Test Lte Interview
Test Lte Interview
Test Lte Interview
RNTI is used to indentify one specific radio channel from other radio channel and one user from another
user.
RA-RNTI : UE determines RA-RNTI
T-CRNTI : Network allocate T-CRNTI via RAR as shown in here in the RACH page.
C-RNTI : T-CRNTI becomes C-RNTI once Contention Resolution gets passed
i) UE is Off
ii) Power On UE
iii) < Frequency Search >
iv) < Timing Sync >
v) < Cell Search > : Normally a UE would find multiple cells in this process
vi) < Cell Selection >
vii) MIB decoding
viii) SIB deconding
ix) < Initial RACH Process >
x) < Registration/Authentication/Attach>
xi) < Default EPS Bearer Setup >
xii) Now UE is in IDLE Mode
xiii) <(If the current cell become weak or UE moves to another cell regisn) Cell Reselection>
xiv) <(When Paging message comes or User make a call) RACH Process>
xv) < Setup Dedicated EPS Bearer >
xv) Receive data
xvi) Transmit data
xvii) (If UE power is percieved too weak by the network) Network send TPC command to increase UE
Tx Power
xviii) (If UE power is percieved too strong by the network) Network send TPC command to decrease UE
Tx Power
xix) < (If UE moves to another cell region) Network and UE perform Handover procedure >
xx) User stop call and UE gets into IDLE mode
EPS Bearer
EPS Bearer spans across LTE Network From UE to PGW
Every EPS Bearer created for an UE contains a ID for managing it across the network
Every EPS Bearer is associated with a Quality Of Service Class Identifier (QCI)
With 4×4 MIMO, the peak data rate goes up to 100.8 Mbps x 4 = 403 Mbps.
Estimate about 25% overhead e.g. PDCCH, reference signal, sync signals, PBCH, and some We get
403 Mbps x 0.75 = 302 Mbps.
What is PCI? How to calculate PCI in LTE? Total PCI present in LTE?
Ans. PCI is the physical cell ID of a sectors on site or we can say pci is the name of a sector on a tower.
LTE networks provide a unique value for identifying eNb’s. The PCI value is generated from two signals
– PSS and SSS.
The PSS, Primary Synchronization Signal, has the value 0, 1, and 2.
The SSS, Secondary Synchronization Signal, can have a value between [0--167].
The PCI value is [(3x SSS)+(PSS)], resulting in a value between 0 and 503. Total 504 PCI values.
The random access preambles are generated from Zadoff-Chu sequences with zero correlation zone,
generated from one or several root Zadoff-Chu sequences.
There are 838 root Zadoff-Chu sequences available for preambles.
The length of each root sequence is 839 (format 0 -3). One root sequence can generate several
preambles by cyclic shift.
From 3GPP TS 36.211 a relation between the cell size, described by the parameter cellRange,
and the number of RACH root sequences needed for a cell (to complete 64 preambles) has been
derived, see Table below
What do mean by RSRP, RSRQ and RSSI in LTE? And what kind of information they carry?
RSRP- Reference signal received power Its a most basic parameter in LTE used to show the power of a
received signal, Range is =(-44 to -144)dBM . The formula of RSRP = (RSSI-10 log(12N)).
RSRQ-Refrence signal received quality its used to show the quality of signal, range is (-3 to 19.5)dBM.
The formula is RSRQ=[RSRP/(RSSI/N)]
RSSI-Refrence signal strength indicator its used to show the strength of the received signal and for better
Resource Block is the smallest unit of Radio Resources allocated to user, it is 180Khz in freq Domain and
0.5ms in time domain. 1 Resource block is equivalent to 1 Time Slot. One resource block carry 12
subcarrier and each subcarrier BW in 15Khz. It also carry OFDMA symbol which is categorized in
normal (7 OFDMA symbols) and extended(6 OFDMA symbols) cyclic prefix.
What is OFDM symbol? How many symbol present in a subframe in Normal & Extended?
OFDM is a orthogonal freq division multiple access, Its a scheme or method for digital multi subcarrier
using many closely spaced subcarrier-previously modulated signal modulated into another signal of
higher freq and bandwidth. Each of the subcarrier contains number of parallel data stream grp bits of data
related to gross bit rate, which is expressed in bites/second. Sub-frame that tightly packed to help make
efficient use of spectrum. 1 OFDMA symbol sampling rate is 2048 and 66.7usec in sampling time.
Drawbacks:
Relatively high peak to average power ratio(PAPR)(Its means power amplifier have to operate with
increased back off that reduced efficiency).
DL:OFDMA
LTE takes advantage of OFDMA, a multi-carrier scheme that allocates radio resources to multiple users.
OFDMA uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). For LTE, OFDM splits the carrier
frequency bandwidth into many small subcarriers spaced at 15 kHz, and then modulates each individual
subcarrier using the QPSK, 16-QAM, or 64- QAM digital modulation formats. OFDMA assigns each user
the bandwidth needed for their transmission. Unassigned subcarriers are off, thus reducing power
consumption and interference. OFDMA uses OFDM; however, it is the scheduling and assignment of
resources that makes OFDMA distinctive. The OFDM diagram in Figure 2 below shows that the entire
bandwidth belongs to a single user for a period. In the OFDMA diagram, multiple users are sharing the
bandwidth at each point in time. In the uplink, LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called SC-FDMA.
UL:SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA has a lower PAPR (Peak-to-Average Power Ratio) than OFDM. This lower PAPR reduces
battery power consumption, requires a simpler amplifier design and improves uplink coverage and cell-
edge performance. In SCFDMA, data spreads across multiple subcarriers, unlike OFDMA where each
subcarrier transports unique data. The need for a complex receiver makes SC-FDMA unacceptable foA
digital modulation scheme is simply a manner of encoding a number of information bits (i.e., binary zero
or one) in each time period called a symbol, by varying amplitude and phase of the subcarrier wave. The
symbol forms the indivisible building block from which all our calculations are based. Constellation
diagrams are used to represent the possible amplitude and phase variations, which have been shown
below