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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-1

4 Binomial Theorem

KEY FACTS
1. Expansion of a Binomial

If x and a are real numbers, then for all n ∈ N,

(x + a)n = nC0 xn a0 + nC1 xn – 1 a1 + nC2 xn – 2 a2 + ...... + nCr xn – r ar + ...... + nCn – 1 x1 an – 1 + nCn x0an

n
⇒ (x + a)n =

∑ n Cr x n − r a r .
r =0

2. Properties of Binomial Expansion

(a) The total number of terms in the expansion of (x + a)n is n + 1.

(b) The sum of the indices of x and a in each term is n.

Thus, the (r + 1)th term = nCr xn – r a r and sum of indices = (n – r + r) = n.

 

(c) The coefficients of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal. These coefficients are known as

binomial coefficients.
nC = nC nC = nC , nC = nC n n

r n – r V r = 0, 1, 2, ..... , n ⇒  0  

n 1 n – 1, C2 = Cn – 2 and so on.
 

(d) Replacing a by – a in the expansion of (x + a)n, we have

(x – a)n = nC0 xn a0 – nC1 xn – 1 a1 + nC2 xn – 2 a2 – nC3 xn – 3 a3 + ....... + (–1)r nCr xn – r a r ......+ (–1)r nCn x0 an.
 
 

n

⇒ (x – a)n = ∑ (–1)r n
Cr . x n − r a r
r=0

(e) (x +
a)n
+ (x – a)n = 2(nC0 xn a0 + nC2 xn – 2 a2 + ..........)
(x + a)n – (x – a)n = 2(nC1 xn – 1 a1 + nC3 xn – 3 a3 + ..........)
(f) The (r + 1)th term called the general term in the expansion of (x + a)n is given by Tr + 1 = nCr xn – r ar.

In the expansion of (x – a)n, Tr + 1 = (–1)r nCr xn – r ar.

(g) Middle Term: In the expansion of (x + a)n, if

n 
• n is even natural number, then middle term =  + 1 th term
2 

 n + 1   n + 3
• n is odd natural number, then   th term and   th term are the two middle terms.
 2   2 

(h) Term from the end: In the expansion of (x + a)n, the rth term from the end is

= [(n + 1) – (r – 1)]th term from the beginning

= (n – r + 2)th term from the beginning. (n + 1) terms
n
(i) The sum of the binomial coefficients = 2 , i.e.,

(r –1) terms rth terms

C0 + C1 + C2 + ...... + Cn = 2n

(j) C1 + C3 + C5 + ...... = C0 + C2 + C4 + ...... = 2n – 1

Ch 4-1
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Ch 4-2 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

General Term and Expansion of Binomial Theorem
SOLVED EXAMPLES

5
 y
Ex. 1. Expand  2 x +  .
 2

5 2 3 4 5
 y 5 5 5 4  y 5 3  y 5 2  y 5  y 5  y
Sol.  2 x +  = C0 (2 x) + C1 (2 x)   + C2 (2 x)   + C3 (2 x)   + C4 (2 x)   + C5  
 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 4 y 5× 4 y2 5 × 4 y3 y 4 y5
= 32 x + 5 × 16 x × + × 8 x3 × + × 4 x2 × + 5 × 2x × +
2 2 ×1 4 2 ×1 8 16 32

5 4 3 2 2 3 5 4 y5
= 32 x + 40 x y + 20 x y + 5 x y + xy + .
8 32

6
 2 x
Ex. 2. Expand  –  , x ≠ 0.
 x 2

6 6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4
2 x 6 2 6 2  x 6 2  x 6 2  x 6 2  x
Sol.  −  = C0   + C1    –  + C2    –  + C3    –  + C4    – 
x 2 x
  x
   2  x
   2  x
   2   x  2

5 6
2 x  x
+ 6C5    –  + 6C6  – 
 x 2  2
64 32  x  6 × 5 16 x 2 6 × 5 × 4 8  x3  6 × 5 4 x 4
= + 6 × ×−  + × × + × ×−  + × ×
x6 x5  2  2 × 1 x 4 4 3 × 2 × 1 x3  8  2 × 1 x 2 16

2  x5  x 6
+ 6× ×−  +
64 96 60 15 2 3 4 x 6 x  32  64
= – + – 20 + x – x + .
x6 x4 x2 4 8 64

Ex. 3. Find the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of (1 + 2x)6 (1 – x)7.

Sol. (1 + 2x)6 (1 – x)7 = [1 + 6C1 (2x) + 6C2 (2x)2 + 6C3 (2x)3 + 6C4 (2x)4 + 6C5 (2x)5 + (2x)6] × [1 – 7C1x + 7C2x2

– 7C3x3 + 7C4x4 – 7C5x5 + 7C6x6 – x7]

= [1 + 12x + 60x2 + 160x3 + 240x4 + 192x5 + 64x6] × [1 – 7x + 21x2 – 35x3 + 35x4 – 21x5 + 7x6 – x7]
The terms containing x5 in the product are obtained an multiplying constant term by the term containing x5, term
containing x by the term containing x4 and so on.
These products are (1 × (–21x5)) + (12x × 35x4) + (60x2 × (–35x3)) + (160x3 × 21x2) + (240x4 × (–7x)) + (192x5 × 1)
= – 21x5 + 420x5 – 2100x5 + 3360x5 – 1680x5 + 192x5

\ Coefficient of x5 = (– 21 + 420 – 2100 + 3360 – 1680 + 192) = 171.

10
 2 1 
Ex. 4. Find the 6th term in the expansion of  2 x –  . (Karnataka CET 2007)
 3 x2 

10
 2 1 
Sol. The general term ((n + 1)th term) in the expansion of  2 x – 2  is
 3x 

r
r 10 2 10 – r  1 
Tr + 1 = (– 1) Cr (2 x )  2  = (– 1)r 10Cr 210 – r x20 – 2r (3)–r x–2r = (– 1)r 10Cr 210 – r (3)– r x20 – 4r
 3x 

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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-3

10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 25 32 896
\ T6 = T5 + 1 = (–1)5 10C5 210 – 5 (3)– 5 x20 – 20 = ( – 1) × × 5 × x 0 = (– 1) × 252 × =– .
5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1 3 243 243

Ex. 5. Find the coefficient of x20 in the expansion of (1 + 3x + 3x2 + x3)20

(DCE 2007)
Sol. (1 + 3x + 3x3 + x3)20 = ((1 + x3))20 = (1 + x)60

 (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + .......... + nCnxn,

The coefficient of x20 in the expansion of (1 + x)60 = 60C20 or 60C40 ( nCr = nCn – r)
Ex. 6. If the coefficients of (m + 1)th term and (m + 3)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)20 are equal, then find

the value of m? (UPSEE 2007)

Sol. (1 + x)20 = 20C0 + 20C1x + 20C2x2 + .......... + 20Crxr + ..... + 20C20x20

General term Tr + 1 = 20Crxr \ ⇒ Tm + 1 = 20Cmxm

 

Tm + 3 =
20C
m+2 xm + 2
Given, coeff. of (m + 1)th term = coeff. of (m + 3)th term

⇒ 20C
m = 20Cm + 2   ⇒  
20C
20 – m = 20Cm + 2 ( nCr = nCn – r)

⇒ 20 – m = m + 2 ⇒ 2m = 18
      ⇒ m = 9.
 

Ex. 7. If second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (x + a)n are 240, 720 and 1080 respectively, then

find the value of n.

Sol. (x + a)n = nC0 xn + nC1 xn – 1 a + nC2 xn – 2 a2 + nC3 xn – 3 a3 + ........ + nCn an

\ T2 = nC1 xn – 1 a = 240
...(i)
T3 = nC xn – 2 a2 = 720 ...(ii)

T4 = nC xn – 3 a3 = 1080 ...(iii)

n (n – 1)
n ×a n–2 2
C2 x a 720 2 ×1 (n – 1) a
On dividing (ii) by (i), we get n n −1
= ⇒ =3 ⇒ =3 ...(iv)
C1 x a 240 n× x 2x

n (n – 1) (n – 2)
n ×a n–3 3
C3 x a 1080 3 × 2 ×1 3 (n – 2) a 3
On dividing (iii) by (ii) we get n = ⇒ = ⇒ = ...(v)
C2 x n−2 2
a 720 n (n – 1) 2 (3x) 2

×x
2
n−2 a
  32 2 ( n − 2) 1
 3 x ⇒ = ⇒ 4n – 8 = 3n – 3 ⇒ n = 5.
Now dividing (v) by (iv) we get =
 n −1 a 3 3 ( n − 1) 2

 
 2 x
Ex. 8. What is the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 + x)11 + (1 + x)12 + ..... + (1 + x)20?

Sol. (1 + x)11 + (1 + x)12 + ..... + (1 + x)20

(1 + x)11{(1 + x)10 − 1}  This is the sum of a G.P. with 10 terms whose 

=  
(1 + x) – 1 11
first term = (1 + x) and common ratio = (1 + x) 

1
= [(1 + x)21 – (1 + x)11].
x

1
Coeff. of x4 in the expansion of [(1 + x)21 – (1 + x)11]
x

∴

= Coeff. of x5 in [(1 + x)21 – (1 + x)11] = 21C5 – 11C5.

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Ch 4-4 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

Ex. 9. If the coefficients of the second, third and fourth terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n are in A.P., show

that 2n2 –9n + 7 = 0. (AMU, IIT)

Sol. (1 + x)2n = 2nC0 + 2nC1 x + 2nC2 x2 + ..... + 2nCn xn + ..... + 2nC2n x2n

T2 = 2nC1 x, T3 = 2nC2 x2, T4 = 2nC3 x3

Given, coefficients of T2, T3 and T4 are in A.P.

(2n)! (2n)! (2n)!
⇒ 2 . 2nC2 = 2nC1 + 2nC3 ⇒ 2. = +
(2n − 2)! 2! (2n – 1)! (2n − 3)!3!

   

2n (2n – 1) (2n – 2)
⇒ (2n) (2n – 1) = 2n + ⇒ 6(2n – 1) = 6 + (2n – 1) (2n – 2)
6

   

⇒ 12n – 6 = 6 + 4n2 – 6n + 2 ⇒ 4n2 – 18n + 14 = 0 ⇒ 2n2 – 9n + 7 = 0.
       

PRACTICE SHEET–1
(General Term and Expansion of Binomial Theorem)
8 11
 1   b 
1. The ninth term in the expansion  3 x −  is 7. If x–7 occurs in the rth term of  ax – 2  , then the value
 2x   x 

1 1 of r is
(a) 9
(b) – (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
512 x 512 x9

(MP PET 2011)

1 1

6
(c) – (d) (KCET 2007)  1
256 x8 256 x8 8. In the expansion of  x –  , the coefficient of x0 is

 x

n
 1 5 (a) 20 (b) – 20 (c) 30 (d) – 30
2. If the fourth term in the expansion of  ax +  is , then

 x 2 (UPSEE 2009)

1 1 9. If the coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms in the expansion

(a) a = , n = 6 (b) a = , n = 5

2 3 of (1 + x)n are in A.P., then n equals

1 (a) 7 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 10

(c) a = 2, n = 3 (d) a = , n = 1

4 (UPSEAT 2000)

(J&K CET 2003, AMU 2013) 10. If rth and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion of (p + q)n are

3. The two consecutive terms in the expansion of (3 + 2x)74, (n + 1) q

equal, then is

whose coefficients are equal are r ( p + q)

(a) 11, 12 (b) 7, 8 (c) 30, 31 (d) None of these 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d)

(Manipal Engg. 2009) 4 2

 2 1 
10 (KCET 2011)
4. The coefficient of x–10 in  x – 3  is 11. The first three terms in the expansion of (1 + ax)n (n ≠ 0) are
 x 

(a) – 252 (b) 210

(c) – (5 !)
(d) – 120
1, 6x and 16x2. Then the value of a and n are respectively
(WB JEE 2009) (a) 2 and 9 (b) 3 and 2
(c) 2/3 and 9 (d) 3/2 and 6

10 3 20
12. In the expansion of (2 – 3x ) , if the ratio of the 10th term
x 3 

5. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of  – 2  is to the 11th term is 45/22, then x is equal to
2 x 

2 3 2 3
405 450 504 540 (a) – (b) − (c) – 3 (d) – 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3 2 3 2

256 263 259 269

(Odisha JEE 2012)

(RPET 2001)

6. If in the expansion of (a – 2b)n, the sum of the 5th and 6th  a 

13. If the second term in the expansion of 13 a +  is

a a– 1 

term is zero, then the value of is 

n
b C3
14a5/2, then the value of n is
n−4 2 (n − 4) 5 5 C2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 n−4 2 (n – 4)

(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 6

(BCECE 2009) (DCE 2006)
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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-5

(a) nC (b) nC (c) n + 1C (d)n + 1C
t r r+1 r r+1
14. Let tn denote the nth term in a binomial expansion. If 6 in

t5 (AMU 2007)
t

n
the expansion of (a + b)n + 4 and 5 in the expansion of 1 1  n
t4 18. The coefficient of in the expansion of  + 1 (1 + x)
x x 

(a + b)n are equal, then n equals is

(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 13
(d) 15
(a) 2nCn (b) 2nCn – 1
(c) 2nC1 (d) nCn – 1

(Kerala PET 2013) (Odisha JEE 2004)

23 7
19. If the magnitude of the coefficient of x in the expansion of
 1
15. If Tr denotes the rth term in the expansion of  x +  ,

8
 x  2 1 

then  ax +  , where a, b are positive numbers is equal in

 bx 
(a) T12 = x2 T13 (b) x2 – T13 = T12 magnitude of the coefficient of x– 7 in the expansion of
(c) T12 = T13 (d) T12 + T13 = 25  1 
8

 ax − 2  , then a and b are connected by the relation:

xn
16. Let the coefficient of in the expansion of (1 + be p x)2n  bx 
and the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1 be
(a) ab = 1 (b) ab = 2 (c) a2b = 1 (d) ab2 = 2
g, then

(WBJEE 2008)
(a) p = 2g (b) 2p = 3g (c) 2p = g (d) 3p = 2g

2 3 6
20. In the expansion of (1 + x + x + x ) , the coefficient of
(WBJEE 2011)

x14 is
17. If 0 ≤ r ≤ n, then the coefficient of xr in the expansion of

(a) 130 (b) 120
(c) 128 (d) 125

P = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + (1 + x)3 + ..... + (1 + x)n is (Kerala CEE 2007)

ANSWERS
1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (c) 4. (b)
5. (a)
6. (b)
7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)

11. (c)
12. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d)
15. (a)
16. (a)
17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

 1 
8 6 3 5 6×5× 4 3 5
1. Given,  3 x −  ⇒ a = ⇒ a =
33 2 3× 2 2

 2x 

r
8 8− r  1  5 1 1
General term = Tr +1 = Cr (3 x)  −  ⇒ a3 = = ⇒ a= .
 2x  5× 4× 2 8 2

8
8 8 −8  1  1
Ninth term = T9 = C8 (3 x) −  \ a= , n = 6.
 2x  2

∴

(Here r + 1 = 9 ⇒ r = 8)    

3. General term of (3 + 2x)74 is Tr + 1 = 74Cr (3)74 – r (2x)r

1 = 74Cr (3)74 – r 2r . xr
= .

256x 8

Let the two consecutive terms be (r + 1)th term and

n
 1 (r + 2)th term.
2. Given,  ax + 
 x Then, Tr + 2 = 74Cr + 1 (3)74 – (r + 1) 2r + 1 xr + 1

r
n n–r 1 Given, Coefficient of Tr + 1 = Coefficient of Tr + 2
General term = Tr + 1 = Cr (ax)  

x

⇒ 74C
r (3)74 – r . 2r = 74Cr + 1 (3)73 – r . 2r + 1
3
n n–3  1 
\ T4 = C3 (ax)   74
x

74
Cr + 1 374 – r
2 r 74 − (r + 1) r + 1 3
= nC3 a n – 3 . xn – 3 . x – 3 = nC3 an – 3 xn – 6 ⇒ = . ⇒ =
74 73 – r r +1 74 2
   

Cr 3 2

5 5
Given, T4 = ⇒ n C3 a n – 3 x n − 6 = ...(i) 74 − r r
2 2

Clearly, the fourth term does not contain x, so power of 74 − r 3

⇒ = ⇒ 148 – 2r = 3r + 3
x = 0. r +1 2

\ n–6=0 ⇒ n=6
   
⇒ 5r = 145 ⇒ r = 29.      

6C a6 – 3 =
5 \ The two consecutive terms are 30th and 31st.
⇒ (From (i))

3
2

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Ch 4-6 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

10 = 11Cr a11 – r . x11 – r (– b)r . x– 2r
 2 1 

4. Given,  x – 3  = 11Cr a11 – r (– b)r x11 – 3r

 x 

r \ rth term = Tr = 11Cr – 1 a11 – (r – 1) (– b)r – 1 x11 – 3(r –1)

 1 

10 2 10 – r
General term = Tr + 1 = Cr ( x ) – 3 

= 11Cr – 1 a12 – r x14 – 3r (– b)r – 1

 x 

Since x– 7 occurs in the rth term

= 10Cr x20 – 2r (– 1)r (x – 3r)

14 – 3r = – 7 ⇒ 3r = 21 ⇒ r = 7.
 

= 10Cr x20 – 5r (– 1)r.

       

Since the term contains x–10, \ 20 – 5r = – 10 8. Let (r + 1)th term be the coefficient of
x0 in the expansion
6

⇒ 5r = 30 ⇒ r = 6  1
   

of  x –  .
10  x
\ Coefficient of x –10 = 10C6 (– 1)6 = r
6 4
 

6 6–r  1 r 6 6–r −r
\ Tr + 1 = Cr x  −  = (– 1) Cr x x
10 × 9 × 8 × 7  x

= = 210.
4× 3× 2 = (– 1)r 6Cr x6 – 2r

10
x 3  As the power of x is 0, this means that the given term is a
5. Given,  – 2 

2 x  constant term.

10 – r r
10 x  3  \ 6 – 2r = 0 ⇒ r = 3
General term = Tr + 1 = Cr   –
   

  \ T4 = (– 1)3 6C3 = – 20.

2  x2 

10 – r 9. (1 + x) = C0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + ..... + nCn – 1 xn – 1 + nCn xn

n n
1

=
10
Cr   (– 3) r x10 – r . x – 2 r Given, coefficients of 5th, 6th and 7th terms are in A.P.
2

10 – r ⇒ nC4, nC5, nC6 are in A.P ⇒ 2 . nC5 = nC4 + nC6

1
   

= Cr   (– 3) r x10 – 3r
10
n! n! n!
2 ⇒ 2. = +

5! (n – 5)! 4! (n – 4)! 6! (n – 6)!

Since the term contains x4, 10 – 3r = 4 ⇒ 3r = 6 ⇒ r = 2        

10 – 2 1
101 ⇒ 2×
\ Coefficient of x4 = C2   (– 3) 2

5 × 4! × (n – 5) × (n – 6)!
2

10  1 
8 1 1
= ×   . (– 3) 2 = +
4! × (n – 4) × (n – 5) × (n – 6)! 6 × 5 × 4! (n – 6)!

8 2 2

10 × 9 1 405 2 1 1
= × ×9= . ⇒ = +
5 (n − 5) (n – 4) (n – 5) 30

2 256 256

6. Given, (a – 2b)n.

⇒ 12 (n – 4) = 30 + (n – 4) (n – 5)
General term = Tr + 1 = nCr (a)n – r (– 2b)r ⇒ n2 – 9n + 50 = 12n – 48 ⇒ n2 – 21n + 98 = 0
   

= nCr (a)n – r (– 2)r br ⇒ (n – 14) (n – 7) = 0 ⇒ n = 14, 7.   

T5 = nC4 an – 4 (– 2)4 b4 ( r + 1 = 5 ⇒ r = 4)
   
10. Given, (p + q)n

T6 = nC5 an – 5 (– 2)5 b5 ( r + 1 = 6 ⇒ r = 5)
   
\ General term = Tr + 1 = nCr pn – r qr
Given, T 5 + T6 = 0

\ rth term = Tr = nCr–1 (p)n – (r – 1) qr – 1

⇒ nC4 an – 4 . 16 b4 + nC5 an – 5 (– 32) b5 = 0 = nCr – 1 pn – r + 1 qr – 1

⇒ 16 nC4 an – 4 b4 = 32 . nC5 an – 5 b5

(r + 1)th term = Tr+1 = nCr pn – r qr

n
C5 a n–5
b
16 1 5
b 1 C n Given, Tr = Tr + 1
⇒ n n–4
= ⇒4
= ×n 4
= ⇒ nCr – 1 pn – r + 1 qr – 1 = nCr pn – r qr
C4 a b 32 2 a 2 C5

n n n
⇒ pn – r + 1 qr – 1 = pn − r qr
n − r +1 r −1 n–r r

1 4 n –4 1 5 5
= × = × = 1
2 n 2 n − 4 2 (n – 4)

⇒ × n – r . r. r – 1
5 n–5 (n – r + 1) n – r r – 1

a 2 ( n – 4) pn − r qr
⇒ = . =
b 5 pn − r + 1 qr − 1

11 r q
 b  ⇒ = ⇒ pr = qn – qr + q
7. Given,  ax − 2  n – r +1 p

 x 

r
 b  ( n + 1) q
General Term = Tr + 1 =
11
Cr (ax)11 − r  − 2  ⇒ ( p + q )r = (n + 1) q ⇒ = 1.
 x  r ( p + q)


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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-7

11. (1 + ax)n = nC
0 + nC
1 (ax) + nC
2 (ax)2 + nC
3 (ax)3+ .... r
1

23 23 – r
23 23 – 2 r
+ n (ax)n
nC Tr + 1 = Cr x   = Cr x
x
 

Given, T2 = 6x and T3 = 16x2

T12 = 23C11 x23 – 22 = 23C11 x
   

⇒ nC1 ax = 6x and nC2 (ax)2 = 16x2 Now, ...(ii)

( r + 1 = 12 ⇒ r = 11)
   

n (n – 1) 2 2
⇒ nax = 6x and a x = 16 x 2 23 – 24
 

2
 

23 1 23 1
T13 = C12   = C12  
⇒ na = 6 ⇒ n2a2 = 36 and n (n – 1) a2 = 32 x x

       

n (n – 1) a 2 32 n −1 8 ( r + 1 = 13 ⇒ r = 12)
\ = ⇒ = 1
n2 a 2 36 n 9 23
C11  

= ... (iii)
x

⇒ 9n – 9 = 8n ⇒ n = 9    

( 23C11 = 23C23 – 11 = 23C12)

6 6 2
 na = 6 \ a = = = . T12 x 2 2
n 9 3 \ = = x ⇒ T12 = x . T13 .
   

T13 1

12. General Term of (2 – 3x3)20 is Tr + 1 = 20Cr (2)20 – r (– 3x3)r

x

\ T10 = 20C9 211 (– 3x3)9 = 20C9 (–1)9 . 211 . 39 . x27 16. (1 + x)2n = 2nC0 + 2nC1 x + 2nC2 x2 + 2nC3 x3 + ..... + 2nCn xn

T11 = 20C10 210 (– 3x3)10 = 20C10 210 . 310 . x30 + ..... + 2nC2n x2n
T10 20 C9 . (–1)9 211 . 39 . x 27 45

(1 + x)2n – 1 = 2n–1C0 + 2n – 1C1 x + 2n – 1C2 x + 2n – 1C3 x3 + .....

2
Given, = 20 =
T11 C10 . 210 . 310 . x30 22 + 2n – 1Cn xn + ..... + 2n – 1C2n – 1 x2n – 1

10 2 45 8 2 Given, p = coeff. of xn in expansion of (1 + x)2n = 2nCn

⇒ – × 3 = ⇒ x3 = – ⇒ x=– .

11 3 x 22 27 3 g = coeff. of xn in expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1 = 2n – 1Cn

n
 a  2n 2n × 2n – 1  2n – 1 
13. Given,  13 a + 
2n
Now p = Cn = = =2  ...(i)
–1 n n n (n – 1) n  n – 1 n 

 
n
 a1  2n – 1 2n – 1
=  a1/13 + –1/2  = ( a1/13 + a 3/2 )
n 2n – 1
g= Cn = = ...(ii)
 a  2n – 1 − n n n –1 n

C (a ) ( a ) = 14 a
1 n −1 3 5 \ From (i) and (ii) p = 2g.
n
 

13 2 2
⇒ T2 = 14a5/2   ⇒  
1 17. Given, P = 1 + (1 + x) + (1 + x)2 + (1 + x)3 + ..... + (1 + x)n

n −1 3 5 2 n − 2 + 39 5
+ P is the sum of a G.P of (n + 1) terms with first term = 1,
⇒ n a 13 2 = 14a 2 ⇒ n a 26 = 14a 2

common ratio = (1 + x).

2 n – 37 5

⇒ n a 26 = 14a 2
⇒ n = 14 1 (1 + x) n + 1 – 1)  a (r n − 1) 
\P =  Sn = when n > 1

14! (1 + x) – 1 r −1

 
n 14
C C 11! 3! 1
\ n 3 = 14 3 =
C2 C2 14!
= 4. =
x
{
(1 + x) n + 1 − 1) }
12! 2! 1
14. General term is expansion of (a + b)n + 4 is Tr + 1 = {(1 + n + 1C1 x + n + 1C2 x2 + .... + n + 1Cr xr
x

= n + 4Cr an + 4 – r br + n +1Cr + 1 xr + 1 + .... xn + 1) – 1}

n+4
t6 C5 a n + 4 – 5 b5 n + 4 C5 b n +
= { C1 +1 n + 1C2 x + .... + n + 1Cr xr – 1 + n + 1Cr + 1 xr

\ = n+4 = . ...(i)

t5 C4 a n + 4 – 4 b 4 n + 4 C 4 a + .... xn}

r
Thus, the coefficient of x in this expansion is n + 1 Cr + 1 or
General term in the expansion of (a + b)n is Tr + 1 = nCr a n – r b r    

n n + 1C .
t C a n − 4 b4 n C b n–r

\ 5 = n 4 n−3 3 = n 4 . ...(ii) n n
t4 C3 a b C3 a 1  1 + x  1

n n 2n
18.  + 1 (1 + x) =   (1 + x) = n (1 + x)
According to the given condition, from (i) and (ii), x   x  x

n+4
C5 b n C4 b 1
. = . = n (1 + 2 n C1 x + 2nC2 x2 + ..... + 2nCn – 1 xn – 1
n+4
C4 a n C3 a x

+ ..... + 2nC2n x2n)

(n + 4)! n!
 1 2n 1 2n 1 2n 1
(n – 1)! 5! (n – 4)! 4! n n–3 =  n + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn – 1
⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ n = 15. x x n −1
x n−2
x

(n + 4)! n! 5 4

2n 1 
n ! 4! (n – 3) ! 3! + ..... + C2 n .
23 1 xn 
 1 The coefficient of is 2nCn – 1.
15. The general term in the expansion of  x +  is

x
 x

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Ch 4-8 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

8 Since this term contains x–7
 2 1 

19. Let the term containing x7 in the expansion of  ax +  \ 8 – 3R = – 7 ⇒ 3R = 15 ⇒ R = 5

 bx 
       

8
is Tr + 1.  1 
r
\ Coefficient of x– 7 in the expansion of  ax – 2 
 bx 

8 2 8–r  1 
Then, Tr + 1 = Cr (ax )   8–5
 bx  a a3

5 8 8
= (– 1) C5 5 = – C5 5
a8 – r a8 – r b b

8
= Cr . x16 – 2 r . x – r = 8 Cr x16 – 3r 5 3
br br a a

8
Given, C3 3 = 8C5 5
Since the term contains x7, 16 – 3r = 7 ⇒ 3r = 9 ⇒ r = 3. b b

       

8
 2 1  a5 a3
\ Coefficient of x7 in the expansion of  ax +  ⇒ =( 8C3 = 8C8 – 3 = 8C5)
 bx 

b3 b5

8–3 5
8 a 8 a ⇒ a2b2 = 1 ⇒ ab = 1.
= C3 3 = C3 3    

b b

8 20. (1 + x + x2 + x3)6 = [(1 + x) + x2 (1 + x)]6

 1 

Now, let the term containing x–7 in expansion of  ax – 2  = [(1 + x) (1 + x2)]6 = (1 + x)6 (1 + x2)6
 bx 

is TR + 1 R = (6C0 + 6C1 x + 6C2 x2 + 6C3 x3 + 6C4 x4 + 6C5 x5 + 6C6 x6)

8–R  1 

8
Then, TR + 1 = CR (ax) − 2  (6C0 + 6C1 x2 + 6C2 x4 + 6C3 x6 + 6C4 x8 + 6C5 x10 + 6C6 x12)
 bx 

\ Coefficient of x14 = 6C6 . 6C4 + 6C4 . 6C5 + 6C2 . 6C6

a8 – R a8 – R
 

R 8 8−R − 2R R 8 8 – 3R
= (– 1) CR x .x = (– 1) CR x 6×5 6×5 6×5
bR bR = + ×6+ = 30 + 90 = 120.

2 2 4

(Middle Term, Term independent of x, Greatest term, pth term from the end)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
10
 1 
Ex. 1. Write the middle term in the expansion of  x –  .
 2x 

6
 1 
Sol. The general term in the expansion of  x –  is
 2x 

r
r r  1 
6
Tr + 1 = (– 1) Cr x 6 –
  = (– 1)r . 6Cr x6 – r . 2 – r x – r = (– 1)r . 6Cr x6 – 2r . 2 – r
 2x 

6 
Now the power of binomial expansion being 6, (even), the middle term is  + 1 th term = 4th term.
2 

3 6 6–6 –3 6×5× 4 0 1 5
\ T4 = T3 + 1 = (–1) C3 x 2 = (– 1) × ×x × =– .
3 × 2 ×1 8 2

   

10
 x 3
Ex. 2. Find the coefficient of the term independent of x in the expansion of  +  .
 3 x 

10
 x 3
Sol. Given,  + 2 ,
 3 x  10 − r 10 − r

10 – r r 10 – r
 x  3  10  x  2
( 3 ) x − 2r = 10Cr  1  ( 3)
r 2 r – 2r
10
General term = Tr + 1 = Cr    2  = Cr   x 2
 3 x  3  3

For the term independent of x,

10 – r 10 – r
– 2r = 0 ⇒ = 2r ⇒ 10 – r = 4r ⇒ 5r = 10 ⇒ r = 2
2 2
   

\ T2 + 1, i.e., T3 is the term independent of x and
10 − 2
4
1 10 × 9  1  1 5
( 3)
2 2
10
T3 = C2   = ×   × 3 = 45 × = .
 3 2  3 27 3

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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-9

Ex. 3. Show that the coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is the sum of the coefficients of

the two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.

Sol. The expansion of (1 + x)2n contains (2n + 1 ) terms.

 2n 
The middle term here is  + 1 th term, i.e., (n + 1)th term.
 2 

2n n (2n)! n (2n)! n
\ Tn + 1 = C n x = x = x ...(i)
n! n! (n !) 2

 2n − 1 + 1 
In the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1, (2n – 1) being odd, there are two middle term   th term and
 2 

 2n – 1 + 3 
  th term, i.e., nth term and (n + 1)th term.
 2 

\ In case of (1 + x)2n – 1
tn = 2n – 1Cn – 1 xn – 1, tn + 1 = 2n – 1Cn xn

\ Sum of coefficients of tn and tn + 1 = 2n – 1Cn – 1 + 2n – 1Cn = 2n – 1 + 1Cn = 2nCn ( nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1)

2n !
= = coefficient of middle term of (1 + x)2n. (from (i))
(n !) 2

9
 2 x3 
Ex. 4. Find the 5th term from the end in the expansion of  –  .
x 5 

9
 2 x3 
Sol. Using rth term from the end = (m – r + 2)th term, we have 5th term from the end in the expansion of  – 
x 5 

= (9 – 5 + 2)th from the end = 6th term from the beginning in the given expansion
9 −5 5 4 5
2
9  x3  – 9 × 8 × 7 × 6  2   x3 
= T6 = T5 + 1 = C5    −  = ×   × 
x  5  4 × 3 × 2 ×1  x   5  T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10

                 

15
16 x – 2016 11 6th term from the 5th term from
= – 126 × 4
× = x . beginning the end
x 3125 3125

PRACTICE SHEET–2
(Middle Term, Term independent of x, Greatest term, pth term from the end)
10
 2 x2 3  2n (2n – 1) (2n – 3) ..... 3.1
1. The middle term in the expansion of  + 2  is (a)
n (n – 1) (n – 2) ..... 3.2.1

 3 2x 

(a) 252 (b) 260

(c) 274
(d) 450
(b) n (n + 1) (n + 2) ..... 2n
(MP PET 2013) (c) 2n (2n – 1) (2n – 3) ..... 3. 1
n
 2 1  2n (n) (n + 1) (n + 2) ..... (2n)
2. The middle term in the expansion of  x + 2 + 2  is (d) (Odisha JEE 2011)
 x 

n (n – 1) (n – 2) ..... 3.2.1

n (2n !) 5. The coefficient of the middle term in the binomial expansion

(a) (b)
[(n /2)!]2 [(n /2)!]2

in powers of x of (1 + ax)4 and of (1 – ax)6 is the same if a

1.3.5. ..... (2n + 1) n (2n) ! equals
(c) 2 (d) 3 5 3 10
n! (n !) 2

(a) – (b) − (c) (d)

10 3 5 3

(Manipal Engg. 2012)

(AIEEE 2004)

3. In the expansion of (1 – 3x + 3x – x3)2n, the middle term is

2

6. The numerically greatest term in the expansion of (3 + 2x)44,

(a) (n + 1)th term (b) (2n + 1)th term

(c) (3n + 1)th term (d) None of these when x = is

5

(MP PET 2011)

(a) 4th term (b) 5th term (c) 6th term (d) 7th term

4. The coefficient of the middle term in the expansion of

(AMU 2009)

(1 + x)2n is
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Ch 4-10 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

7. The greatest term in the expansion of (1 + 3x)54, where
(a) 36 (b) 37
(c) 38 (d) 39

1 (Karnataka CET 2012)

x = is

3 13. The term independent of x in the expansion

(a) T28 (b) T25 (c) T26 (d) T24 4 3

 1  1

(DCE 2007)  x –   x +  is
 x  x

8. The term idependent of x in the expansion of

11 (a) – 3 (b) 0 (c) 3

(d) 1
2 x 1 

 −  is (Gujarat CET 2007)

2 x x 

 5

14. What is the ratio of coefficient of x15 to the term independent

(a) 5th term (b) 6th term (c) 11th term (d) no term 15
 2 2

(J&K CET 2007) of x in  x +  ?

 x
18
 2 1 1 1 1
9. The term independent of x in  x –  is (a) (b) (c) (d)
 x 64 32 4 16

18 8 18
(a) C12 2 (b) C6 2 12 (c) C6 24
18 (d) 18C12 26

(NDA/NA 2011)
(MP PET 2009) 15. The term independent of x in the expansion of

10. The term idependent of x in the expansion of (1 + x)n 1

11
 

  1 
n  x + + 2  is
 x 
1 +  x   is
  11! 11!
(a) (b) (c) 22C10 (d) 22C11
(a) C1 + C2 + C3 + ..... + Cn 6! 6! 5! 6!

12
(b) C1 + 2C2 + 3C3 + ..... + nCn  x3 2 
(c) C02 + C12 + C22 + ..... + Cn2 16. 5th term from the end in the expansion of  – 2  is
 2 x 

(d) C02 + 2C12 + 3C22 + ..... + (n + 1) Cn2

–4
(a) – 7920 x (b) 7920 x 4 (c) 7920 x (d) – 7920 x4
–4

(Kerala PET 2000) 15

13n  2 
3 x 5  17. In the expansion of  3 x – 2  , if the pth term from the
–  x 

11. If in the expansion of   contains a term

 7 2 x x 

end does not depend on the value of x, then the value of p is

independent of x, then n should be a multiple of (a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 12

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

(Rajasthan PET 2009)

(Kerala PET 2008) 18. Find the sixth term of the expansion of (y1/2 + x1/3)n, if the

n
 2 2 binomial coefficient of the third term from the end is 45.
12. The 13th term in the expansion of  x +  is independent
 x (a) 240 y3/2 x2/3 (b) 252 y5/2 x5/3

of x, then the sum of the divisors of n is

(c) 252 y3/2 x5/3 (d) 240 y5/2 x5/3

ANSWERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (a)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (d)
9. (d)
10. (c)
11. (b)

12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b)

15. (d)
16. (c)
17. (c)
18. (b)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

n 2 2n n
10  2 1   1   1
 2x 3  2 2.  x + 2 + 2  =   x +   =  x + 
1. In the expansion of  + 2  , the middle term is the  x   x   x

 3 2x 

2n
 1
 10  \ The middle term in the expansion of  x + 
 + 1 th term, i.e., 6th term  x

 2   2n 
= + 1 th term = (n + 1)th term.
10 – 5 5  2 
 2 x2   3  n
Now T6 = T5 + 1 =
10
C5    2 2n 2n − n  1  (2n !) n 1 (2n!)
 

 3   2x  Now Tn + 1 = Cn ( x)   = x . n = .
x n! n! x ( n!)2
 

( Tr + 1 = nCr (a)n – r br).    

3. (1 – 3x + 3x2 – x3)2n = ((1 – x)3)2n = (1 – x)6n

10! 2 x 5 10
3 5
10! 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6  6n 
= . = = = 252. \ Middle term =  + 1 th term = (3n + 1)th term.
5! 5! 35 25 . x10 5! 5! 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1  2 


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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-11

 2n  2 x 1 
11
4. The middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is  + 1 th

 2  8. The general term in the expansion of  –  is

 5 2 x x 

term, i.e., (n + 1)th tern.

11− r r
\ Coefficient of (n + 1)th term in the expansion of 11 2 x   1 
Tr+1 = Cr   –

(1 + x)2n = 2nCn  5   
 2x x 

(2n)! 2n (2n – 1) (2n − 2) ..... 3.2.1 =

11
Cr (–1) r 211− r ( x1/2 )11– r (5−1 )11− r . 2− r . ( x −3/ 2 ) r
= =

n ! n ! {n(n – 1) (n – 2) ..... 3.2.1}2

11 r 3r
– –
{2n (2n – 2) (2n – 4) ..... 4.2.}{(2n – 1) (2n – 3) .... 3.1} =
11
Cr (–1) r 211− 2 r 5r –11 x 2 2 2
= 11
{n (n − 1) (n − 2) .... 3.2.1}2 – 2r

= 11C
r (–1)r 211–2r 5r–11 x2
2n {n (n – 1) (n – 2) ..... 3.2.1}{(2n – 1) (2n – 3) .... 3.1} 11 11
= This term will be independent of x, if – 2r = 0 ⇒ 2r =
{n (n − 1) (n − 2) .... 3.2.1} 2 2 2

11 11
⇒ r = . Since r = is not an integral value, there is
2n {(2n – 1) (2n – 3) ..... 3.1.} 4 4 11
= . 2 x 1 
{n (n − 1) (n − 2) .... 3.2.1}

no term in the expansion of  –  which is

4   5 2 x x 
5. Middle term in the expansion of (1 + ax)4 is the  + 1 th independent of x.
2 

18
term, i.e., 3rd term.  2
9. The general term in the expansion of  x –  is
 x

\ t3 = t2 + 1 = 4C2 (ax)2

r 18– r
6   2
Middle term in the expansion of (1 – ax)6 is the  + 1 th Tr + 1 =
18
Cr ( x )18– r  −  = 18Cr x 2 (–1) r 2r x − r
2   x

   

term, i.e., 4th term. 18 −3r

\ T4 = T3 + 1 = 6C3 (– 1)3 (ax)3 =

18
Cr x 2 (–1) r 2r
18 – 3r

\ Coefficient of t3 = Coefficient of T4

This term will be independent of x if = 0 ⇒ 18 – 3r

2

4
⇒ C2 α 2 = 6 C3 (–1)3 α3 = 0 ⇒ r = 6.
   

4×3 2 6×5× 4 3 \ Reqd. term = T6+1 = 18C6 (–1)6 26 = 18C6 26 = 18C12 26

α ⇒ 6α 2 = – 20α3

⇒ α = (–1) × ( 18C6 = 18C12)

2 3× 2

n
 1
6 3 10. (1 + x)n 1 + 
⇒ α=– =– .  x

20 10

= [ C0 + C1 x + nC2 x2 + ...... + nCn xn]

n n
6. The general term in the expansion of (3 + 2x)44 is

Tr + 1 = 44Cr (3)44 – r (2x)r

   

\ Tr = 44Cr – 1 (3)44 – (r–1) (2x)r–1 = 44Cr – 1 345 – r (2x)r–1 n n 1 n  1  n  1 

×  C0 + C1   + C2  2  + ...... + Cn  n  
       

  x  x   x 
 

 1

For Tr + 1 to be the greatest term,  where x =  \ The term independent of x in this expansion is
 5

Tr + 1 [nC0 . nC0 + nC1 . nC1 + nC2 . nC2 + ...... + nCn . nCn]

44
Cr 344 – r (2 x) r

>1 ⇒ >1 = (nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + (nC2)2 + ..... + (nCn)2

Tr 44
Cr – 1 345 – r (2 x) r – 1

= C02 + C12 + C22 + ..... + Cn2.

(44) ! 13n
3 x 5 
(44 – r )! r ! 2x (45 – r ) 2 x 11. The general term in the expansion of  –  is
⇒ × >1 ⇒ × >1  7 2 x x 

(44) ! 3 r 3

13n – r r
(44 – r + 1)! (r – 1)! 13n 3 x   −5 
Tr + 1 = Cr    
 7   2x x 

(45 – r ) 2 1
   

× × > 1 ⇒ 90 – 2r > 15r 13n – r – 3r

⇒ −
r 3 5 13nC (–1)r (3)13n–r (7)r–13n (5)r (2)–r x 2 .x 2

= r
90 5 13n
– 2r
⇒ 90 > 17 r or 17 r < 90 ⇒ r < =5 = 13nCr (–1)r (3)13n–r (7)r–13n (5)r (2)–r x 2
17 7

13n
Tr + 1 This term is independent of x if – 2r = 0
⇒ > 1 for all value of r ≤ 5 2

Tr

13n  r 
⇒ = 2r ⇒ n = 4  
⇒ T6, i.e., the 6th term is numerically the greatest term. 2  13 

7. Similar to Q. 6.

⇒ n should be a multiple of 4.
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Ch 4-12 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

n This term is independent of x, if 11 – r = 0 ⇒ r = 11
 2 2

12. 13th term in the expansion of  x +  is given by \ Term independent of x is T11+1 = T12 = 22C11 x22–22 = 22C11.
 x

12 16. 5th term from the end

2 212

n 2 n –12 n 2 n –24
T13 = C12 ( x )   = C12 x = (12 – 5 + 2)th term from the beginning
x x12

= 9th term from the beginning in the expansion of

= nC12 x2n – 36 . 212

12
 x3

If the 13th term is independent of x, then 2n – 36 = 0 2 

 – 2

⇒ n = 18.  2 x 
12 −8 8
The divisors of n = 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 and their sum 12  x3 
 2  12 −4 4
C8    − 2  = C8 x . 2

= 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 + 9 + 18 = 39. =
 2  x 

4 3
 1  1
13.  x –   x +  12 × 11 × 10 × 9

 x  x = × 24 × x − 4 = 7920 x – 4 .
4 × 3× 2 ×1

4 4 4 2 4 4 1 4 1 
=  C0 x – C1 x + C2 – C3 2 + C4 4   2 
15
 x x  17. The general term in the expansion  3 x – 2 

is
 x 

3 3 3 3 1 3 1 
×  C0 x + C1 x + C2 + C3 3  r
 x x   2 
Tr+1 = 15Cr (3x)15–r  − 2 
As can be seen from the given product, there is no term free  x 

of x on RHS, therefore the term independent of x is 0.

15
= Cr (3) 15–r (x)15–r (–1)r (2)r (x)–2r
15
 2 2 = 15Cr (–1)r (2)r (3)15–r (x)15–3r
14. Given, binomial expression =  x + 

 x

This term is independent of x if 15 – 3r = 0 ⇒ r = 5

r
2 \ T5 + 1 = T6 = 6th term from the beginning is independent
General term = Tr + 1 = Cr ( x 2 )15– r   15

of x.
   

x

   

15
= Cr x30 – 2r r –r 15
2 . x = Cr x
    30 – 3r .2 r    

⇒ (15 – 6 + 2)th term is independent of x from the end

For coefficient of x15, put 30 – 3r = 15 ⇒ 3r = 15 ⇒ r = 5 ⇒ 11th term from the end is independent of x.
\ T5 + 1 = T6 = 15C5 x15 . 25

⇒ p = 11.
For term independent of x, put 30 – 3r = 0 ⇒ 3r = 30 18. 3rd term from the end in the expansion of (y1/2 + x1/3)n

⇒ r = 10 = (n – 3 + 2)th term from the beginning in the given expansion

\ T10 + 1 = T11 = 15C10 210

= (n – 1)th term from the beginning in the expansion of
T6 15
C5 2 5 15
C10 1 1 (y1/2 + x1/3)n
\ Required ratio = = 15 10
= 15
× = n−2
T11 C10 2 C10 25 32 n (n – 1)

= Tn – 1 = nC 1/2 n–(n–2)
n–2 (y ) = ×y×x 3
(x1/3)n–2
( nCr = nCn–r) 2

   

11 2 22 11 Given, Binomial Coeff. of 3rd term, i.e., T2 + 1 from the end

 1  

 1   1  n (n – 1)
15.  x + + 2  =   x +   =  x + 
 x   x    x = 45, i.e., nC2 = 45 ⇒ = 45

2
   

22
 1  ⇒ n(n – 1) = 90 ⇒ n = 10
General term in the expansion of  x + is
   

 \ T6 in the expansion of (y1/2 + x1/3)10

 x

22– r  1 
r
22–2 r 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6
Tr+1 =
22
Cr ( x)   =
22
Cr ( x1/2 ) = 10C5 (y1/2)10 – 5 (x1/3)5 =
   

5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1
× y 5/2 × x5/3
 x

= 22Cr x11–r = 252 y5/2 x5/3.

KEY FACTS (Contd.)

1. Binomial theorem for negative or fractional index

Let n be a negative integer or a fraction (+ve or –ve) and x be a real number such that | x | < 1, then
n (n – 1) 2 n (n − 1) (n – 2) 3 n (n – 1) (n – 2) ... ( n – r + 1) r
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + .... + x + ... ∞
2! 3! r!

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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-13

Note 1. The expansion is valid only if | x | < 1.

2. The first term of the binomial is unity, i.e., it is of the form (1 + x) where x ∈ R and | x | < 1. Also the
expansion of (1 + x) to negative or fractional index contains infinite terms.
n
n  x
\ (x + a)n = a 1 +  (n being a negative integer or fraction (+ve or –ve))
 a

n
 x n (n – 1)  x 
2
 n n −1 n (n – 1) a n − 2 2
= a 1 + n . +   + .....  = a + na x + x + .....
 a 2!  a   2!

x
This expression is valid only when < 1 or | x | < | a | .
a

2. General term in the expansion of (1 + x)n, when n is an integer or a fractional rational number.

n (n – 1) (n − 2) ..... (n – r + 1) r
Tr + 1 = .x
r!

3. Some special expansions and their general terms.

a. (1 – x)– 1 = 1 + x + x2 + ..... + xr + .....

b. (1 + x)– 1 = 1 – x + x2 – ..... + (– 1)r xr + .....
c. (1 – x)– 2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + ..... + (r + 1) xr + .....
d. (1 + x)– 2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – ..... + (– 1)r (r + 1) xr + .....
(r + 1) (r + 2) r
e. (1 – x)– 3 = 1 + 3x + 6x2 + ..... + x + .....
2

r ( r + 1) ( r + 2) r
f. (1 + x)– 3 = 1 – 3x + 6x2 – ..... + (− 1) x + .....
2

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1. Write down and simplify the first four terms in the binomial expansion of (1 – 2x)2/3.

22  2 2 2 
 – 1  – 1  – 2 
2 3  3  (− 2 x) 2 + 3  3   3  (– 2 x)3 + .....
Sol. (1 – 2x)2/3 = 1 + (– 2 x) +
3 2 .1 3 . 2 .1

4 4 2 32 3
= 1– x – x – x + .....
3 9 81

2
1− x 
Ex. 2. Find the coefficient of x4 in the expansion of   .
1+ x

2
1− x  2 –2 2 2 3 4
Sol.

 1 + x  = (1 – x) (1 + x) = (1 – 2x + x ) (1 – 2x + 3x – 4x + 5x .....) ­

 
The coefficient of x4 in this expansion or product is (1 – 2x + x2) (1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + 5x4)
(1 × 5) + (– 2) × (– 4) + 1 × 3= 5 + 8 + 3 = 16.

Ex. 3. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of (1 + x + x2 + x3)– 3.

Sol. (1 + x + x2 + x3)–3 = {(1 + x) + x2 (1 + x)}– 3 = {(1 + x) (1 + x2)}– 3 = (1 + x)–3 (1 + x2)– 3

= {1 – 3x + 6x2 – 10x3 + .....} {1 – 3x2 + 6x4 – 10x6 + .....}

  \ The coefficient of x here = – 3.
Ex. 4. Find the square root of 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... ?
(RPET 2007)
Sol. 1 + 2x +
3x2 + 4x3 + ..... = (1 – x)– 2
1
\ Reqd. square root = (1 – x)  2 = (1 – x )
−2 –1

 
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Ch 4-14 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

Ex. 5. Find the coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 – 4x)– 1/2.

 1  1   1  1   1 
 –   – – 1  –   – – 1  – – 2
 1 2 2 2 2 2
Sol. (1 – 4x)– 1/2 = 1 +  – 

(–4 x) + (–4 x) 2 + (–4 x)3 + .....

 2 1.2 1.2.3

 1  1   1   1 
 –   – – 1  – – 2 ......  – – r + 1
2 2 2 2
+ . (–4 x) r + .....
1.2.3. ..... r

 1  3  1  3  5  1  3  5   2r – 1
                ...  
1 2 2 (4 x) 2 + 2 2 2 (4 x)3 + ..... + 2 2 2 2  (4 x) r + .....
= 1 + (4 x) +
2 2! 3! r!

 1   3   2r – 1
    ...  
2 2 2  (4 x) r = 1.3.5. ... (2r – 1) . 22 r . x r 1.3. ... (2r − 1) 2r . x r
\ Tr + 1 = General term = =
r! 2r . r ! r!

1.2.3 ..... (2r – 1) . 2r 2r . x r (2r ) ! 2r . x r (2r )! r

= . = r . = .x
2.4.6. ..... 2r r! 2 (1.2.3. ..... r ) r ! r !. r !

(2r ) ! (2n) !
\ coefficient of xr = ⇒ coefficient of x n = .
r ! r! ( n !)2

 

PRACTICE SHEET–3
(Binomial Theorem for Negative or Fractional Index)

1. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 + x–2), where |x|<1

(a) 1 (b) 2 (d) 4 (c) 3

(a) –5 (b) –3 (c) 4

(d) 5
(EAMCET 2001)
(J&K CET 2010) 6. For | x | < 1, the constant term in the expansion of

2. If | x | < 1, then the coefficient of x6 in the expansion of 1

is

(1 + x + x2)–3 is 2
( x – 1) ( x – 2)
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 12

(Kerala PET 2009) 1

(a) − (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2

n 2

1 + x 
3. Coefficient of x in the expansion of   is 7. The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 – 2x)–1/2 is
1 – x 

n (n + 1) (2n)! (2n)! (2n)! (2n)!

(a) 2n (b) 4n (c) n2 (d) (a) (b) (c) (d)
2 (n !) 2 2n n ! 2n (n !) 2

n!

(AMU 2003)
1
4. If | x | < 1, then the coefficient of xn in (1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 8. If | x | < , then the coefficient of xr in the expansion of
2

+ ....)1/2 is
(a) 1 (b) – n (c) n (d) n + 1 1 + 2x

is
(WB JEE 2009) (1 – 2 x) 2
(1 – 3 x) 2 (a) r 2r (b) r . 22r + 1
   

(c) (2r – 1)2r (d) (2r + 1).2r

5. The coefficient of x4 in the expansion of is
 

(1 – 2 x) (EAMCET 2005)

ANSWERS

1. (d)
2. (a)
3. (a)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (a)
7. (c)
8. (d)

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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-15

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
1. (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + 5x4

1
⇒ Coefficient of x4 in the expansion of (1 + x)–2 = 5. \ Coefficient of constant term = – .
2

−3 3
 1 − x3   1− x  We have done it because expansion of (x + a)n when n is
2. (1 + x + x2)–3 =   = = (1 − x)3 (1 − x3 ) −3

3  a –ve integer or fraction is valid only when | a | < 1.

 1− x  1 − x 

   

n
= (3C0 – 3C1 x + 3C2 x2 – 3C3 x3) n n x x

\ We write ( x + a ) = a 1 +  , where < 1.

 a a

 3 (–3) (– 3 – 1)
1 + (–3) . (– x ) + (– x3 ) 2
1.2 7. General term in the expansion of (1 – 2x)–1/2

1 1  1   1 
(–3) (– 3 – 1) (– 3 – 2) 
−  − − 1  − − 2  ....  − − r + 1
+ (– x3 )3 + ... 2 2  2   2  (– 2 x) r
Tr + 1 =
1.2.3  r!

   

= (1 – 3x + 3x2 – x3) (1 + 3x3 + 6x6 + 10x9 + ....)  1   3   5   2r − 1 

(–1) r       ..... 


⇒ Coefficient of x6 in the given expansion  2   2   2   2  (–1) r 2r . x r
=

= (1 × 6 + (–1) × 3) = 6 – 3 = 3. r!

n
1 + x  2r 1. 3 . 5 . 7 . ..... (2r − 1)
3.  n
 = (1 + x) (1 – x)
–n
= (–1) . 2r . x r
1 − x 
r
r! 2

 n(n – 1) 2  1. 3 . 5 . 7 ...... (2r – 1) r

= 1 + nx + x + ...
 = x
2!

r!

 – n (– n – 1) 
1 + (– n) (– x) + (– x) 2 + ... For this term to contain xn, r = n
1.2. 

1. 3 . 5 . 7. ...... (2n – 1) n
\ Coefficient of x in the given expansion = n + n = 2n. \ Tn + 1 = x
n!

   

4. (1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ....)1/2 = [(1 – x)–2]1/2

= (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ..... 1. 2 . 3 . 4 . 5. ..... (2n – 2) (2n − 1) (2n) n

= x
2 . 4 . 6. ..... (2n − 2) (2n) n !

⇒ coefficient of each term = 1

⇒ coefficient of xn = 1. (2n)! (2n)!
= xn = xn

n n
5. = (1 – 3x)2 (1 – 2x)–1 2 (1. 2 . 3. ..... (n – 1) . n) n ! 2 . n! n!

(–1) (– 1 – 1)
= (1 – 6x + 9x2) (1 + (– 1)) (–2x) + (–2x)2 2n !
1.2 \ Required coefficient = .

2n (n !) 2
 

(– 1) (– 1 – 1) (– 1 – 2)
+ . (–2 x)3 1 + 2x
1.2.3

8. = (1 + 2x) (1 – 2x)–2
(1 – 2 x) 2

(–1) (– 1 – 1) (– 1 – 2) (– 1 – 3)
+ (–2 x) 4 + .... – 2 (– 2 – 1)
1.2.3.4 = (1 + 2x) (1 + –2(–2x)) + (– 2 x) 2
2!
= (1 – 6x + 9x2) (1 + 2x + 4x2 + 8x3 + 16x4 + .....)
–2 (– 2 – 1) (– 2 – 2) ..... (– 2 – r – 1 + 1)

⇒ coefficient of x4 in the given product + ..... (−2 x) r −1 +

(r – 1)!
= (1 × 16) + (– 6 × 8) + (9 × 4) = – 48 + 36 + 16 = 4.
 

1 1 −2 (– 2 – 1) ...... (– 2 – r + 1)
= (−2 x) r + ....}
6. r!
( x – 1) 2 ( x − 2) – 2 (1 – x) 2 (1 − x /2)

1  –2 x –1  = (1 + 2x) (1 + 2(2x) + 3 (2x)2 + .... r (2x)r–1 + (r + 1) (2x)r

= − (1 − x) (1 – 2 ) 

+ ....)
[Note: The steps of taking 2 out from (x – 2)] \ Coefficient of xr in the given expansion
1  2  x  = (r + 1)2r + 2 . r . 2r–1 = (r + 1) 2r + r . 2r = (2r + 1) . 2r.
= − (1 + 2 x + 3 x + .....) 1 + 2 + .....  

2  

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Ch 4-16 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

Properties of Binomial Coefficients
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ex. 1. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn, then find the values of

(i) C1 + C2 + C3 + ..... + Cn

(ii) C1 – C2 + C3 – ..... + (– 1)n Cn

C1 2C 2 3C 3 nC n
(iii) + + + ...... +
Co C1 C2 Cn – 1

Sol. (i)
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn

Sum of binomial coefficients = 2n

∴ C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n ⇒ C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n – C0 = 2n – 1
 

(ii) (1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn

Put x = – 1, in the above equation, we have

0 = C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + ..... + (– 1)n Cn ⇒ C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + ..... + (– 1)n Cn = 0
 
 

⇒ C1 – C2 + C3 + ..... – (– 1)n Cn = C0 = 1

C1 2C2 3C3 nCn n 2n (n – 1) 3n (n – 1) (n – 2) × 2 n ×1

(iii) + + + ..... + = + + + ..... +
C0 C1 C2 Cn – 1 1 2 .1. n 3 . 2 .1. n(n – 1) n

= n + (n – 1) + (n – 2) + ..... + 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + (n – 2) + (n – 1) + n
n ( n + 1)
= (Sum of an A.P.)
2

Ex. 2. If (1 + x – 3x2)10 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a20x20, then find a2 + a4 + a6 + ..... + a20.
(Kerala PET 2007)
Sol. (1 + x – 3x2)10 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a20x20 ...(i)
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get:
1 + a1 + a2 + ..... + a20

= (– 1)10 = 1 ...(ii)
Putting x = – 1 in (i), we get
1 – a1 + a2 – ..... + a20 = (– 3)10 = 310 ...(iii)
Adding (ii) and (iii), we get
2(1 + a2 + a4 + ..... + a20) = 310 + 1
310 – 1
⇒ 2(a2 + a4 + ..... + a20) = 310 –1 ⇒ a2 + a4 + ..... + a20 = .
2

     

Ex. 3. Given that (1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn x n and C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ..... + Cn = 1024, find the value
 

n
 2 1
of n and hence find the term in the expansion of  x +  which contains x11.
 x
Sol. Sum of coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n

= C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n

Given, 2n = 1024 ⇒ 2n = 210 ⇒ n = 10.

       

10
 2 1
Now, general term Tr + 1 in the expansion of  x + 
 x

r
10 2 10 – r  1  10 20 – 3 r
= Cr ( x )   = Cr x
 x

∴ For term containing x11, 20 – 3r = 11 ⇒ 3r = 9 ⇒ r = 3        

10 × 9 × 8 11
T4 = T3 + 1 = 10C3 x20 – 9 = × x = 120 x 11 .
3× 2

∴
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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-17

Ex. 4. If C0, C1, C2, ....., Cn be the coefficients in the expansion of (1 + x)n, then find the value of C02 + C12 + C22

+ ..... + Cn2.
Sol. (1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + ..... + Cn xn
...(i)
Also (1 + x)n = Cn xn + Cn – 1 xn – 1 + ..... + C2 x2 + C1x + C0
...(ii)
Multiplying both the sides of eqn. (i) and (ii), we have
(1 + x)2n = (C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn – 1 xn – 1 + Cn xn) × (Cn xn + Cn – 1 xn – 1 + ..... + C2 x2 + C1 x + C0)

Now equating coefficients of xn on both the sides, we have

2nC = C0 Cn + C1 Cn – 1 + C2 Cn – 2 + ..... + Cn – 1 C1 + Cn C0

⇒ 2nC
= C02 + C12 + C22 + ..... + (Cn – 1)2 + Cn2 ( C0 = Cn, C1 = Cn – 1, .....)

2n (2n)!
⇒ C02 + C12 + C22 + ..... + Cn2 = 2nCn = = .
( n) 2 ( n!)2

1 1 1
Ex. 5. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn, then find the value of C 0 + C1 + C 2 + ..... + Cn .
2 3 ( n + 1)

1 1 1 1 1 1 n
Sol. C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = n C0 + n C1 + n C2 + ..... + Cn
2 3 n +1 2 3 n +1

n n (n − 1) 1 1  (n + 1) n (n + 1) n (n – 1) 
= 1+ + + ..... + =  (n + 1) + + + ..... + 1
2 3. 2 n +1 n +1  2 3. 2


1 1
=  n + 1 C1 + n +1
C2 + ..... + Cn + 1  =
n +1
 n + 1 C0 + n +1
C1 + n +1
C2 + ..... + n +1
Cn + 1 – n +1
C0 
n +1  n +1 

1
= (2n + 1 – 1). ( Sum of coefficients of (1 + x)n = 2n)
n+1

PRACTICE SHEET–4
(Properties of Binomial Coefficients)
1. The value of 15C8 + 15C9 – 15C6 – 15C7 is
7. 20C4 + 2 . 20C3 + 20C2 – 22C18 is equal to

(a) –1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) None of these

(a) 0 (b) 1242 (c) 7315 (d) 6345

(Odisha JEE 2009) (RPET 2005)
2. The value of (7C0 + 7C1) + (7C1 + 7C2) + .... + (7C6 + 7C7) is

8. The sum of the series

(a) 28 – 1 (b) 28 + 1 (c) 28 – 2 (d) 28 20C – 20C + 20C – 20C + ...... + 20C is
0 1 2 3 10

(Kerala CEE 2008)

1

20
3. If n = 5, then (a) 20C10 (b) C10 (c) 0 (d) 20C10
2

(nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + (nC2)2 + .... + (nC5)2 is equal to

(AIEEE 2007)

(a) 250 (b) 254 (c) 252 (d) 245

9. In the expansion of (1 + x)30, the sum of the coefficients of

4. The value of

50C
4 + ∑ 56 − r
C3 is the odd powers of x is
r =1 (a) 230 (b) 231 (c) 0
(d) 229

(a) 56C4 (b) 56C3 (d) 55C4

(c) 55C3

10. If (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ...... + a2nx2n, then

8 (AIEEE 2005) a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... + a2n is equal to

C0

5. – C1 + C2 . 6 – C3 . 6 + ..... + C8 . 67 is equal to
8 8 8 2 8
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2n (d) 2nCn
6

58

(a) 0 (b) (c) 67 (d) 68 11. If (1 – x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ...... + a2nx2n, then

a0 + a2 + a4 + ..... + a2n equals

(J&K CET 2009)

6. The sum of the last eight coefficients in the expansion of 3n − 1 1 − 3n n 1 3n + 1

(a) (b) (c) 3 + (d)

(1 + x)15 is (DCE 2007) 2 2 2 2

(a) 216 (b) 215

(c) 214 (d) None of these

(WBJEE 2010)
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12. If n is an odd positive integer and (1 + x +
x2 + x 3) n = 16. If (1 +
x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + .... + Cnxn, then
3n
C0 + 3 . C1 + 5 . C2 + .... + (2n + 1) . Cn equals
∑ ar x r , then a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... – a3n equals

r =0 (a) 22n–1 (b) (n + 1) 2n (c) n . 2n+1

(d) (n – 1) 2n–1
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 4n (d) 0  C  C  C   C 
17. 1 + 1  1 + 2  1 + 3  ..... 1 + n  is equal to

(Karnataka CET 2011) C0   C1   C2  Cn −1 

 
13. If (1 + x – 2x2)6 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a12x12, then the

n +1 (n + 1) n (n – 1) n (n + 1) n
value of a1 + a3 + ..... + a11 is (a) (b) (c) (d)
n! (n – 1)! n! n!

(a) 32 (b) – 32 (c) 64 (d) – 64

(Kerala CEE 2013)

14. Let (1 + x)n

= 1 + a1x + a2 + ..... + x2 anxn. If a1, a2 and a3

18. If (1 + x)n
= C0 + C1x + + ..... + Cnxn, then
C2x2

are in A.P., then the value of n is

C0C1 + C1 C2 + .... + Cn–1Cn is equal to

(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) 7

(2n)! (2n − 1)!

(BITSAT 2010) (a) (b)

(n – 1)! (n + 1)! (n – 1)! (n + 1)!

15. If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + .... + Cnxn, then the sum

(2n)!

C1 + 2 . C2 + 3 . C3 + .... + n . Cn equals (c) (d) None of these

(n + 2)! (n + 1)!

(a) 2n–1 (b) (n – 1) 2n–1 (c) n . 2n–1

(d) (n – 1) 2n (Odisha JEE 2008)

ANSWERS
1. (b)
2. (c)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (c)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (d)
10. (b)

11. (d) 12. (d)

13. (b)
14. (d)
15. (c)
16. (b)
17. (d)
18. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. 15C8 + 15C9 – 15C6 – 15C7

1 8
= 15C8 + 15C9 – 15C9 – 15C8 ( nCr = nCn–r) = [ C0 – 6 . 8C1 + 62 . 8C2 – 63 . 8C3 + ..... + 68 . 8C8]
6

=0
1 58

8
2. (7C0 + 7C1) + (7C1 + 7C2) + ..... + (7C6 + 7C7) = (1 − 6)  = [ (1 – x)n = nC0 – x . nC1 + x2 . nC2
6 6

= 8C1 + 8C2 + 8C3 + ..... + 8C7 ( nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr + 1)

   
– x3 . nC3 + ..... + xn . nCn]
= 8C1 + 8C2 + 8C3 + ..... + 8C7 + (8C0 + 8C8) – (8C0 + 8C8) 6. (1 + x)15 = 15C0 + 15C1 . x + 15C2 . x2 + 15C3 . x3 + ..... + 15Cn . xn

= 8C0 + 8C1 + 8C2 + 8C3 + ..... + 8C7 + 8C8 – (2)

As, sum of binomial coefficients = 2n

( nC0 = nCn = 1) \ 15C0 + 15C1 + 15C2 + ..... + 15C14 + 15C15 = 215
= 28 – 2. ( nC0 + nC2 + ..... + nCn = 2n) ⇒ 15C15 + 15C14 + 15C13 + ..... + 15C8 + 15C8 + 15C14 + 15C15
3. (nC0)2 + (nC1)2 + (nC2)2 + .... + (nC5)2

= 215 ( nCr = nCn–r)

= (5C0)2 + (5C1)2 + (5C2)2 + .... + (5C5)2 ⇒ 2 ( C8 + C9 + ..... + C14 + C15) = 215
15 15 15 15
= 12 + 52 + 102 + 102 + 52 + 12 ⇒ (15C8 + 15C9 + ..... + 15C15) = 214 ­

= 1 + 25 + 100 + 100 + 25 + 1 = 252.

⇒ Required sum = Sum of last eight coefficients = 214.

4.
50
C4 + ∑ 56 − r
C3 7. 20C4 + 2 . 20C3 + 20C2 – 22C18

r =1 = 20C4 + 20C3 + 20C3 + 20C2 – 22C18

= 50C4 + 55C3 + 54C3 + 53C3 + 52C3 + 51C3 + 50C3 = 21C4 + 21C3 – 22C18 ( nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1)
= 50C3 + 50C4 + 51C3 + 52C3 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3
22 22 22
= C4 – C18 = C18 – C18 = 0 22

= 51C4 + 51C3 + 52C3 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3 ( nCr = nCn – r ⇒ 22C4 = 22C22–4 = 22C18)
   

( nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1) 8. (1 + x)20 = 20C0 + 20C1 x + 20C2 x2 + 20C3 x3 + .....

= 52C4 + 52C3 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3 + 20C19 x19 + 20C20 x20

= 53C4 + 53C3 + 54C3 + 55C3 = 54C4 + 54C3 + 55C3 On putting x = – 1, we get
= 55C4 + 55C3 = 56C4. 0 = 20C0 – 20C1 + 20C2 – 20C3 + ..... – 20C19 + 20C20
8
C0 8 ⇒ 0 = 20C0 – 20C1 + ..... – 20C9 + 20C10 – 20C9 + 20C8 ....
5. – C1 + 8C2 . 6 – 8C3 . 62 + ..... + 8C8 . 67 + 20C0 ( nCr = nCn – r)
6

   
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BINOMIAL THEOREM Ch 4-19

⇒ 0 = 2 (20C0 – 20C1 + ..... – 20C9) + 20C10 n! n! n!
⇒ 2 (20C0 – 20C1 + ..... – 20C9) = – 20C10 ⇒ 2× = +
2! (n − 2)! (n − 1)!1! (n − 3)! 3!

⇒ 2 (20C0 – 20C1 + ..... – 20C9 + 20C10) = 20C10.

2 × n (n − 1) n (n − 1) (n − 2)

(Adding 2. 20C10 on both the sides) ⇒ =n+

2 3× 2

1 20
⇒ 20C
0 – 20C1 + ..... – 20C9 + 20C10 = C10. ⇒ 6 (n2 – n) = 6n + n (n2 – 3n + 2)
2
 

⇒ 6n2 – 6n = 6n + n3 – 3n2 + 2n ⇒ n3 – 9n2 + 14n = 0

9. Sum of the coefficients of odd powers of x in (1 + x)30
   

⇒ n (n2 – 9n + 14) = 0 ⇒ n (n – 2) (n – 7) = 0

= C1 + C3 + C5 + ..... + C29 = 230 –1 = 229.

   

⇒ n = 2 or 7.

10. Given, (1 + x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a2n x2

Rejecting n = 2 as there are only three terms in the expansion

Putting x = –1 in the above equation, we have

of (1 + x)2, we have n = 7.
(1 – 1 + 1)n = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... + a2n 15. (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + .... + nCn xn

⇒ a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... + a2n = 1n = 1. = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn

11. Given, (1 – x + x2)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a2n x2n ...(i)

∴ C1 + 2.C2 + 3.C3 + ..... + n.Cn

Putting x = 1 in the given equation (i), we have
n (n – 1) n(n – 1) (n – 2)

1 = a0 + a1 + a2 + a3 + ..... + a2n ...(ii) = n + 2× + 3× + ..... + n

2! 3!

Putting x = –1 in the above given equation (i), we have

 (n − 1) (n − 2) 

(1 – (–1) + 1)n = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... + a2n = n 1 + (n − 1) + + ..... + 1

 2! 

⇒ 3n = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... + a2n ...(iii)

= n [n–1C0 + n–1C1 + n–1C2 + ..... + n–1Cn–1] = n . 2n–1.

Adding eqns (ii) and (iii), we have

16. C0 + 3C1 + 5C2 + ..... (2n + 1) Cn

1 + 3n = 2(a0 + a2 + a4 + ..... + a2n)

= (C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn) + (2C1 + 4C2 + ..... + 2n Cn)

3n + 1 = 2n + 2 (C1 + 2C2 + 3.C3 + ..... + n Cn)

⇒ a0 + a2 + a4 + ..... + a2n = .

= 2n + 2 × n . 2n –1  

(Proved in Q.15)
3n n n n
= 2 + n . 2 = 2 (n + 1).
12. Given, (1 + x + x2 + x3)n = ∑ ar xr

C  C  C  C 

r =0  
17. 1 + 1  1 + 2  1 + 3  ..... 1 + n 
C C C C

⇒ (1 + x + + x2 x3)n
= a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a3n x3n  0  1  2   n −1 

Putting x = –1 in the above given equation, we have  n n (n − 1)   2n (n − 1) (n − 2) 

= 1 +  1 +  1+  ....

0 = a0 – a1 + a2 – a3 + ..... – a3n  1 2n   6n (n − 1)


13. Given, (1 + x – 2x2)6 = 1 + a1x + a2x2 + ..... + a12n x12 ...(i)  1
1 + 

Putting x = 1, in (i) we have  n

(1 + 1 – 2 × 1)6 = 1 + a1 + a2 + ..... + a12  n + 1   n + 1   n + 1   n + 1  ( n + 1)
n
 ....  = .

⇒ 1 + a1 + a2 + ..... + a12 = 0 ...(ii) =   

 1  2  3   n  n!

Putting x = – 1, in (i), we have 18. Given, (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn xn

...(i)

(1 + (–1) – 2(–1)2)6 = 1 – a1 + a2 – ..... + a12 Also, (x + 1)n = C0 xn + C1xn–1 + C2 xn–2 + .....

⇒ 1 – a1 + a2 – ..... + a12 = (–2)6 = 64 ...(iii) + Cn–1 x + Cn ...(ii)

Subtracting eqn. (ii) from eqn. (i), we have Multiplying (i) by (ii) we get
2 (a1 + a3 + a5 + ..... a11) = – 64 (1 + x)2n = (C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cn–1 xn–1 + Cn xn)
⇒ a1 + a3 + a5 + ..... a11 = – 32. × (C0 xn + C1xn–1 + C2 xn–2 + ..... + Cn–1 x + Cn)
14. (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + nC3 x3 + .... + nCn xn

Now equating the coefficient of xn–1 on both the sides, we

= 1 + a1x + a2x2 + a3 x3 + ..... + an xn get
Given, a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. (2n)!
C0C1 + C1C2 + ..... + Cn–1Cn = 2nCn–1 = .

⇒ nC1, nC2, nC3, are in A.P ⇒ 2. nC2 = nC1 + nC3 (n − 1)! (n + 1)!

   

SELF ASSESSMENT SHEET

10 2. If the coefficient of rth and (r + 1)th terms in the expansion
x 2 

1. If the rth term in the expansion of  − 2  contains x4, of (3 + 7x)29 are equal, then r equals
3 x 

then r is equal to (a) 15 (b) 21 (c) 14 (d) None of these

(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) – 3 (d) 5
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Ch 4-20 IIT FOUNDATION MATHEMATICS CLASS – X

n 5
1 
3. The sum of coefficients of the expansion  + 2 x  is 6561. 5.
47
C4 + ∑ 52−r C3 is equal to
x

 

r =1

The coefficient of term independent of x is (a) 47C6 (b) 52C5

(c) 52C4
(d) None of these

5 2
6. The coefficent of x in (1 + 2x + 3x + ....) is 3/2
(a) 16. 8C4 (b) 8C4 (c) 8C5 (d) None of these

(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 21 (d) 22

(BCECE 2009)

n
7. If | x | < |, then the coefficient of x in the expansion of

 50 C0 50
C2 50
C4 50
C50  (1 + x + x2 + x3 + .....)2 is
4. The value of  + + + .... +  is

 1 3 5 51  (a) n – 1 (b) n (c) n + 1 (d) n + 2

2 50
2 50
−1 2 51
−1 2 50
−1 8. What is the coefficient of x5 in the expansion of

(a) (b) (c) (d) (1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ..... ∞)–5.

51 51 50 50

10! 10!
(Kerala PET 2007) (a) 2
(b) 5–5 (c) 55 (d)
(5!) 6! 4!

ANSWERS
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (c)
7. (c)
8. (a)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. General Term = Tr+1 = nCr (x)n–r (a)r in the expansion of 50 50
C0 50 C2 50 C4 C50

(x + a)n. 4. + + + ...... +
1 3 5 51

10
x 2  1 50 × 49 50 × 49 × 48 × 47 1
\ Tr in the expansion of  – 2 
3 x  = + + + ..... + 

1 3 × 2! 5 × 4! 51 

10 − ( r –1) r −1
10 x  2  1  51 × 50 × 49 51 × 50 × 49 × 48 × 47
= Cr –1   − 2  51 + + + .....
3 =
 x  51 

3! 5!

= 10Cr–1 (x)13–3r (3)–11+r (–1)r . (2)r–1 1  51 1 250

For x4, 13 – 3r = 4 ⇒ 3r = 9 ⇒ r = 3. =  C1 +
51
C3 + 51
C5 + ..... = × 251−1 =
51 51 51

       

2. In the expansion of (3 + 7x)29

( Sum of odd coefficient = 2n–1)

5
Tr+1 = 29Cr (3)29–r (7x)r = 29Cr 329–r . 7r . xr

5. 47C4 +

∑ 52−r C3
\ Coefficient of (r + 1)th term = 29Cr 329–r 7r r =1

= 51C + 50C3 + 49C3 + 48C3 + 47C3 + 47C4

\ Coefficient of rth term = 29C
r–1 329–(r–1) 7r–1

3
= 51C + 50C3 + 49C3 + 48C3 + 48C4
= 29Cr–1 330–r 7r–1

Given, 29C × 329–r × 7r = 29Cr–1 × 330–r × 7r–1 ( nCr + nCr+1 = n+1Cr+1)

  

r
29 = 51C3 + 50C3 + 49C3 + 49C4 = 51C3 + 50C3 + 50C4
Cr 3 30 – r 3

⇒ 29
= ⇒ = = 51C3 + 51C4 = 52C4.
Cr −1 7 r 7

6. (1 + 2x + 3x2 + .....)3/2 = ((1 – x)–2)3/2 = (1 – x)–3

⇒ 210 – 7r = 3r ⇒ 210 = 10r ⇒ r = 21.

3.4 2 3.4.5 3 3.4.5.6 4 3.4.5.6.7 5

       

n = 1 + 3x + x + x + x + x + ....
1  2! 3! 4! 5!

3. Sum of the coefficients of the expansion  + 2 x  = 6561

 x  3.4.5.6.7

\ Coefficient of x5 = = 21.
Putting x = 1,

5!
(1 + 2)n = 6561   ⇒ 3n = 38 ⇒ n = 8
     
7. (1 + x + x2 + x3 + .....)2 = {(1 – x)–1)}2 = (1 – x)–2

8
1  = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ..... + (n + 1)xn + .....
Tr + 1 in the expansion of  + 2 x 

 x  \ Coefficient of xn in this expansion = (n + 1).

∴

1
8− r 8. (1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ..... ∞)–5 = {(1 + x)–2}–5 = (1 + x)10
8 r 8 r 2r − 8

= Cr   (2 x) = Cr 2 x 10! 10!
x 10

\ Coefficient of x5 = C5 = = .
5! 5! (5!)2

Since this term is independent of x, 2r – 8 = 0 ⇒ r = 4.    

\ Reqd. term = 8C4 . 24 = 16 . 8C4. ( (1 + x)n = 1 + nC1 x + nC2 x2 + nC3 x2 + ....)