LAHORE GARRISON UNIVERSITY

ASSIGNMENT#01

Your
TOPIC:-
Your System memory
SUBJECT:-
ICT

SUBMITTED BY:-
Muhammad Safyan

Section: A

Class: BSIT

SUBMITTED TO:-
Dr. Irshad Ahmad

SUBMISSION DATE:
6/8/2020
System memory
Memory is the most essential part of computing system because without it
computer can’t perform simple tasks. In computing, memory refers to a device
that is use in a computer. Computer memory is generic term of all the different
types of data storage technology that a computer may use.
Another way the computer memory is that some types are non-volatile, which
means they can store data on a long term basis even when there is no power. And
some types are volatile, which are often faster, but which lose all data stored on
them as the power is switched off.

Types of System Memory

ROM:
ROM stand for Read Only Memory. ROM offers huge types off standard to save
data as it is a permanent memory location. But it works with the read only
operations. It is not volatile. Always retains its data.
 Used in embedded systems or where the programming needs no change.
 Used in calculators and peripheral device.
Types of Read Only Memory (ROM):
a) PROM
b) EROM
c) EPROM

a) PROM:
PROM stand for Programmable read-only memory. It can be programmed
by user. Once programmed, the data and instructions in it cannot be
changed.
 It can be bought at a low cost as compared to other RAMs.
b) EPROM:
It stand for Erasable Programmable read-only memory. It can be
reprogrammed. To erase data from it, expose it to ultra violet light. To
reprogram it, erase all the previous data.
c) EEPROM:
It stand for Electrically Erasable Programmable read- only memory. The
data can be erased by applying electric field, no need of ultra violet light.
We can erase only portions of the chip.
  It was a replacement for PROM and EPROM chips and later it is used
for computer BIOS.

RAM:
RAM stand for Random Access Memory. It is random access memory because of
the random selection of memory location. It performs both read and writes
operations on memory. It stores data temporarily.
If power failure happen in the system during memory access than you will lose
your data permanently. So, RAM is a volatile memory. RAM is the main memory
in a computer, and it is much faster to read from and write to than other kinds of
storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD) or optical drive.
Functions of RAM
Because of its volatility, RAM can’t store permanent data. RAM can be compared
to a person’s short-term memory, and a hard disk drive to a person’s long-term
memory. Short term memory is focused on immediate work, but it can only keep
a limited number of facts in view at any one time. When a person’s short-term
memory fills up it can be refreshed with facts stored in the brain’s long-term
memory.
A computer also works this way. If RAM fills up, the computer’s processer must
repeatedly go to hard disk to overlay the old data in RAM with new data. This
process slows the computer’s operations.
A computer hard disk can become completely full of data and unable to take any
more but RAM won’t run of the memory. However the combination of RAM and
storage memory can be completely used up.
The amount of RAM needed all depends on what the user is doing. When video
editing, for example, its recommended that a system have at least 16 GB RAM,
though more is desirable. For photo editing using Photoshop, adobe recommends
a system have at least3GB of RAM to run Photoshop cc on a mac.
Types of RAM:
Integrated RAM chips are available in two forms:
 1. SRAM
2. DRAM

SRAM
The Static Random Access Memories consists of circuits capable of retaining the
stored information’s as long as the power is applied. That means this type of
memory requires constant power. SRAM memories are used to build Cache
Memory.

SRAM Memory Cell: Static Memories (SRAM) are memories that consists of
circuits capable of retaining their state as long as power is on.
The bellows figure shows a cell diagram of SRAM. A latch is formed by two
inverters connected as shown in the figure. Two transistors T1 and T2 are used for
connected the latch with tow bit lines. The purpose of these transistors is to act
as switches that can be opened or closed under the control of the word line,
which is controlled by the address decoder. When the word line is at o-level, the
transistors are turned off and the latch remains its information.

For Read operation, the word line is activated by the address input to the address
decoder. The activated word line closes both the transistors (switches) T1 and T2.
Then the bit values at points A and B can transmit to their respective bit lines. The
sense/write circuit at the end of the bit lines sends the output to the processor.
For Write operation, the address provided to the decoder activates the word line
to close both the switches. Then the bit value that to be written into the cell is
provided through the sense/write circuit and the signals in bit lines are then
stored in the cell.

DRAM:
DRAM stores the binary information in the form of electric charges that applied to
capacitors. The stored information on the capacitors tend to lose over a period of
time and thus the capacitors must be periodically recharged to retain their usage.
The main memory is generally made up of DRAM chips.
DRAM Memory Cell: Though SRAM is very fast, but it is expensive because of its
every cell requires several transistors. Relatively less expensive RAM is DRAM, due
to the use of one transistor and one capacitor in each cell, as shown in the below
figure., where C is the capacitor and T is the transistor. Information is stored in a
DRAM cell in the form of a charge on a capacitor and this charge needs to be
periodically recharged.
For storing information in this cell, transistor T is turned on and an appropriate
voltage is applied to the bit line. This causes a known amount of charge to be
stored in the capacitor. After the transistor is turned off, due to the property of
the capacitor, it starts to discharge. Hence, the information stored in the cell can
be read correctly only if it is read before the charge on the capacitors drops below
some threshold value.

Types of DRAM
There are mainly 5 types of DRAM:
1. ADRAM 2.SDRAM 3.DDR SDRAM 4.RDRAM 5.CDRAM