Professional Documents
Culture Documents
LTE-PHY-PRACH-White Paper
LTE-PHY-PRACH-White Paper
=
(
+
=
otherwise ,
2
6 6
0 2 mod if ,
2
6
RA RA
offset PRB
UL
RB
RA
RA RA
offset PRB
RA
PRB
f
n N
f
f
n
n
where
UL
RB
N is the number of uplink resource blocks
RB
PRB
n is the first physical resource block
allocated to the PRACH opportunity considered and where the parameter prach-FrequencyOffset
RB
PRBoffset
n is the first physical resource block available for PRACH expressed as a physical resource
block number configured by higher layers and fulfilling 0
RB
PRBoffset
n
UL
RB
N 6 .
For preamble format 4, the frequency multiplexing shall be done according to
( )
+
= +
=
otherwise ), 1 ( 6
0 2 mod ) 2 ( ) 2 mod ( if , 6
1
RA
UL
RB
RA SP f RA RA
PRB
f N
t N n f
n
Where
f
n is the system frame number and where
SP
N is the number of DL to UL switch points
within the radio frame. Each random access preamble occupies a bandwidth corresponding to 6
consecutive resource blocks for both frame structure.
Table 4 Frame structure type 2 random access preamble mapping in time and frequency
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
PRACH
configuration Index
UL/DL configuration
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 (0,1,0,2) (0,1,0,1) (0,1,0,0) (0,1,0,2) (0,1,0,1) (0,1,0,0) (0,1,0,2)
1 (0,2,0,2) (0,2,0,1) (0,2,0,0) (0,2,0,2) (0,2,0,1) (0,2,0,0) (0,2,0,2)
2 (0,1,1,2) (0,1,1,1) (0,1,1,0) (0,1,0,1) (0,1,0,0) N/A (0,1,1,1)
3 (0,0,0,2) (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) (0,0,0,2) (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) (0,0,0,2)
4 (0,0,1,2) (0,0,1,1) (0,0,1,0) (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) N/A (0,0,1,1)
5 (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) N/A (0,0,0,0) N/A N/A (0,0,0,1)
6 (0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,1)
7 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,2)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
8 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,1)
9 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,1)
10 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,1,0)
N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
11 N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A N/A N/A N/A (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
12 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
13 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,2)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,1)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,1)
14 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
15 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
(4,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
16 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,1,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,0)
N/A N/A
17 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
N/A N/A N/A
18 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,1,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(2,0,1,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,2)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
(4,0,0,0)
(5,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,2)
19 N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A N/A N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,2)
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,1,1)
20 / 30 (0,1,0,1) (0,1,0,0) N/A (0,1,0,1) (0,1,0,0) N/A (0,1,0,1)
21 / 31 (0,2,0,1) (0,2,0,0) N/A (0,2,0,1) (0,2,0,0) N/A (0,2,0,1)
22 / 32 (0,1,1,1) (0,1,1,0) N/A N/A N/A N/A (0,1,1,0)
23 / 33 (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) N/A (0,0,0,1) (0,0,0,0) N/A (0,0,0,1)
24 / 34 (0,0,1,1) (0,0,1,0) N/A N/A N/A N/A (0,0,1,0)
25 / 35 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A (0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
26 / 36 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,1)
27 / 37 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(3,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,0)
28 / 38 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(3,0,0,1)
(4,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
(4,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,1)
29 /39 (0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(2,0,1,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(2,0,1,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(1,0,0,1)
(2,0,0,1)
(3,0,0,1)
(4,0,0,1)
(5,0,0,1)
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
(4,0,0,0)
(5,0,0,0)
N/A
(0,0,0,1)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,1)
(1,0,1,0)
(2,0,0,1)
(2,0,1,0)
40 (0,1,0,0) N/A N/A (0,1,0,0) N/A N/A (0,1,0,0)
41 (0,2,0,0) N/A N/A (0,2,0,0) N/A N/A (0,2,0,0)
42 (0,1,1,0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
43 (0,0,0,0) N/A N/A (0,0,0,0) N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
44 (0,0,1,0) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
45 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A N/A (0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
46 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
N/A
N/A
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
N/A
N/A
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
47 (0,0,0,0)
(0,0,1,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(1,0,1,0)
N/A
N/A
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
N/A
N/A
(0,0,0,0)
(1,0,0,0)
(2,0,0,0)
(3,0,0,0)
48 (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*) (0,1,0,*)
49 (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*) (0,2,0,*)
50 (0,1,1,*) (0,1,1,*) (0,1,1,*) N/A N/A N/A (0,1,1,*)
51 (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*) (0,0,0,*)
52 (0,0,1,*) (0,0,1,*) (0,0,1,*) N/A N/A N/A (0,0,1,*)
53 (0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
54 (0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
55 (0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
56 (0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
57 (0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(2,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(2,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(2,0,1,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(5,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(5,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(3,0,0,*)
(4,0,0,*)
(5,0,0,*)
(0,0,0,*)
(0,0,1,*)
(1,0,0,*)
(1,0,1,*)
(2,0,0,*)
(2,0,1,*)
58 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
59 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
60 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
61 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
62 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
63 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
4. SEQUENCE DURATION:
The sequence duration
seq
T is driven by the following factors:
- Trade-off between sequence length and overhead: a single sequence must be as long as possible
to maximize the number of orthogonal preambles , while still fitting within a single sub frame in
order to keep the PRACH overhead small in most deployments;
- Compatibility with the maximum expected round-trip delay;
- Compatibility between PRACH and PUSCH subcarrier spacing;
- Coverage performance.
4.1 Maximum round-trip time:
The lower bound for
seq
T must allow for unambiguous round-trip time estimation for a UE located at
the edge of the largest expected cell (i.e.100 km radius), including the maximum delay spread
expected in such large cells, namely 16.67 s. Hence
seq
T ((20010
3
)/(310
8
))+(16.6710
-6
)=683.33sec
4.2 Subcarrier spacing compatibility:
Further constraints on
seq
T are given by the Single- Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) signal generation
principle, such that the size of the DFT and IDFT where
DFT
N is DFT length and must be an integer
number:
DFT
N =
s
f
seq
T = k , N k e
Where
s
f is the system sampling rate (e.g. 30.72 MHz). Additionally, it is desirable to minimize the
orthogonality loss in the frequency domain between the preamble subcarriers and the subcarriers of
the surrounding uplink data transmissions. This is achieved if the PUSCH data symbol subcarrier
spacing f is an integer multiple of the PRACH subcarrier spacing
fra
f A
fra
f A =
s
f /
DFT
N = 1/
seq
T =1/ k
sym
T = f A / k , N k e
where
sym
T = 66.67 s is the uplink subframe symbol duration. In other words, the preamble duration
must be an integer multiple of the uplink subframe symbol duration:
seq
T =k
sym
T =k / f A , N k e
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
5. PREAMBLE FORMATS:
Depending on the duration of the sequence and also the duration of CP (cyclic prefix), GT (guard
time) four different formats are present as shown in Table 5.
Table 5 Preamble Formats
Preamble
format
CP
T
SEQ
T
0
s
3168 T
s
24576 T
1
s
21024 T
s
24576 T
2
s
6240 T
s
24576 2 T
3
s
21024 T
s
24576 2 T
4*
s
448 T
s
4096 T
The resulting cell radius and delay spread ranges associated with the four PRACH preamble formats.
The CP lengths are designed to be an integer multiple of the assumed system sampling period for
LTE,
s
T
= 1/(30.72MHz).
6. PREAMBLE SEQUENCE THEORY AND DESIGN:
In LTE prime-length ZadoffChu (ZC) sequences have been chosen to generate the preamble
sequence. These sequences enable improved PRACH preamble detection performance. In particular:
- The power delay profile is built from periodic instead of aperiodic correlation
- The intra-cell interference between different preambles received in the same PRACH resource is
reduced
- Intra-cell interference is optimized with respect to cell size: the smaller the cell size, the larger the
number of orthogonal signatures and the better the detection performance
- The eNodeB complexity is reduced
- The support for high-speed UEs is improved
6.1 ZadoffChu Sequences:
ZC sequences are non-binary unit-amplitude sequences, which satisfy a Constant Amplitude
Zero Autocorrelation (CAZAC) property. CAZAC sequences are complex signals of the form
k
j
e
o
.The ZC sequence of odd-length
ZC
N is given by
) (n
q
o = )
2
) 1 (
2 exp(
zc
N
nl
n n
q j
+
+
t
Where: q = {0,1,.
ZC
N } is the ZC sequence root index
n = {0,1,2
ZC
N }
l =any integer. But in LTE we take l =0 for simplicity
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
ZC sequences have the following three important properties:
Property1: A ZC sequence has constant amplitude, and its l point DFT also has constant
amplitude. The constant amplitude property limits the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) and
generates bounded and time-flat interference to other users. It also simplifies the implementation as
only phases need to be computed and stored, not amplitudes
Property 2: ZC sequences of any length have ideal cyclic autocorrelation (i.e. the correlation with
its circularly shifted version is a delta function). The zero autocorrelation property may be formulated
as:
) ( )] [( ) (
1
0
o o o o o = + =
=
n n r
q
N
n
q kk
zc
Where (.)
kk
r is the discrete periodic autocorrelation function of
q
o at lag . This property is of major
interest when the received signal is correlated with a reference sequence and the received reference
sequences are misaligned.
Property 3: The absolute value of the cyclic cross-correlation function between any two ZC
sequences is constant and equal to 1/ ) (
ZC
N sqrt if |q1 q2| (where 1 q and 2 q are the sequence
indices) is relatively prime with respect to (a condition that can be easily guaranteed if
ZC
N is a prime
number). The cross-correlation of ) (
ZC
N sqrt at all lags achieves the theoretical minimum cross-
correlation value for any two sequences that have ideal autocorrelation. Selecting
ZC
N as a prime
number results in (
ZC
N 1) ZC sequences which have the optimal cyclic cross-correlation between
any pair. However, it is not always convenient to use sequences of prime length. In general, a
sequence of non-prime length may be generated by either cyclic extension or truncation of a prime-
length ZC sequence. A further useful property of ZC sequences is that the DFT of a ZC sequence
) (n
q
o is a weighted cyclically shifted ZC sequence ) (k X
x
such that q w / 1 = mod
ZC
N . This
means that a ZC sequence can be generated directly in the frequency domain without the need for a
DFT operation.
6.2 PREAMBLE SEQUENCE LENGTH:
The sequence length design should address the following requirements:
- Maximize the number of ZC sequences with optimal cross-correlation properties.
- Minimize the interference to/from the surrounding scheduled data on the PUSCH.
The former requirement is guaranteed by choosing a prime-length sequence. For the latter, since data
and preamble OFDM symbols are neither aligned nor have the same durations, strict orthogonality
cannot be achieved. At least, fixing the preamble duration to an integer multiple of the PUSCH
symbol provides some compatibility between preamble and PUSCH subcarriers. However, with the
800 s duration, the corresponding sequence length would be 864, which does not meet the prime
number requirement. Therefore, shortening the preamble to a prime length slightly increases the
interference between PUSCH and PRACH by slightly decreasing the preamble sampling rate.
The PRACH uses guard bands to avoid the data interference at preamble edges. A cautious design of
preamble sequence length not only retains a high inherent processing gain, but also allows avoidance
of strong data interference. In addition, the loss of spectral efficiency (by reservation of guard
subcarriers) can also be well controlled at a fine granularity (
ra
f A
=1.25 kHz).In the absence of
interference, there is no significant performance difference between sequences of similar prime
length. In the presence of interference, it can be seen that reducing the sequence length below 839
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
gives no further improvement in detection rate. No effect is observed on the false alarm rate.
Therefore the sequence length of 839 is selected for LTE PRACH, corresponding to 69.91 PUSCH
subcarriers in each SC-FDMA symbol, and offers 72 69.91 = 2.09 PUSCH subcarriers protection,
which is very close to one PUSCH subcarrier protection on each side of the preamble. So the
preamble is positioned centrally in the block of 864 available PRACH subcarriers, with 12.5 null
subcarriers on each side.
The PRACH preamble signal s(t)can therefore be defined as:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
=
A + + +
=
1
0
2
1
0
2
, PRACH
ZC
CP RA 2
1
0
ZC
ZC
) (
N
k
T t f k K k j
N
n
N
nk
j
v u
e e n x t s
t
t
|
Where:
CP SEQ
0 T T t + < s
PRACH
| = amplitude scaling factor
2
RB
sc
UL
RB
RB
sc 0
N N N n k
RA
PRB
= /2
RA
PRB
n : The location in the frequency domain is controlled by the parameter
RA
PRB
n
expressed as a
resource block number configured by higher layers and fulfilling
6 0 < s
UL
PRB
RA
PRB
N n
ra
f F k A A = / Accounts for the ratio of subcarrier spacing between the PUSCH and PRACH. The
variable
(equal to 7 for LTE FDD) defines a fixed offset determining the frequency domain
location of the random access preamble within the resource blocks
UL
PRB
N = the uplink system bandwidth (in RBs).
RB
SC
N = the number of subcarriers per RB is 12.
7. RA ACCESS CYCLIC SHIFTS:
From the uth root ZadoffChu sequence, random access preambles with zero correlation zones (ZCZ)
of length (
1
CS
N
) are defined by cyclic shifts according to
) mod ) (( ) (
ZC ,
N C n x n x
v u v u
+ = .
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
8. PRACH IMPLEMENTATION:
8.1 UE TRANSMITTER:
The PRACH preamble can be generated at the system sampling rate, by means of a large IDFT as
shown in the following figure.
Figure 9: Functional structure of PRACH preamble transmitter
The DFT block in the figure is optional as the sequence can be mapped directly in the frequency
domain at the IDFT input. The cyclic shift can be implemented either in the time domain after the
IDFT, or in the frequency domain before the IDFT through a phase shift. For all possible system
sampling rates, both CP and sequence durations correspond to an integer number of samples. The
method described above does not require any time-domain filtering at baseband, but leads to large
IDFT sizes (up to 24 576 for a 20 MHz spectrum allocation), which are cumbersome to implement in
practice. Therefore, another option for generating the preamble consists of using a smaller IDFT,
actually an IFFT, and shifting the preamble to the required frequency location through time-domain
upsampling and filtering (hybrid frequency/time-domain generation, shown in figure below).Given
that the preamble sequence length is 839, the smallest IFFT size that can be used is 1024, resulting in
sampling frequency IFFT= 1.28 Msps. Both the CP and sequence durations have been designed to
provide an integer number of samples at this sampling rate. The CP can be inserted before the
upsampling and time-domain frequency shift, so as to minimize the intermediate storage
requirements.
Figure 10: Hybrid frequency/time domain PRACH generation
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
8.2 eNodeB PRACH RECEIVER
8.2.1 Front-End
In the same way as for the preamble transmitter, a choice can be made for the PRACH receiver at the
eNodeB between full frequency-domain and hybrid time/frequency domain approaches. As illustrated
in Figure 11, the common parts to both approaches are the CP removal, which always occurs at the
front-end at the system sampling rate
s
f , the PDP computation and signature detection. The
approaches differ only in the computation of the frequency tones carrying the PRACH signal(s).
The full frequency-domain method computes, from the 800 s worth of received input samples during
the observation interval, the full range of frequency tones used for UL transmission given the system
bandwidth. As a result, the PRACH tones are directly extracted from the set of UL tones, which does
not require any frequency shift or time-domain filtering but involves a large DFT computation. Note
that even though
DFT
N =
m
n 2 . , thus allowing fast and efficient DFT computation algorithms inherited
from the building-block construction approach , the DFT computation cannot start until the complete
sequence is stored in memory, which increases delay.
On the other hand, the hybrid time-frequency domain method first extracts the relevant PRACH signal
through a time-domain frequency shift with down-sampling and anti-aliasing filtering. There follows
a small-size DFT (preferably an FFT), computing the set of frequency tones centered on the PRACH
tones, which can then be extracted. The down-sampling ratio and corresponding anti-aliasing filter are
chosen to deliver a number of PRACH time samples suitable for an FFT or simple DFT computation
at a sampling rate which is an integer fraction of the system sampling rate. Unlike the full frequency-
domain approach, the hybrid time/frequency-domain computation can start as soon as the first
samples have been received, which helps to reduce latency.
Figure 11: PRACH receiver options.
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
8.2.2 Power Delay Prole Computation
The LTE PRACH receiver can benefit from the PRACH format and Constant Amplitude Zero Auto
Correlation (CAZAC) properties of ZC sequences by computing the PRACH power delay profile
through a frequency-domain periodic correlation. The PDP of the received sequence is given by
2
1
0
* 2
| ] ) [( ) ( | | ) ( | ) (
=
+ = =
ZC
N
n
ZC u u
N l n x n y l z l PDP
where ) (l z
u
is the discrete periodic correlation function at lag l of the received sequence ) (n y and
the reference searched ZC sequence ) (n x
u
of length
ZC
N , and where () denotes the complex
conjugate. ) (l z
u
can be expressed as follows:
) )]( ( * ) ( [ ) (
*
l n x n y l z
u
=
Let ) ( ) ( ) ( k jI k R k X
u u
X X u
+ = , ) ( ) ( ) ( k jI k R k Y
u u
Y Y u
+ = and ) (k z
u
be the DFT coefficients of the
time-domain ZC sequence ) (n x
u
, the received baseband samples ) (n y , and the discrete periodic
correlation function ) (n z
u
respectively. Using the properties of the DFT, ) (n z
u
can be efficiently
computed in the frequency domain as
)] ( * ) ( [ ) (
*
k X k Y k Z
u
= for 1 ,..., 0 =
ZC
N k and )} ( { ) ( k Z IDFT n z
u u
= for 1 ,..., 0 =
ZC
N k . The
PDP computation is illustrated in Figure 12.
Figure 12: PDP computation per root sequence
As explained above the received signal in frequency domain is complex-conjugate multiplied with
frequency domain root ZC sequence. Due to the fact that frequency domain complex multiplication
with root ZC sequence is equal to time domain cyclic correlation, the output of IFFT block gives time
domain cyclic correlation .The zero padding aims at providing the desired oversampling factor and/or
adjusting the resulting number of samples to a convenient IFFT size. Note that for high-speed cells,
additional non-coherent combining over three timing uncertainty windows can be performed for each
receive antenna.
8.2.3 Signature Detection
The fact that different PRACH signatures are generated from cyclic shifts of a common root sequence
means that the frequency-domain computation of the PDP of a root sequence provides in one shot the
concatenated PDPs of all signatures derived from the same root sequence. Therefore, the signature
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
detection process consists of searching, within each ZCZ defined by each cyclic shift, the PDP peaks
above a detection threshold over a search window corresponding to the cell size. Figure 13 shows the
basic functions of Signature detector.
Figure 13: Signature detector per root sequence.
The noise-floor threshold function collects the PDP output and estimates the absence or presence of
an RA preamble by predefined threshold level. If the noise-floor threshold function detects the
existence of RA preamble in received signal, peak searching function estimates preamble ID and
propagation delay. Due to the unique correlation properties of ZC sequence as described previously,
the preamble ID can be indicated by the peak position information and its cyclic shift value,
v
C . If
the RA preamble is received with certain amount of propagation delay, the peak position information
is effected by not only
v
C but also the amount of delay. As described in Fig. 10, the position of the
peak is delayed in temporal domain by the quantity of propagation delay. According to this, the
preamble detection module can estimate Preamble ID and its propagation delay exactly if the quantity
of propagation delay in time domain is less than unit cyclic shift value.
Figure 14: PRACH Preamble detection
8.2.4 Noise floor estimation and Threshold Calculations:
Noise floor can be calculated by considering transmission of only Gaussian noise, in the absence of
preamble. The noise floor can be estimated as follows
=
=
1
0
) ( / 1
s
N
i
nca s n
i z N
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Where
s
N is the number of samples in search window, and ) (i z
nca
is given by following expression
2
1
1
1
0
| () | ) (
=
=
a nca
N
a
m
a
N
m
nca
z i z
Where
a
N is the number of antennas,
nca
N is the number of additional non-coherent accumulations
(e.g. in case of sequence repetition preamble formats) and
2
| () |
m
a
z is the PDP output for a particular
antenna. ) (i z
nca
follows a central chi-square distribution with 2N=2
a
N .
nca
N degrees of freedom
with Cumulative Density Function
Ns
fa
T p T F ) ( 1 ) (
det det
= where
s
N is number of samples in
search window and
det
T is the desired absolute threshold . It is worth noticing that instead of the
absolute threshold we can consider the threshold
r
T relative to the noise floor
n
as follows:
n r
T T /
det
=
This removes the dependency of ) (
r
T F on the noise variance:
=
=
1
0
! / ) ( ) exp( 1 ) (
nca a
N N
k
k
r nca a r nca a r
k T N N T N N T F
As a result, the relative detection threshold can be precomputed and stored. ) (
r
T F refers to the
probability of PDP output samples(which in this case is obtained by just transmitting noise) less than
relative threshold
r
T and ) ( 1
r
T F gives probability of false alarm. The target false alarm
probability drives the setting of absolute threshold
det
T .
9. SIMULATION RESULTS:
Figure15: Generated PRACH preamble=0 signal
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Figure 16: Generated PRACH preamble=5 signal
Figure 17: Power delay profile of single UE using preamble 5 with delay=10 time samples (SNR=-20db)
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Figure 18: Power delay profile of 10 UEs transmitting 10 different preambles (SNR=1db)
Figure 19: Power delay profile of 10 UEs transmitting 10 different preambles (SNR=-15db)
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Figure 20: Power delay profile of 10 UEs transmitting 10 different preambles (SNR=-20db)
Figure 21: Plot for false alarm probability varying the SNR from -20db to 10db (and hence threshold is
calculated using this range)
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Figure 22: Plot for false alarm probability varying the SNR from -25db to 25db (and hence threshold is
calculated using this range)
10. Real time preamble generation and detection using MW-1000 4G LTE test-bed:
The preamble signals generated have been processed through MW-1000 4G LTE test-bed with the
following specifications:
- Bandwidth=20 MHz.
- Carrier frequency=2.4 GHz.
- Sampling frequency=30.72 MHz.
- Frame type-TDD
- Cyclic prefix-normal
- UL/DL configuration: 1,
- Subframe number : 2 (PRACH Transmission).
10.1 MYMOWIRELESS LTE MW-1000 TEST BED:
The unique eNodeB-UE real-time test-bed from Mymo offers the designers a faster way to design,
verify and validate the algorithms, system design and Phy and protocol stack layers. The test-bench
enables the design team to quickly build the complete system models either customized or inbuilt into
the test-bench. The UE and eNodeB test-bench is validated against IQ test vectors from the standards
documents, and are also validated with leading LTE vendors. All the 3GPP LTE UE and eNodeB
layers are seamlessly integrated, and the baseband at IQ sampling rate 30.72MHz or 15.36MHz is
interfaced with RF-Mixed-Signal card for operation at desired ISM RF band. The design test-bench is
built with a flexibility to access the any part of the LTE UE or eNodeB system in ANSI code libraries
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
with an access to modify/enhance the design followed by compilation and run in real-time mode in
1x1 SISO, 2X1 MIMO and 1X2 MIMO RF modes of LTE.
Spectrum Analyzer
eNodeB DL UE RACH REQ
RF Splitter
RF Unit
GPS 10MHz
ANT ANT
Ref Clk 1 PPS
MW1000
Multicore
CPU
GPU
Display
DL & UL
Results
eNodeB SDR Emulator
IQ Waveform Measurements & Capture
Generate any Sampling Rate
through GPU interface
Ease of Reprogramming: Design,
modify, compile in C & Run & Verify
PHY-MAC-RLC-RRC-PDCP:
Low-level library access
Modify/ enhance/ replace with user
algorithms for R&D experiments
Conformance to LTE eNB air-
interface & protocol layers
RF Unit
GPS 10MHz
ANT ANT
Ref Clk 1 PPS
MW1000
Multicore
CPU
GPU
Display
DL & UL
Results
UE SDR Emulator
Fully CPU & GPU based
Reprogrammable eNB
1
2
3
4
5
6
CPU Multi-core partitioning as per
DL-UL processing load
Figure 23: PRACH subframe-U2 generated in TDD mode using the kit.
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
Plot 1: When a single UE transmits a preamble (2
nd
preamble is considered here) and is processed by
the test bed and then processed using our algorithm, the following plot is obtained. We find a peak at
36 indicating that the transmitted preamble is 2
nd
preamble
Figure 22: Real time simulation plot using a single UE
Plot 2: When multiple UEs transmit preambles (1,5,8,14,18,19,24,29,30) and are processed by the
test bed and then processed using our algorithm, the following plot is obtained. We can find from the
plot that the peaks are located exactly at the positions of the preambles.
Figure 23: Real time simulation plot using multiple UEs
Mymo Wireless Technology Pvt Ltd, www.mymowireless.com
References:
1. LTE The UMTS Long Term Evolution From Theory to Practice Second Edition -Stefania Sesia
ST-Ericsson, France, Issam Toufik -ETSI, France.
2. Essentials of LTE and LTE A by Amitabha Ghosh and Rapeepat Ratasuk.
3. LTE for 4G mobile broad band farooq Khan.
4. An Efficient Implementation of PRACH Generator in LTE UE Transmitters
Ying He, Jian Wang, Yongtao Su, Eryk Dutkiewicz, Xiaojing Huang, Jinglin Shi.
5. A Delay-Robust Random Access Preamble Detection Algorithm for LTE System
Sungbong Kim, Kyunghwan Joo, and Yonghoon Lim.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Dr.Sondur Lakshmipathi and co-guide
Puneetha Reddy for their support and guidance during the course of this work. Their encouragement
and guidance has always been a source of motivation for us to explore various aspects of the topic.
Discussions with them have always been instructive and insightful and helped us to identify our ideas.
We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to our Prof. Kiran Kuchi and Prof. P. Rajalakshmi
for providing us this opportunity.