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CommSys6

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12 views

CommSys6

Uploaded by

zorotoro7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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‫بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم‬

University of Khartoum
B.Sc. of Communication Engineering
4th Year Electrical Engineering

Communications Systems I
EEE 41201

LECTURE 6

EXTRA TOPICS IN MODULATION


Moutaman Mirghani
Institute of Space Research and Aerospace (ISRA)
SINGLE SIDEBAND MODULATION
As mentioned earlier, both DSB-SC and AM signals include LSB
and USB, and AM signal includes the carrier as well. Bandwidth
required is double that of the information signal, i.e. 2 fm.
Efficiency of useful information power indicates its percentage
out of the total transmitted power. For DSB-SC it is 50%, while
for AM it depends on the modulation index, with a maximum
value of 33%.
Both LSB and USB contain the same information. Hence, in
order to save the transmitted power, only one sideband can be
sent, either the LSB or the USB.
This type of modulation is known as Single Sideband (SSB),
which is often used in amateur radio and in tactical mobile
transceivers that operate on batteries. The bandwidth
required equals that of the information signal, i.e. fm.
Similar to DSB-SC signal, SSB signal is to be demodulated
synchronously and cannot be detected using envelope
detector.
In order to generate SSB modulated signals, a direct method
is to filter a DSB-SC signal by a BPF that passes a sideband
and rejects the other.
Since the two sidebands are so close to each other, a very
neat filter like a crystal filter is required to split the two
sidebands. Luckily, speech signals
Speech in standard doisnot
telephony start
300 – 3400 Hz from DC !
Unlike the DSB-SC signal, the time-domain description of SSB
modulated signal is not so straightforward.

which physically is a phase shifter yields a –π/2 phase shift


It involves using complex signals and the Hilbert Transform,

for positive frequencies (and +π/2 shift for negative


frequencies).
The mathematical expression for the SSB signal is

where, is Hilbert Transform of . Minus sign for selection of


LSB, while the plus sign is for USB.
Phase shift and quadrature modulation method is used for
SSB modulation, as shown in the diagram in the next slide.
VESTIGIAL SIDEBAND MODULATION
In VSB type of envelope modulation, one sideband is
transmitted like in SSB, but the other band is not entirely
removed.
A vestige of that sideband is transmitted with a
controlled amount of carrier signal, in order to enable non
coherent demodulation by envelope detector.
As mentioned earlier, SSB is limited for transmission of
voice signals. However, VSB commonly is used in TV
broadcast since video contains DC.
At the TV receiver, an envelope detector acts as video
detector. The demodulated video signal contains also FM
voice subcarrier.
MULTIPLEXING OF SIGNALS
If several baseband signals (such as speech signals) are mixed to
be sent through same communication channel, it will be difficult to
separate them at the other end.
After modulation of each baseband signal, it is frequency-
translated to the carrier frequency.
Therefore, if each of the modulated signals is of a different carrier
frequency, they can be multiplexed (mixed together) and sent
through same channel, and demultiplexed at the other end.
This type of multiplexing of signals is known as Frequency Division
Multiplexing (FDM), where channel bandwidth is divided.
How can we demultiplex those mixed signals ?
At the receiving end, a bank of BPFs is used to demultiplex FDM
signal, each of them is of a center frequency equals to that of
one of the carriers.
Bandwidths of those bandpass filters classically are identical.
However they can be of different bandwidths.
What will be the next stage after demultiplexing ?
So as to retrieve baseband signals, such as voices of telephone
subscribers via trunk line, demodulation is to be done for those
demultiplexed signals. Again, it is not necessary for all signals
to use the same modulation scheme, such as AM or SSB.
FDM is used in satellite communication by multiplexing signals
of different transponders (TPs) of different frequencies and
send them using a single antenna, and receive them at the
ground station with the same dish antenna.

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