12 Example answers:
In conclusion, there are many causes of stress-
1 This is a good topic sentence for the second related illnesses, and this problem cannot be
main paragraph; it indicates that the rest of the solved overnight. However, there are some
paragraph will deal with several solutions to straightforward steps which people can take, such
the problem of illiteracy. as keeping to agreed working hours, or taking
more exercise, that can improve their health.
2 There is no reason to use the linking word
Reducing the number of stress-related illnesses is
Furthermore to begin the second main paragraph.
not only beneficial for the individual, but in the
3 This is a good topic sentence. It links the end will cost employers and the state less.
second main paragraph to the first topic and
17
summarises the information in the second
main paragraph. As long as humans have been in (on) the Earth,
they have exploited nature. They have cleared
land for farms and cities, hunted and trapped wild
animals, and catch (caught) fish in rivers, lakes,
and seas. All of these activities have put many
animal species in danger, and some have
49
ANSWER KEY
completely vanished. This has been a problem for 6 singular/plural noun

centuries, but in the last 100 years or so, the
7 active/passive problem
problem of extinct (extinction) has accelerated.
Dozens of species disappears (disappear) every 8 pronoun agreement
year.
9 subject/verb agreement
There are multiple cause (causes) of this problem.
10 incorrect preposition
One major cause is the loss of habitat. Forests
have been cut down, wetlands have been filled in, 11 singular/plural noun
and grassy plains have been paved over. One
tragic example is the rainforests of the Amazon. 12 article error
Many hectares of forest land cut (are cut) down 13 tense error
daily, destroying the homes of countless species
of animals. Another cause of extinction is 14 subject/verb agreement
pollution. Farmers use fertilizers and pesticides 15 pronoun agreement
on his (their) land. These wash into streams and
rivers and eventually into the ocean, poisoning 16 subject/verb agreement
fish and other water creatures. Factories and cars 17 word order
produces (produce) air pollution, which
contributes for (to) global warming. This 18 word order
endangers polar bear (bears) and many other 19 active/passive problem
species. Still another cause of the extinction is
hunting. In the past, animals were often hunted 20 word form
for food or for their skins. For example, in North 21 word order
America, the buffalo almost become (became)
extinct because so many was (were) killed by 22 word form
hunters. Today, rhinoceroses are hunted for their 23 active/passive problem
horns and elephants are hunted for its (their)
ivory tusks, both of which is (are) very valuable. 24 pronoun agreement
This has led to a decline sharp (sharp decline) in 25 wrong preposition
the number of these animals in the wild.
19
There are certain steps that can be taken to save
animals from extinction. Areas such as parks 1 The problem that many people have unhealthy
national (national parks) and other types of diets, and don’t eat healthy food.
animal reserves need to be protected. Existing
ones should be expanded and new ones should
establish (be established). Then too, pollution and 3 Students’ own answers.
greenhouse gasses should be curbed. Finally,
20 Example answer:
there needs to be more protect (protection) for
endangered animals such as rhinos, tigers and There is certainly a problem in the western world
elephants. Laws against poaching should be more that people are increasingly eating less healthy
enforced (enforced more) rigorously, and people foods. There are a number of reasons for this.
who hunt animals illegal (illegally) should be However, there are also some ways to improve
punished. this situation. Providing more education about
why unhealthy diets lead to illnesses might be
Once animals have become extinct, there is
one solution.
nothing that can do (can be done) to help it
(them). They are gone forever. But it is still 21
possible to save some of the many species of
1 There are several main causes for this
animals that share this planet by (with) humans.
problem. I think the primary cause is that
18 unhealthy or ‘junk’ food is so readily
available. Whether you are in a supermarket or
1 incorrect preposition
a canteen, it is hard to avoid processed food,
2 incorrect tense which is high in sugar and fat. In addition,
another reason is that many people have less
3 missing article time to prepare healthy meals at home. Work
4 word form and social commitments often mean people
decide to buy ready-made meals or snacks
5 subject/verb agreement
50
ANSWER KEY
rather than preparing meals from healthy However, there are a number of ways the problem
ingredients. Finally, many fast-food outlets of unhealthy diets can be approached. One
offer food so cheaply that people are tempted suggestion is to teach children in schools about
to buy these foods. making healthy choices about what they eat, and
why this is important. For example, if children
2 However, there are a number of ways the
understand the long-term implications of eating a
problem of unhealthy diets can be approached.
poor diet (such as obesity or illness), then they
One suggestion is to teach children in schools
may choose more healthy options. Secondly,
about making healthy choices about what they
supermarkets and food retailers should have a
eat, and why this is important. For example, if
responsibility to inform people of the sugar and
children understand the long-term implications
salt content in food. This can be done fairly easy
of eating a poor diet (such as obesity or
by giving this information on the packaging.
illness), then they may choose more healthy
Finally, individuals must recognise the negative
options. Secondly, supermarkets and food
impact of a poor diet, and take steps themselves
retailers should have a responsibility to inform
to eat more healthily, for example choosing
people of the sugar and salt content in food.
healthy options in a work canteen, or preparing
This can be done fairly easy by giving this
food at home.
information on the packaging. Finally,
individuals must recognise the negative impact While there is no single solution to this problem,
of a poor diet, and take steps themselves to eat it is true that the more people eat unhealthy diets,
more healthily, for example choosing healthy the more risk they run of serious illness, and this
options in a work canteen, or preparing food at is not an easy problem to solve. However, there
home. are some steps that everyone can take, such as
reducing the amount of processed food they eat,
22
that can improve this situation. Improving
While there is no single solution to this problem, people’s diets means improving people’s health –
it is true that the more people eat unhealthy diets, and this in turn is beneficial for the whole of
the more risk they run of serious illness, and this society.
is not an easy problem to solve. However, there
are some steps that everyone can take, such as IELTS PRACTICE TASK
reducing the amount of processed food they eat,
that can improve this situation. Improving For a sample answer, see Student’s Book, Sample
people’s diets means improving people’s health – Writing Answers (pages 334–342).
and this in turn is beneficial for the whole of
society.
24 Model answer: REVIEW TEST (pages 258–259)
There is certainly a problem in the western world
that people are increasingly eating less healthy Writing Task 1
foods. There are a number of reasons for this.
However, there are also some ways to improve Sample answer (Band Score 8):
this situation. Providing more education about These two charts give some very interesting
why unhealthy diets lead to illnesses might be information about tiger populations in India tiger
one solution. reserves between 1972 to 2002. According to the
There are several main causes for this problem. I first graph, we can see steady rise in tiger number
think the primary cause is that unhealthy or ‘junk’ over the period, despite a very slight fall between
food is so readily available. Whether you are in a 1993 and 1995. From the second graph we can
supermarket or a canteen, it is hard to avoid see the Sunderbans has by far the highest number
processed food, which is high in sugar and fat. In of tigers, while Buxa has the least.
addition, another reason is that many people have In 1972 total tiger population in India was under
less time to prepare healthy meals at home. Work 270, but has more than doubled by 1979. It then
and social commitments often mean people grew incrementally over next ten years to 1327,
decide to buy ready-made meals or snacks rather more than quadruple the numbers. Despite the fall
than preparing meals from healthy ingredients. off in 1995, figures continued to increase and
Finally, many fast-food outlets offer food so reach 1576 by 2002, a massive increase.
cheaply that people are tempted to buy these
foods. In terms of the five tiger reserves, three had
around 50 tigers in 1972, though Buxa had none,
and Bandipur less than 15. The good news is that
51
ANSWER KEY
all numbers grew, and Sunderbans has five times preserving. In this case, it is largely preferable to
the number in 2002. All others show steady rises dispose of them and construct new ones.
with minor fluctuation, with Corbett and Kanha
When considering the idea that new buildings
having approximately trible numbers. Buxa is
must be built, we must consider utility and also
steady since 1989 but at only still around 40.
aesthetics. With evergrowing populations, people
need housing, and many other accoimpaning
Writing Task 2
needs must be served. New buildings are
therefore vital, but many new constructions in
Sample answer (Band Score 8):
modern day lack quality, and are cheaply built,
It is a highly controversial topic whether we with poor materials and absence of proper
should maintain our old buildings as much as regulations. Furthermore, it is criminal to
possible, or whether is preferable to build new demolish a building of old style and appearance
ones. I will consider both sides of this question, just to replace it with poorly built and ugly new
to which there are no easy answer. building. Aesthetic factors are terribly important
too.
To look firstly at the matter of preservation of old
buildings, there must be relevant criteria. For In my opinion, the primary thing is balance
example, if an old building has ancient value, or needs, utility and sense of historical value and
traditional architecture, then it may have some aesthetics. Buildings must be beautiful where
cultural reason to be preserved. It serves purposes possible, according to pramgatic factors, and if
of maintaining historic context, and teaching they can be built well, with proper regulations
modern society about the ways of the past. On that ensure safety this is all to good. I would say a
other hand, some old buildings have little real balance must be struck between preserving the
value, may be decrepit, and not worth the old and catering for the new.
52
ANSWER KEY
SPEAKING 11
1 The candidate should have said ‘Yes, I do’
when giving a short answer to this question.
PART 1 Introduction and Interview 2 The candidate has made a collocation error.
(pages 264–269) The adverb ‘absolutely’ cannot be used with
‘like’, only with ‘love’. The candidate meant
to say ‘I absolutely love it’.
1
3 Although ‘dislike’ is possible, it is more
1 T 2 F (This is supposed to be the easiest part
natural to say ‘I don’t like it’ or ‘I hate it’.
of the test because part of its purpose is to help
candidates settle in and feel at ease.) 3 F (You 12
will be asked a series of questions about different
topics.) 4 T 5 F (Candidates should try to Students’ own answers.
extend their answers by giving a reason, 13
explanation or example.)
The candidate uses the following expressions: go
2 IELTS PRACTICE TASK to work/school/university/the library; catch the
train; sleep in; hang out with friends; go
See Speaking Test video script 1 (Part 1) on shopping; go for lunch; usually, often, during the
Student’s Book, page 349. week, at weekends, when I get the chance
4 15
Students’ own answers. 1 I have always a lot. (The adverb goes before
the verb so the candidate should have said
5 ‘I always have a lot.’)
The candidate uses the following expressions: 2 My baby sister usually is awake early. (The
house, apartment, dream home, bedroom, adverb goes after the verb to be so the
balcony, bed, desk, spacious, cramped candidate should have said ‘My baby sister is
usually awake early.’)
7
3 Oh, I am sometimes surfing the Internet.
1 The candidate should have said more when
(The candidate has used present continuous
answering this question, such as saying why
but this is incorrect. Use present simple to talk
she likes living there so much.
about habits and routines. The candidate
2 The candidate should have used past simple should have said ‘I sometimes surf the
rather than present perfect here, because she Internet.’)
said exactly when this happened. The
candidate should have said I moved. IELTS PRACTICE TASK
3 This question requires you to speak
See Speaking Test video script 2 (Part 1) on
hypothetically. The candidate has made a
Student’s Book, page 350.
small error with the second conditional here.
The candidate should have said ‘if I lived … I
would buy’. PART 2 Individual Long Turn
8 (pages 270–265)
1
9
1 give a short talk on a topic. / show you have
The candidate uses the following expressions: I good fluency and coherence.
(absolutely) love, I’m crazy about, I (really) like,
I’m really into, I don’t (really) like, I’m not that 2 a task card with your topic on and four points
keen on that give you ideas for what to talk about.
10 3 plan what you want to say (using the piece of
paper and pencil the examiner gives you).
53
ANSWER KEY
4 one to two minutes.

Who: My next point is who I'd go with … / It's
5 a familiar one, based on your personal not hard for me to think of who I'd go with!
experiences.
What: Now, what I'd like to do on the holiday is
6 asks you a short, simple question to round off …. / There are so many things I'd like to do.
(but your answer doesn’t have to be long and
Why: So lastly, this holiday would be so
detailed).
enjoyable for me because … / Finally, the reason
7 speak without too much hesitation and to link this holiday would be so enjoyable is because …
the different parts of the talk together well.
13
2 IELTS PRACTICE TASK Example answers:
1 I mean … / by that I mean …
Student’s Book, page 349. 2 I can't quite remember the word but it means
… / The word has slipped my mind but it means
4
…
Task card A: you will need to use past tenses in
3 So, as I was saying … / Now, let me just think
your answer.
of the next point …
Task card B: you will need to use hypothetical
4 As I said before … / and like I was saying
language (e.g. would).
earlier …
8
5 The name of the place has slipped my mind …
E is the most helpful way to prepare for your talk. / I can't bring to mind now the name of …
Writing a heading focuses you on the topic, and
14
making the four boxes with the key question
word in each one focuses on the four points you The phrases the candidate uses are:
need to cover. Each box has two or more notes in
First of all, I want to start by saying where the
them – key words and some good vocabulary.
holiday would be.
10
I can't remember now exactly which state of
1c 2b 3a 4d Australia the reef is in …
11 My next point is, who I would go on the holiday
with.
Task card B
any hiccups along the way, you know ... avoid
Where: the Great Barrier Reef in Australia; in a
any problems.
hot, tropical area – Queensland?
Erm, let me see,
Who: Zoe; native Australian person – would
know about the country and culture and help the next thing I want to talk about is what we
avoid problems would do.
What: go onto the reef/go snorkelling or diving; oh … what's the word … the outfit you wear
see stunning coral and fish – Great Barrier Reef is when you go diving … it's black and fits very
the most spectacular reef in the world; choose a tightly. Oh I remember now, a wetsuit.
reputable tour guide - they provide the
And finally, why I would like to take this kind of
equipment (snorkel/wetsuit)
holiday?
Why: dream to see coral and fish
And that brings me to the end of my talk!
12
17
Example answers:
1F 2C 3E 4D
Beginning: I'd like to talk about … / My topic is
to talk about … 18
If something is nothing to write home about, it
Where: I'll start by talking about … / So firstly,
means you wouldn't write/talk about it because it
where I'd go …
isn't exciting or special enough.
54
ANSWER KEY
19
4 [people X less often] a way of comparing the
1 start from scratch past with the present time; [Mail sent through
the postal system is slow and unfortunately
2 at the crack of dawn
expensive] two disadvantages of sending mail
3 strike a chord (with someone) by post
4 fit as a fiddle 5 [I think there are several reasons why ...]
introduces a list of reasons; [First and
5 an early bird foremost is ...] introduces the first reason; [On
20 top of that ...] introduces the second reason
Students’ own answers. 6 [exercise more and eat more healthily]
comparative structures; [and, likewise, there
21 are ...] a similar example in the explanation
Students’ own answers. 6 Example answers:
IELTS PRACTICE TASK a consequently / that's why ... b most people ...
c we are more likely to do X now d I don't really
See Speaking Test video script 2 (Part 2) on think that ... e In the (near) future, I think ...
Student’s Book, page 350. f the advantage of X is ...
8
PART 3 Two-way Discussion All options are possible, it depends on your point
(pages 278–283) of view. Option c would give a more extended
answer, however, and it might generate a broader
range of grammar structures in the answer.
1
9
1 false (This describes Part 1. Part 3 is not
personal, it is general and abstract.) 2 true c
3 true 4 false (The number of questions is not as
10
important as the quality of your answer. You
could answer just two questions with extended, 1 She uses the pronoun you and the phrase most
well-organised responses.) 5 true people to talk about people in general.
2 2 She uses comparative language (have more
fun, be more relaxing) and linkers (whereas,
on the other hand) to compare the two things.
Student’s Book, page 349.
3 She uses useful topic vocabulary: travel alone,
do as you please, take X into account, go away
1 a, b, c, d 2 f, a, b, c 3 e, a, c 4 a, b, c, d, e with others, travel by yourself, switch off,
5 a, b 6 a, b recharge your batteries, travel in a group, the
better option.
5 Example answers:
14
2 [one of the biggest advantages is that]
introduces a reason; [would be, they might] The candidate has used all the strategies in her
modal verbs are important when giving answer.
reasons to show this is what you think is
likely, it is not a fact; [another positive point 15
would be that] introduces the second reason; A1 b, c A2 b, c, d A3 a, b, c, d
[whereas] introduces a contrasting reason
1 The candidate has made two points about the
3 [in general] introduces a generalisation; [I'd topic and explained each point.
say that there will always be] language for
speculating about the future 2 The candidate has made two points about the
topic and explained each point. She has also
considered what other people do and has
linked her answers together.
55
ANSWER KEY
3 The candidate has considered both sides of the 15 C but the basic salary package includes a
topic. She has also made two points about the bonus based on the company’s profits –
topic and explained each point, considered everyone gets that.
what other people do and linked her answers
16 C The one thing that everybody agrees
together.
about, however, is the coffee – nobody’s in
any doubt that a Tasca cappuccino or latte is
IELTS PRACTICE TASK
the best you can get!
See Speaking Test video script 2 (Part 3) on 17 A So we told managers to make sure that
Student’s Book, page 350. there are always good changing facilities in
the bathrooms.
18 B So we have these things, but Mums have
PRACTICE TEST to ask for them.
19 C video games to try and attract more
LISTENING (pages 286–289) teenagers – but I’m afraid lots of people
complained about the noise – so we’ve
1 court An hour on the squash court is decided to ban them.
charged at £10.00 – but that’s not per person, 20 B but they’re also in the cupboard or behind
of course, that’s for the court. the bar, available if anybody wants to use
2 fifty/50 min(ute)s Members pay ten pounds them.
for every fifty minutes they spend in the gym 21 B/E because that figure’s 1.9 per cent lower
3 weekday afternoons So you can only accept than it was two years ago.
their bookings for weekday afternoons 22 E/B people are buying a lot less frozen fish
4 £10.50 Anyone can book a place on a than they used to, and sales of that have gone
session, and the fee is £10.50 down even more sharply than sales of fast
food like pizza
5 twelve/12 limit on the number of non-
members who can be accepted – that’s capped 23 A/C F: We ought to design a questionnaire
at twelve per session. – ask local people how often they buy frozen
food and whether they’ve changed their
6 team captain But anyone else wanting to go shopping habits.
along needs to get in touch with the team
captain M: Sure. I’ll leave that to you, drawing
up the actual questions
7 password Then you ask the member for
their password 24 C/A F: I don’t mind doing the inputting if
you’ll do the analysis.
8 2.5% / per cent / percent But there’s a 2.5%
surcharge if it’s a credit card M: That sounds like a good plan. Let’s
go for it.
9 smart casual our policy is smart casual
25 D he points out that in the last two years
10 name badge But we do ask you to keep your many families have had less money to spend,
name badge on at all times. and that buying frozen food is often more
11 A So ten years ago, we sold our coffee bar expensive.
and founded the Tasca Coffee company. 26 A Glenda Williams, says that it’s more to
12 A with a total of thirty-four. These are do with cooking programmes on the television
mostly in England. that have made people more interested in
cooking.
13 B the company’s loyalty card. Buy ten
coffees in any Tasca outlet, and you get the 27 B he says that many young people cook
eleventh one free. everyday – devote an hour or so to it – much
more than their parents used to apparently
14 B Providing free internet access has been
widely popular, however, and nearly every 28 C She says that adverts for frozen food just
outlet has that now. aren’t as imaginative and interesting as those
for other food products.
56
ANSWER KEY
29 G but these days you can do your shopping

3 NOT GIVEN ‘Rauch has used the material
online and get it delivered whenever you want.
to build a range of structures including a
30 H Anna Carey says that frozen foods aren’t cinema and his own family home in Austria.’
always up to that sort of standard – but we don’t know whether this was
encouraged by anyone or not.
31 coastal mountains The trees are conifers and
they grow in the wild in Chile in South 4 FALSE What’s more, the ability of earth to
America, where they once occupied large moderate humidity and temperature is another
areas of the country’s coastal mountains advantage
32 hydro(-)electric(ity) Priority was given to 5 TRUE Not everybody accepts that the
trees that are growing in a valley that will soon future lies in rammed earth construction,
be flooded to make way for a hydro-electricity however. A central concern of sceptics is
scheme. durability.
33 by hand This meant that it was possible to 6 FALSE Rauch designs for ‘calculated
gather the cones by hand. erosion’. Every few layers, he inserts stone
blocks into the surface of earth walls
34 fifteen/15 meters/meters and the team only
found a few trees left exceeding 15 metres in 7 NOT GIVEN The writer tells us ‘The
height. longevity of earth buildings in the past was
due, in part, to the regular maintenance
35 cuttings Where they believed this was
regimes that were integral to traditional
likely, the team supplements the seed by
practice.’ But we don’t know what Rauch
taking cuttings.
thinks about this.
36 flexible As the project leader pointed out to
8 TRUE The earth is then quite literally
me, it’s easy to leave Scotland with targets for
rammed into this, layer by layer, either
the number of seeds that will be collected, but
manually or by pneumatic rammers.
in practice there’s a need to be flexible.
9 labour intensive Anna Heringer ... views the
37 identification tag each seed is logged in a
labour intensive nature of this form of
database, where it is given its unique
construction as a bonus
identification tag, with information on where
and when it was collected 10 community (spirit) Building with earth, you
can have a lot of people involved – it’s about
38 controlled conditions initially, the seed will
community spirit too.’ And those communities
be germinated under what are called
have choices.
controlled conditions
11 (the) ceilings Rauch is aware of the limits of
39 tree growth the Scottish project team is also
the material, however. Certain parts of
gathering essential information about tree
structures, such as the ceilings, aren’t possible
growth, data which might otherwise have been
in earth
lost.
12 contamination He feels that the climatic and
40 restoration ecology This type of project is
environmental qualities of the material are lost
part of a wider discipline known as
with such contamination.
‘restoration ecology’
13 recycle Heringer adds that when cement is
ACADEMIC READING (pages 290–297) mixed with earth, ‘You can’t recycle it.
14 E The Whorfian hypothesis has been
1 TRUE Only recently, however, has
largely discredited
‘rammed earth’ as the building material is
called, appeared on to the curricula of modern 15 E The fact that we distinguish indigo and
architecture and engineering schools. violet as separate colours is largely down to
Sir Isaac Newton, who named and split up the
2 TRUE ‘It became a poor man’s material and
colours of the rainbow completely arbitrarily.
the image is hard to shake off’.
16 A football teams wearing red were
statistically more likely to win than teams in
other colours
57
ANSWER KEY
17 C there are apps on the market now, that 34 YES it forces the reader to process the text
change your lighting before you go to bed, to in order, and preserves the organisational
get you ready for sleep. structure the author wanted us to follow’.
18 C This is the product of billions of years of 35 C while straightforward reading encourages
evolution. ... ‘You've got a much better chance them to take in and believe what's on the page
of detecting an object against a background if in front of them.
you have colour vision.’
36 B Having a device that requires a lot of
19 D ‘I can make you see blue or yellow, attention to operate could essentially steal
depending on what surrounds it,’ he says. working memory resources,’
20 B ‘Most other mammals have two, meaning 37 B It is equally important not to jump to rash
they can only detect green and blue conclusions about either form of reading
wavelengths.’
38 E She thinks the main reason for this is that
21 B blue pills appeared to be more effective the device is small, light and portable, and you
in curing insomnia than orange ones can pull it out at odd moments, such as ‘when
waiting for the bus to arrive’
22 E But in the experiments, the pills used
were all placebos – in other words fake pills – 39 C For Margolin, ‘the preference for reading
there was no pain-killer, there was no on paper or a screen seems to be just that: a
stimulant. preference.’
23 title as the title ‘Colour psychology and 40 A Mangen suggests that we need more
colour therapy: Caveat emptor’ makes clear. longitudinal studies, conducted over decades,
before we can figure out which effects of
24 marketers meaning of colours has been
different reading media are due to familiarity
picked up, of course, by marketers.
or lack of it
25 authoritative The information available is
often presented in an authoritative manner,
26 outdated However, evidence is rarely cited
and, when it is, it's often in reference to
findings that are outdated
27 NO But is there more to the decision than
expense and convenience? The answer
suggested by numerous studies into the
neuroscience and psychology of reading in
different formats is emphatically that there is.
28 YES her more negative speculations have
been picked up in the media and amplified in
far more strident terms
29 NOT GIVEN The figures are quoted, but
the writer makes no comment on the findings.
30 NO it is actually doing something far more
interesting than telling us which medium is
superior.
31 NOT GIVEN The writer talks about the two
ideas, and seems to accept them both as valid.
32 NO she found that the electronic devices
promoted more deep reading and less active
learning.
33 NO Another related, widely replicated
finding, is that people read more slowly on
screens than from paper. Sara Margolin ...
58
ANSWER KEY
GRAMMAR RESOURCE BANK Unit 4
1
Unit 1
1 will have risen
1
2 will have decreased
1 is 2 are celebrating 3 are having
4 looks 5 is swimming 6 ’s playing 7 see 3 will have levelled out, won’t yet have reached
8 ’re talking 9 has 10 aren’t 4 won’t decrease, is
2 5 will be, remains
1✓ 2 I’m believing ✗ I believe 3 ✓ 4 6 has reached, will be
✓
5✓ 6 are you thinking ✗ do you think 7 Unit 5
I’m enjoying ✗ I enjoy
1
Unit 2 1b 2e 3a 4f 5d 6c
1 2
1 landed 2 brought 3 left 4 went 1 had waited 2 had declined 3 had reached
5 wasn’t 6 established 7 continued 4 had been 5 had stopped 6 has risen
8 interrupted 9 invaded 10 started 7 have seen 8 have given 9 will have become
11 came 12 laid 3
2 1 has seen
1 Were you having lunch when I called? 2 have been waiting
2 What were they doing when you arrived? 3 has asked
3 We cancelled the game because it was raining. 4 have (you) been doing
4 When we got off the plane, they were waiting 5 has taken
for us.
6 ’ve been looking
5 She wasn’t listening when I told her how to do
it. 7 hasn’t come
6 Were you sleeping when they took your bike? 8 hasn’t been feeling
7 When I said ‘No’, I wasn’t talking to you. 9 ’s caught

10 haven’t forgotten
Unit 3
11 ’ve been sitting
1 12 haven’t (even) given
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 b 5 a 6 b 7 a 8 b 9a 13 ’ve been coming
14 has happened
59
ANSWER KEY
4
6 We would have bought the Porsche if we were
1 will have been recording rich.
2 (will) have provided 7 If they spoke/had spoken the language, they
would have understood.
3 have been collecting
8 Had I heard him, I would have answered his
4 have discovered
question.
5 has been gradually rising
9 Mel wouldn’t have wanted to be my friend if I
6 had slowly decreased didn’t have a lot of money.
7 has risen
Unit 8
8 has largely contributed
1
9 will have reached
1 the 2 the 3 the 4 the 5 the 6 – 7 an
Unit 6 8 – 9 The 10 – 11 – 12 the 13 a 14 the
15 a 16 a 17 The 18 the 19 – 20 the 21 the
1 22 an 23 – 24 – 25 – 26 –
1 Unless she works harder, she won’t pass the 2
test. 1 all 2 Each of 3 each 4 either 5 Both of
2 Were I a younger man, I’d challenge him. 6 Neither 7 neither of 8 all the 9 either of
10 both
3 If you haven’t already started your research
project, you can’t hope to complete it on time.
Unit 9
4 Should you ever try Japanese food, I
recommend sushi. 1
5 Provided that you credit me by name, you may 1 is 2 helps 3 haven’t 4 feel 5 is
use my photographs. 6 haven’t 7 was 8 audiences
6 If I were you, I’d eat less meat. 2
7 As long as it involved travelling, I’d consider 1 some 2 any 3 any 4 some 5 much
any job. 6 many 7 much 8 many 9 Few 10 few
11 little 12 little
Unit 7
Unit 10
1
1
1 If Jana hadn’t been ill, they would have gone.
1 A man working with me won the lottery.
2 If there hadn’t been an accident, I wouldn’t
have been late for work today. 2 A parcel containing an award was sent to my
tutor this morning.
3 If Ben wasn’t so insensitive, he wouldn’t have
hurt Jan’s feelings. 3 The number of teachers leaving the profession
before retirement is rising.
4 If we hadn’t missed our flight, we would be in
Rome. 4 Food served in UK hospitals isn’t of a high
standard.
5 I wouldn’t have embarrassed myself if I hadn’t
gone to the party. 5 Bees searching flowers for nectar also collect
pollen.
6 Anyone finding this cat will be offered a
reward.
60
ANSWER KEY
Unit 11
2
1 1 the most reliable
1 act naturally 2 the same (in Australia) as
2 appeared nervous 3 as much as
3 solid commitment 4 far greater than
4 looking good 5 significantly less generous
5 resource-rich countries 6 considerably less
6 remain optimistic 7 slightly more
7 proving more difficult 8 by far the highest
8 old leather
Unit 14
2
1 preferred 2 surprised 3 interesting 1
4 appealing 5 amazing 6 astounding
1 need or have 2 doesn’t need to 3 need
7 interested 8 relieved 9 tempting
4 needn’t 5 needn’t 6 doesn’t need to or
10 excited
needn’t 7 didn’t need
Unit 12 2
1 May Can Sam and Leo attend the meeting
1
too?
1 quickly 2 carefully 3 cautiously 4 slowly
5 beautifully 6 noisily 7 quietly 8 well 2 ✓
9 swiftly 10 energetically 11 thirstily 3 I mustn’t to be late for work again.
12 dreamily
4 Shh! This is a library. You don’t have to
2 mustn’t / aren’t allowed to talk in here.
1 I bought an apartment on the coast. 5 He needn’t has have done his homework. The
2 It’s absolutely freezing cold outside. teacher was away.
3 I played tennis yesterday. 6 ✓
4 We hardly ever see Fiona. 7 Do we must have to complete this exercise

today?
5 They rent a house near the bus station.
8 ✓
6 Ian doesn’t usually call me at work.
7 My mother came to stay last month. Unit 15
8 It wasn’t just dirty, it was completely filthy.
1
Unit 13 1 could 2 ought 3 better 4 should
5 could 6 ought 7 better 8 should
1 2
1 more 2 Fewer 3 less 4 more 5 most 1 Could Would you mind not talking so loudly?
6 fewest 7 least
2 Let’s email the company and tell them about
their mistake.
61
ANSWER KEY
3 Do Will you will give me a lift?

9 are wrapped
4 He shouldn’t has have reduced the number of
10 are packed
people working on his team.
11 are loaded
5 Would you mind if you didn’t talk not talking
during the presentation, please? 2
6 Is that the time? We would had better to finish 1 We were taught the Chinese alphabet.
the seminar.
2 £100,000 was lent to the company.
7 Shall Could/Can/Would/Will you pick me up
3 The flight had been delayed by unforeseen
after work?
weather conditions.
Unit 16 4 We were presented with an interesting
proposal by the marketing manager.
1
5 Our clients are assured a first-class service.
1c 2c 3d 4d 5a 6a
6 The library can be used by anyone attending
2 the university.
Possible answers: 7 A series of errors was revealed (by the
investigation).
1 They can’t have spoken to the film director!
8 Specific jobs will be assigned in the next few
2 You must have been exhausted when you got
weeks.
back.
3 Sue might not have got my email. Unit 18
4 Those can’t be the final results because the
1
initial figures were incorrect.
1 to be 2 being 3 installed 4 delivered
5 Look at the map. We must be here.
5 be serviced 6 transported
6 The birds have similar markings, so they could
2
be from the control group.
1 It is expected that this year’s conference will
7 I might not be able to afford the bag.
be cancelled.
8 There may be people who depend on their
2 The president was known to enjoy boxing.
phones too much.
3 This bridge is believed to have been built by
Unit 17 Brunel.
4 It was argued that a strike would harm the
1
company.
1 are roasted
5 3,000 people are thought to have taken part in
2 are mixed the study.
3 is poured 6 15,000 people are estimated to be attending
the festival.
4 are added
7 The battle is known to have taken place in
5 is compressed
1793.
6 is cut
7 are coated
8 are cooled
62
ANSWER KEY
Unit 19
2
1 1 Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, about
whom not much is known.
1 The coffee beans are put into sacks, which are
easier to transport. 2 It was the stretch of sea in which the children
loved to swim.
2 He’s the man whose sister married my brother.
3 Is this the book to which you are referring?
3 The Rafflesia is the plant which produces the
largest flower in the world. 4 With whom did he live during his time at
Cambridge?
4 The animals tend to live in the east of the
region, where there is more vegetation.
Unit 21
5 These are the tools which date back 15,000
years. 1
6 He grew up in the 1970s, when life was much 1 Nevertheless 2 Although 3 On the contrary
simpler. 4 despite 5 but 6 While
7 In contrast 8 in spite of
7 He’s the artist who discovered the hidden
painting. 2
8 There are three reasons why I left my job. 1 As a result 2 Consequently 3 owing to
4 Furthermore 5 Since 6 therefore
9 They use this device in areas where the
7 In order to 8 so that
weather can change rapidly.
3
10 That’s the gadget which he invented in 1999.
1 as a result of
11 The technique was developed in 1890, when
much less was known about this type of 2 As a consequence of
engineering.
3 owing to the fact that
12 I was talking to the biology professor, who
4 in order not to be
also participated in the earlier study.
5 so that we can meet
Unit 20
Unit 22
1
1 wanting to register 1
2 given to me by my father 1 reminded 2 assured 3 denied

4 accused 5 persuaded 6 promised
3 travelling/wanting to travel 7 insisted 8 announced
4 needing 2
5 worn by Queen Victoria at her wedding 1 (that) she would see them the following day.
6 containing 2 we had to make our minds up there and then.
7 blown down in the storm 3 if we/they could deal with the/that question the
following week.
8 stolen in 1911 and recovered two years later
4 had asked me that question the day before.
63
ANSWER KEY
5 why we couldn’t go to Sue’s that day.

6 if I was going to be late that night.
7 (that) they had lived there for twenty years.
Unit 23
1
1 to apply 2 to abandon 3 working
4 leaving 5 think 6 get 7 worrying
8 enjoying or to enjoy 9 to start
2
1 to pass 2 to fix 3 playing 4 living
5 eating 6 to announce 7 getting
8 to conduct
Unit 24
1
1 on 2 at 3 in 4 in 5 for 6 by 7 in
8 until
2
1 between/next to 2 opposite/next to/behind
3 above 4 at 5 in 6 in front of 7 on
8 next to
64

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