بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
University of Khartoum
[Link]. of Communication Engineering
4th Year Electrical Engineering
Communications Systems I
EEE 41201
LECTURE 1
INTRODUCTION
Moutaman Mirghani
Institute of Space Research and Aerospace (ISRA)
Overview
The communications between persons as
well as the communications between
machines are essential in order to convey
information.
The information conveyed can be speech,
text, images, video stream or other sorts
of data.
Communication media can be air, wire,
space or fiber optics cable.
Information is carried through signals,
Communication systems link information from
the information source to the destination.
A typical communication system is composed
of a transmitter, channel and a receiver.
During transmission of information signals via
the channel, they are affected by interfering
signals from other sources.
Transmitter Channel Receiver
Information Information
Source Interference Destination
and Noise
Speech Signals in Edison Telephone
Signals and Systems
A signal is a varying quantity that is a
function
What is of an independent variable,
a signal
such
? as the time or the space.
A system is a module (or a box) that
receives
What is a signals at its inputs and
produces
system ?a signal at its output.
Processing of signals is achieved with
the aid of
Why we use systems, either to modify
signals
systemsor to
? extract useful information
contained in those signals.
A signal can be a voltage, current,
acoustic or microwave, light,
temperature, pressure, vibration, etc.
Electrical signals may possibly be
audio, video, control, telemetry or radio
signals. Speech signals are audio
signals.
Sensors are transducers that receive
and convert non-electrical signals into
analogue voltage or current signals,
like a photo cell, microphone, seismic
sensor or a thermostat.
Actuators are transducers convert
A signal is either continuous, i.e.,
defined for all intervals of time or
space, or discrete which is defined only
for specific intervals of time or space.
A deterministic signal that has a
predictable waveform and its
instantaneous value can be expressed
mathematically.
Random signal instantaneous value
can’t be explicitly expressed
mathematically. Yet, it can be
expressed statistically.
Examples of Signals
Sinusoidal Signals
Digital Signal
Telegram Signal Noise Signal
A 0 t t 0 t T / 2
p(t ) v(t )
0 elsewhere (T t ) T / 2 t T
Rectangular Signal Triangular Signal
0 t 0
u (t ) v(t) = Σ δ(t - kT)
1 t 0 δ(t - kT) = 0 t ≠ kT
Step Signal Impulse Signals
Impulse and Delta Function
An impulse is a rectangular pulse of zero
width and a unity area. Though it does not
exist, it is so useful in signal and systems
analysis.
Delta function is used to represent
impulses in time domain and sinusoids in
frequency domain.
Analog and Digital Signals
Analogue signals are normally
continuous, i.e. defined for all values of
time or space.
Digital signals are discrete, i.e. they
are defined at specific intervals of time
or space.
In order to process, transmit or store
analog signals with the aid of digital
devices,
How do wethey need analog
convert be converted
signal tointo
digital.
digital?
Analog and Discrete Systems
Systems carry operations on signals, such
as amplification, attenuation, filtering,
correlation, modulation, demodulation,
prediction, etc.
Analog or digital signal processor is
designed to realize some algorithm or
mathematical model.
Periodic Signals
Signals are classified in general as periodic
and non-periodic (aperiodic) signals.
Periodic signals are repeated in a uniform
manner with a constant period T, as follows
Periodic signals are like sinusoidal
waves, square, rectangular and
triangular waveforms.
Information signals and noise are
Sinusoidal Signals
Sine and cosine periodic functions
represent natural phenomena, like the
pendulum motion and projection of a
rotating radius of a circle.
The frequency of a sinusoid is the
number of cycles per second, which
equals the reciprocal of the period f
=1/T. Since x(t)=A
a cycle takes 2π radians, a
cos(2π
x(t)=A
x(t)=A
sinusoid is given as cos(2π
cos(2π f (t
f
+f tt)o))
t+Φ)
For other periodic signals, this value is
known as the fundamental frequency, in
pulse per seconds (pps), or in the basic
Course Description
Review
• Signal and systems analysis. Introduction to
communication systems including effects of noise.
Principles of modulation, amplitude, frequency, and
pulse modulation. Comparison of analog and digital
transmission. Time and frequency division
multiplexing. Pulse and Digital communications.
Pre-Requisite Courses
• Signals and Systems (EEE32203)
Computer Usage
• Matlab
References
1. Haykin & Moher, Introduction to Analog and Digital Communications,
2nd Ed., Wiley (major reference).
2. Communication System Engineering, Proakis and Salehi, Prentice-Hall,
1994.
3. Contemporary Communication Systems Using Matlab, Proakis and
Salehi, PWS Publishing, 1998.
4. Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, B.P. Lathi, Oxford
Press, 1989.
5. Principles of Digital and Analog Communications, Jerry Gibson,
Macmillan, 1989.
6. Communications Systems, S. Haykin, Wiley, 1994.
7. M. Mirghani, Signal Analysis and Processing, Arabic Text Book, CNRC,
Karary University, 2012.
Course Website
[Link]/site/moutamanpage/current-courses
End of Lecture 1
