STRUCTURAL THEORY 2 00/04292020

Engr. Mark Heintje A. Cuanan

Module 02: Approximate Analysis of Indeterminate

Structures

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO’s):

This topic generally presents the students some of the approximate methods
used to analyse statically indeterminate trusses and frames. Specifically, at the end of
the topic the students shall be able to:

1. Explain the use of approximate method of analysis.

2. Discuss the approximate method of analysis for statically indeterminate trusses;
3. Discuss the approximate method of analysis for building frames;
4. Describe what is a portal frame and predict approximately its structural
responses when subjected to a lateral load;
5. Analyse a statically indeterminate frame using portal and cantilever method.

Exclusive Textbook:

R.C. Hibbeler, Structural Analysis, 8th Edition (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson
Prentice Hall,Pearson Education, Inc., , 2012)

Chapter Reference:

Chapter 7

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ILO 2.1: Approximate Method of Analysis

Solve the reaction of the beam in the figure shown below using the equation of
equilibrium. Put you calculation on the space provided.

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Where you able to solve it? The answer is no. The reactions of the beam shown
could not be solve using only the equations of equilibrium. As discussed in module 1,
statically indeterminate structures are those structures where unknown forces cannot
be solved using the equation of equilibrium (Fx=0, Fy=0, M =0).

In order to know the unknown forces for these structures other compatibility
equation such as the equation of deflection could be used. However, during the
preliminary design and analysis, the actual member dimensions are not usually known.
Note that in the deflection equation the moment of inertia (I) is necessary. In this
aspect approximate analysis could be used.

Approximate analysis is useful in determining (approximately) the forces and

moments in the different members and in coming up with preliminary design section.
Based on this preliminary design section, a more detailed analysis can be conducted
and then the design can be refined. Approximate analysis is conducted by making
realistic assumptions about the behavior of the structure.

In this module, approximate method of analysis for trusses and frames will be
introduced. Although not all structures are to be discussed, it is enough for the students
to judge what is the best approximate method to be used in predicting the
approximately the forces of any structure.

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ILO. 2.2: Approximate Method of Analysis for Statically

Indeterminate Trusses

Common type of truss often used for lateral bracing of a building or for the top
and bottom cords of a bridge in the figure

Carmen Bridge, Cagayan de Oro City

When used for this purpose, this truss is not considered a primary element for
the support of the structure, and as a result it is often analyzed by approximate
methods.
Two assumptions are used in the approximate analysis for trusses.

When the diagonal of the truss is designed to be long and slender is

CASE 1: CANNOT carry compression. In this case, the truss is usually
determinate because only one of the diagonals is active. The
“compression” diagonal behaves as a zero-force member.

Note:

Zero-force members are members of truss where the internal forces is equal to zero.
Read chapter 3 of our textbook.

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When the diagonal of the truss are intended to be constructed

CASE 2: using large section it can carry compression. In this case, both
diagonals will be assumed to carry half of the panel shear.

A panel shear is the resultant of the vertical forces when one part of the truss is
cut using the method of section. Consider the example below:

Here,10thekN
“V” is the panel shear. The value of “V” can
be solved using the equation Fy=0, considering only the
reaction and the applied force. Hence; V will be equal to
Ø
30 kN.

W h e n t h e d i a g o
then:
Ø
Fb = 0

While if the diagonals are designed to carry both tension

and compression, then:
= 40 kN
Fb = Fa

As both carry half of the panel shear they are considered equal. To continue; values of
Fa and Fb can now be solve using Fy=0. Thus;

↑+ ∑ F y =0

40−10−F a sinØ −F b sinØ =0

Hence, Fb = Fa then one force of the diagonal can now be solve. The forces on every
member can now be solve using simple truss analysis such as method of joint or
method of section.

Let us apply such analogy to an example problem.

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Example 1
Determine (approximately) the force in each member of the truss. Assume the
diagonals can support either a tensile or a compressive force.

Ax = 0

Solution: Ay Cy

Here, reactions are first to be solved.

Hence there is no force involve along x-axis except for Ax alone, then
Ax=0

∑ M c =0
−50 ( 6 ) −40 ( 3 ) + Ay (6) = 0
6Ay = 420
Ay = 70 kN
↑+ ∑ Fy=0 ;

Ay−50−40−20+ Cy=0
70 – 110 + Cy = 0
Cy = 40 kN
Once all reactions are solve the analogy presented can now be applied.

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EF
o
45

FB V = 20 kN
AE
o
45 Considering the reaction of 70 kN and the vertical load
AB of 50 kN. The panel shear is 20 kN derived by simply
subtracting 70 kN and 50 kN.

As the problem stated that the diagonals are to carry

both tensile and compressive forces then;

AE = FB
Ay = 70 kN
These parameters can be solved as:
↑+ ∑ F y =0

70−50−FBsin 45 0− AEsin 450=0 ,but FB= AE

20−AEsin 450− AEsin 450 =0

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20−AEsin 450− AEsin 450 =0

2 AEsin 450=20

AE=14.142 kN ,(C)

FB=14.142 kN ,(T )

EF
o
45

FB = 14.142 kN
AE = 14.142 kN

o
45
AB

Ay = 70 kN

Here the truss section is now determinate. We can now use the method of
joint to solve for the remaining unknown forces:

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At joint F as shown:

∑ Fx=0 →+;

EF 14.142 cos 450 −EF =0

o
45 EF=10 kN (C )

∑ Fy=0 ↑+;

FB = 14.142 kN AF−50−14.142 sin 450=0

AF−60=0
AF
AF=60 kN (C)
At joint A:

AF=60 kN

AE = 14.142 kN ∑ Fx=0 →+;

AB−14.142 cos 45 0=0

AB=10 kN ( T )
AB

Ay = 70 kN

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We continue the solution as shown:

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The first example applies the second CASE of the approximate analysis for
trusses which is if the diagonals are to carry both tension and compression. In the next
example, let us apply the analogy presented in CASE 1 or if the diagonals are unable to
carry compression forces.

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Example 2
Solve exampe 1, assuming that all diagonals cannot support compression.

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Here, using Fx the value of AB = 0.

=0

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ILO 2.3: Discuss the Approximate Method of Analysis Building

Frames

Building frames often consist of girders that are rigidly connected to columns so
that the entire structure is better able to resist the effects of lateral forces due to wind
and earthquake. An example of such a rigid framework, often called a building bent, is
shown in figure.

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Assumptions of Approximate Analysis:

The column supports at A and B are fixed support thus it will each exert three
reactions (x, y and moment) on the girder, and therefore the girder will be statically
indeterminate to the third degree hence, there will be 6 reactions (3 in each end) and
only 3 equations of equilibrium. To make the girder statically determinate, an
approximate analysis will therefore require three assumptions. If the columns are
extremely stiff, no rotation at A and B will occur, and the deflection curve for the girder
will look be as shown:

An exact analysis (to be discussed in the next module) reveals that for this case
inflection points, or points of zero moment, occur at 0.21L from each support.
Notes:

Inflection point is point in the span where moment is equal to zero. This is discussed in the internal
loadings or analysis of static determinate beams in Structural Theory 1 or in the shear and moment
diagram discussion in Mechanics of Deformable bodies.

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If the column connections are flexible (allows rotation) it will behave as a simply
supported beam as in the figure shown.

Here, zero moment will occur in the support. However, in reality a simply supported
connection is hard to achieve. The support will always allow minor or partial flexibility.
In this case we take the average point of inflection between the two extremes. Such
that, point of inflection for fixed support is 0.21L while for simply supported beam is 0
so;

0.21 L+0
=0.105 L ≈ 0.1 L
2

The average location of the inflection point as calculated is 0.1L. Thus;

Hence, this location (0.1L) is known as a point where moment is zero we can assumed
that this points will develop a simple supports as shown. Likely, the beam now becomes

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determinate and simple equation of equilibrium can now be used to solve the unknown
forces.

In summary, assumptions incorporated in the model are:

1. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the left support.
2. There is zero moment in the girder, 0.1L from the right support.
3. The girder does not support an axial force.

Let us apply this to an example problem.

Example 3
Determine (approximately) the moment at the joints E and C caused by members EF
and CD of the building bent shown in the figure.

Solution:

We apply the assumptions as discussed. So that the structure will be:

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For the unkwon reactions as shown, analysis on the simply supported beam could be
done.

6400lb 6400lb

Continuing:

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M
E
800 ( 2 ) (1 ) +6400 ( 2 )−M E=0

6
4 ME = 14400 lb.ft
0
0l Mc = 14400 lb.ft
M
C b

6
4
0
0l
b

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ILO 2.4: Portal Frame

Portal frames as in the figure, is a main stiffening element in building design in

order to transfer horizontal forces applied at the top of the frame to the foundation.
These frames resist the forces caused by wind, and earthquake. Portals can be pin
supported, fixed supported, or supported by partial fixity.

Portal Frame

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Pinned Supported Portal Frame

When pinned supported Portal Frame as shown is figure (a), is subjected to a

lateral force P it will move to the direction of the load.

The displacement of the frame is represented by the dotted line as shown in figure (b).

Further analysis revealed that the center of the beam produces the point of
inflection or has zero moment. In this case it can be assumed as hinge. Using this
analogy the distribution of forces can now be taken as in the figure below:

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(Note: Values of forces as computed using the equation of equilibrium.)

Fixed Supported Portal Frame

In similar manner if a portal frame is fixed supported as in the figure shown, and
is subjected to a lateral load P.

And applying the analogy as presented, we assumed that all inflection points are
hinged, then:

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Portal Frame with Truss

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For Portal Frames with trusses on top. The top most portion of the frame
becomes very rigid. The internal hinge will now develop at the distance h/2 from the
support as shown.

Let us apply these concepts.

Example 4
Determine (approximately) the force in each truss member of the portal frame.
Also find the reactions at the fixed column supports A and B. Assume all members of
the truss to be pin connected at their ends.

Solution:

Here we only consider reactions along the x-axis as no vertical load is applied
unto the structure thus both reaction along y-axis for support A and B is zero.

Bx = 10 kN
Also, the points of inflection J andAx = 10
K are kN above support A and B respectively.
3 meters
Referring to the figure shown.

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Jx Kx
J K
Jy Ky

8 ( 3 ) +12 ( 5 )−Jy ( 6 )=0

Jy=14 kN

Ky−14=0

Ky=14 kN

Jx=10 kN

M A =Jx ( 3 )=10=30 kN . m

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1 Kx=10 kN

M B =Kx ( 3 )=10=30 kN . m
FH = 17.5 kN (C)
EF = 16.5 kN (C)
GH = 17 kN (T)
EH = 17.5 kN (T)
HI = 4 kN (C)
EI = 17.5 kN (C)
DE = 4.5 kN (T)
DI = 17.5 kN (T)
CI = 25 kN (C)
The procedure shows how to use approximate analysis for trusses in portal frames.
Once parameters are determined as in the solution one may able to solve the forces in
each member of truss using method of analysis for simple trusses using joint or by-
section method. Continue the computation and check wither the answers as shown are
correct.

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ILO 2.5: Analyse a Statically Indeterminate Frame Using Portal

and Cantilever Method

Portal Method

The behavior of a Portal Frame when subjected to a particular load was discussed in
the previous ILO. Using the portal method for analyzing fixed-supported building
frames requires the following assumptions:

1. A hinge is placed at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to be a point
of zero moment.

2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assumed to be a

point of zero moment.

3. At a given floor level the shear at the interior column hinges is twice that at the
exterior column hinges, since the frame is considered to be a superposition of
portals.

In the figure shown, we can say that the frame is a combination of two portal
frames. Thus, the applied load P will now be distributed by the forces along x-axis or V
as in the figure. Notice that the outer columns carries 1 unit force V while the inner
column carries twice the load V or 2V. We can add this analogy to the assumptions
listed.

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In general portal method is most suitable for buildings having low elevation and
uniform framing.

Example 5
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown in figure. Use the portal method of analysis.

Solution:

1200−6 V =0
V =200lb

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1200−200−Mx=0

Mx=1000 lb

200 ( 6 ) −Iy ( 8 )=0

Iy=150 lb

My=150lb

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¿ 150 lb

¿ 600 lb

400 ( 6 )−150 ( 16 )−Jy ( 8 )=0

Jy=0
¿ 150 lb

¿ 200 lb

400 ( 6 )−150 ( 16 )−Ky ( 8 )=0

Ky=0

Cantilever Method

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For tall and slender building frames under lateral loads, the
entire frame acts similar to cantilever beam sticking out of the
ground. Axial compression and tension forces develop to counteract the
moment created due to the lateral load around the base of the building.

Assumptions:

1. A hinge is placed at the center of each girder, since this is assumed to

be a point of zero moment.

2. A hinge is placed at the center of each column, since this is assume to

be a point of zero moment.

3. The axial stress in a column is proportional to its distance from

the centroid of the cross-sectional areas of the columns at a
given floor level. Since stress equals force per area, then in the
special case of the columns having equal cross-sectional areas,
the force in a column is also proportional to its distance from the
centroid of the column areas.

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Example 6
Determine (approximately) the reactions at the base of the columns of the frame
shown in figure. The columns are assumed to have equal cross-sectional areas. Use the
cantilever method of analysis.

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30 ( 2 )−Ky ( 3 )−Hy ( 3 )=0 0

3 Ky+3 Hy=60

Ky+ Hy=20 → eq . 1

→ eq . 2

Ky+ Ky=20

Ky=10 kN =Hy
Hx=Kx=30 kN

30 ( 6 ) +15(2)−Gy (3 )−Ly ( 3 )=0

3 Gy+3 Ly=210

Gy+ Ly=70 → eq . 1
Gy=L y → eq . 2

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0 Gy+Gy=70

Gy=35 KN =Ly
STRUCTURAL THEORY 2 00/04292020
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¿ 10 KN

¿ 15 KN

¿ 25 KN

¿ 7.5 KN

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M2: Summative Assessment

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Instruction:

1. Read and analyse each question/problem/case carefully.

2. Show complete free body diagram.
3. Solve the required parameters. Show complete solutions.
4. All problem solving shall be done manually. Submit solution by taking a picture of the
hand written solution and attaching it to the file to be submitted.
5. Answer essay question technically.
6. Assume values or data if deemed necessary.
7. Each question/problem/case is classified as Easy, Moderate and Difficult with the
corresponding assigned weight.
8. This exam is worth 100 points.
9. Passing rate is 70%.
10. Submit file with the following heading.
Name:
Subject:
Module No.:
11. Attach file under module 2 in the Google classroom.
12. Any late submission shall be deducted accordingly.
13. Dead line shall be on May 25, 2020.

EASY QUESTIONS: (5 POINTS EACH)

Problem 1: Determine (approximately) the force in each member of the truss shown.
Assume the diagonals can support either a tensile or a compressive force.

All loads are in Newton (N) with values derived as follows:

A = Number of letters of your first name times 10
B = Number of letters of your family name times 10

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C = Number of letters of your middle name time 10

Problem 2: Solve Problem 1 assuming that the diagonals cannot support a

compressive force.

Problem 3: Determine (approximately) the internal moments at A and B caused by the

vertical loading.

All loads are in kN/m with values derived as follows:

A = Number of letters of your first name
B = Number of letters of your family name

Problem 4: Determine (approximately) the force in each truss member of the portal
frame. Also find the reactions at the fixed column supports A and B. Assume all
members of the truss to be pin connected at their ends.

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All loads are in Kilonewton (kN) with values derived as follows:

A = Number of letters of your Mother’s first name
B = Number of letters of your Father’s first name

MODERATE QUESTIONS (10 POINTS EACH)

Problem 5. Solve Problem 4, if the supports at A and B are pinned instead of fixed.

Problem 6. Determine (approximately) the force in members GF, GK, and JK of the
portal frame. Also find the reactions at the fixed column supports A and B. Assume all
members of the truss to be connected at their ends.

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DIFFICULT QUESTIONS (Points will be As Specified)

Problem 7 (15 points). Use the portal method and determine (approximately) the
reactions at supports A,B,C, D, and E. Also determine the axial and shear forces of each
beams and columns.

All loads are in kN with values derived as follows:

A = Number of letters of your grandmother’s first name
B = Number of letters of your grandfather’s first name

Problem 8 (15 points)

From the given frame, it is subjected to a lateral loads of 36 kN and 45 kN. Using
cantilever method, determine (approximately) the reactions at each supports. Also
determine the axial and shear forces of each beams and columns.

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Problem 10 (15 points). (Actual Application)

The structure above is the Carmen Bridge, located at Cagayan de Oro City. In the truss
members inside the blue box, what approximate method could be used in
approximating the forces acting unto the members? Support your answer technically
and show valid arguments.

Problem 11 (15 points). (Learning Experiences and Reflections)

Cite all your learning experiences and/or reflections about the Approximate Analysis for
Statically Indeterminate Structures. There is no specific format required; just simply
state them and expound. This is to assure that you learn something on this topic.

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