Text Book:
ELEC 321-001
• MJ Roberts, "Signals and Systems: Analysis using Transform Methods
and Matlab", 2e, McGraw Hill, 2011.
SIGNALS and SYSTEMS
• Simon Haykins and Barry Van Veen, “Signals and Systems” (2nd Ed.), J
ohn Wiley & Sons, 2003.
PROF. KALYANA C. VELUVOLU
IT1-817 References:
Tel: 053-950-7232 • Mrinal Mandal and Amir Asif, Continuous and Discrete Time Signals
E-mail: veluvolu@[Link] and Systems, Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[Link]
School of Electronics Engineering • Oppenheim, Alan V., and A. S. Willsky. Signals and Systems. Prentice
Kyungpook National University Hall, 1982.
1 2
Week # Syllabus 8
0LGWHUP ([DP
1 9
Introduction to Signals and Systems (Chapter 1) Continuous-time Fourier Methods (Chapter 6)
2 Mathematical Descriptions of Continuous-Time Signals (Chapter 2) 10 Discrete-time Fourier Methods (Chapter 7)
3 Discrete-time Signal Description (Chapter 3)
4 11 The Laplace Transforms (Chapter 8)
Description of Systems (Chapter 4)
5 Time-Domain System Analysis (Chapter 5) 12 The Laplace Transforms / The Z Transforms (Chapter 8/9)
6 Time-Domain System Analysis (Chapter 5)
13 The Z Transforms (Chapter 9)
7 Continuous-time Fourier Methods (Chapter 6)
14 Applications
LECTURE NOTES DOWNLOAD
LECTURE NOTES DOWNLOAD
[Link]
[Link] 3 4
Signals and Systems - Introduction
GRADING
Assignments Mid term Exam Final Exam Attendance • A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys information
20% 38 % 38% 4%
• Systems respond to signals and produce new signals
Ø Assignments constitute 20% of the grading.
• Excitation signals are applied at system inputs and response
Ø A total 3-4 Assignments will be given and students are signals are produced at system outputs
required to submit it by the due date.
Ø Copying of the solutions from solution manuals and from
friends will be penalized.
5 6
A Communication System Example
A Communication System as a System Example
Snapshot of Pathfinder exploring the
surface of Mars. (Top figure)
• A communication system has an information signal plus
noise signals The 70-meter (230-foot) diameter antenna
located at Canberra, Australia. (Bottom
figure)
• This is an example of a system that consists of an
interconnection of smaller systems The surface of the 70-meter reflector must
remain accurate within a fraction of the
signal’s wavelength. (Courtesy of Jet
Propulsion Laboratory.)
The minimum distance from the Earth to
Mars is about 54.6 million km. The farthest
apart they can be is about 401 million km.
7
Signal Types Conversions
Between
Signal
Types
Sampling
Quantizing
Encoding
9 10
Message Encoded in ASCII Noisy Message Encoded in ASCII
Progressively
noisier
signals
11 12
Bit Recovery in a Digital Signal Using Filtering Image Filtering to Aid Perception
Original X-Ray Image Filtered X-Ray Image
13 14
Discrete-Time Systems Discrete-Time Systems
The equation
In a discrete-time system events occur at points in time but not
between those points. The most important example is a digital y [ n ] = 1.97 y [ n − 1] − y [ n − 2]
computer. Significant events occur at the end of each clock
cycle and nothing of significance (to the computer user) happens says in words
between those points in time.
䇾The signal value at any time n is 1.97 times the signal value at the
Discrete-time systems can be described by difference (not previous time [n -1] minus the signal value at the time before that
differential) equations. Let a discrete-time system generate an [n - 2].䇿
excitation signal y[n] where n is the number of discrete-time If we know the signal value at any two times, we can compute its
intervals that have elapsed since some beginning time n = 0. value at all other (discrete) times. This is quite similar to a
Then, for example a simple discrete-time system might be second-order differential equation for which knowledge of two
described by independent initial conditions allows us to find the solution for all
y [ n ] = 1.97 y [ n − 1] − y [ n − 2] time and the solution methods are very similar.
15 16
Discrete-Time Systems Discrete-Time Systems
y [ n ] = 1.97 y [ n − 1] − y [ n − 2] y [ n ] = 1.97 y [ n − 1] − y [ n − 2]
We could solve this equation by iteration using a computer. With the initial conditions y[1] = 1 and y[0] = 0 the response
yn = 1 ; yn1 = 0 ; Initial Conditions is
while 1,
yn2 = yn1 ; yn1 = yn ; yn = 1.97*yn1 - yn2 ;
end
We could also describe the system
with a block diagram.
(䇾D䇿 means delay one unit in discrete
time.)
17 18
Feedback Control Systems Illustrative Example – Autonomous Car
To objective is to change the behavior of the system to obtain LIDAR
desired output/ performance.
Video GPS
Camera
RADAR
Sensor
RADAR
On-board Sensor
UltraSonic
Computer
19 Sensor
Control System with Feedback Illustration Example:
Control Output/
Requirement Input/Action Performance
• It’s the pathway to transfer information from output to input to aid
the control decision
• Feedback systems can be continuous-time or discrete-time or a
mixture of the two. 21
Illustration Example: Illustration Example:
Decelerate
Accelerate
(Gas) (Breaking))
Output/ Output/
+20 -20
100 100
80 120
Illustration Example: CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM Illustration Example:
No Change
Output/ Output/
0 ???
100 100
???
100 ???
NO FEEDBACK – OPEN LOOP System
Feedback Systems Feedback Systems
In a feedback system the response of the system is 䇾fed back䇿 Below is an example of a discrete-time feedback system. The
and combined with the excitation is such a way as to optimize response y[n] is fed back through two delays and gains b and c
the response in some desired sense. Examples of feedback and combined with the excitation x[n]. Different values of a,
systems are b and c can create dramatically different responses to the same
1. Temperature control in a house using a thermostat excitation.
2. Water level control in the tank of a flush toilet.
3. Pouring a glass of lemonade to the top of the glass without
overflowing.
4. A refrigerator ice maker that keeps the bin full of ice
but does not make extra ice.
5. Driving a car.
Feedback systems can be continuous-time or discrete-time
or a mixture of the two.
27 28
Feedback Systems Sound Recording System
Responses to an excitation that changes from 0 to 1 at n = 0.
29 30
Recorded Sound as a Signal Example Control System – Example(s)
“s” “i” “gn” “al”
Boston Dynamics
31 NASA space shuttle launch (Courtesy of NASA.) F-35 Pitch Yaw Control
Car Suspension System and Response Safety Control Protocols in Autonomous Vehicles
Suspension response is the
Output
Road excitation is the
Input
33 34
Microelectromechanical System Accelerometers for Biomedical Sensing
3-axis accelerometers
Structure of lateral capacitive accelerometers SEM view of Analog Device’s ADXLO5
G. Shafiq, & K. C. Veluvolu [Link], Autonomous Identification of Seismocardiogram for
surface-micromachined polysilicon Systolic Time Interval Estimation, Nature Scientific Reports, Vol. 2016, No. 37524, Nov
36
accelerometer 2016.
Remote Sensing Biomedical Signal Processing
Perspectival view of
Mount Shasta (California),
derived from a pair of
stereo radar images
acquired from orbit with
the shuttle Imaging Radar
(SIR-B)
Morphological types of nerve cells (neurons) identifiable in monkey cerebral
cortex, based on studies of primary somatic sensory and motor cortices
Biomedical Signal Processing Why are Sensors and Systems important?
EEG Signals collected during various stages of sleep and awake
40
Reasons for Crash of Air France 447 Summary
• A signal is any physical phenomenon which conveys information
• Systems respond to signals and produce new signals
1. Faulty Speed Sensor (due to icing)
• Excitation signals are applied at system inputs and response
signals are produced at system outputs
2. Auto-Pilot disengages
3. Wrong Action from the Pilot
• Discrete-time systems – Events occur at points in time but not
between those points
Damn it, we’re going to crash, this can’t be happening’ :
Last words from Pilot (10 Seconds before the actual crash)
41 42
Summary
Feedback Systems - the response of the system is “fed back” and
combined with the excitation is such a way as to obtained desired
behavior/result
Various systems – Signal processing; communication systems;
control systems; biomedical systems; automobile systems;
43
