WOLAITA SODO UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT

MANAGEMENT

THE ASSESSMENT OF THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF

RURAL-TO URBAN MIGRATION (A CASE OF AREGA TOWN)

BY

MATHEOS FELEKE

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OFTHE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE BACHELOR OF ARTS DEGREE
(BA) IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT

ADVISOR: TATASHA TAKAYE KASITO

JANUARY, 2018

WOLAITA SODO, ETHIOPIA

Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study...................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem..................................................................................................3
1.3. Objective of the Study.......................................................................................................3
1.3.1. General Objective......................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Specific Objectives....................................................................................................4
1.4. Research questions............................................................................................................4
1.5. Significance of the Study..................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the Study............................................................................................................5
1.7. Limitation of the Study.....................................................................................................5
1.8. Definition of key terminologies........................................................................................5
1.9. Organization of Paper.......................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7
REVIEW LITERATURE................................................................................................................7
2.1` Historical Backgrounds of migration....................................................................................7
2.2 Concept and definition of migration.................................................................................7
2.3 Types of migration.................................................................................................................7
2.4 Theories and mode of migration............................................................................................8
2.4.1 Theories and modes of migration....................................................................................8
2.4.2 Cause of rural to urban migration..............................................................................9
2.5 Why people to migrate?.............................................................................................9
2.5.3 Sajastad’s capital theory..........................................................................................10
2.5.4 Todaroʼs expected income model............................................................................10
2.5.5 Situation of Ethiopian youth....................................................................................11
2.5.6 Youth Rural Out Migration in Ethiopia...................................................................11
2.6 Empirical Studies............................................................................................................12
2.6.2 The Impact of Rural- Urban Migration...................................................................12
2.6.3 Characteristics of Rural – Urban Migration............................................................12
2.7 Review of Youth Rural-Urban Migration.......................................................................13
2.7.2 Cause of youth rural - urban migration....................................................................13

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CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................15
3.1. Description of the Study Area...........................................................................................15
3.2. Research Approach.............................................................................................................15
3.3. Research Designs................................................................................................................15
3.4. Data type and Data source..................................................................................................16
3.4.1. Data types.....................................................................................................................16
3.4.2. Data Sources.................................................................................................................16
3.5. Target population................................................................................................................16
3.6. Sample size and sampling techniques.................................................................................16
3.6.1. Sample size...................................................................................................................16
3.6.2. Sampling Technique.....................................................................................................17
3.7. Data collection tools and Procedures..................................................................................18
3.7.1. Data collection tools.....................................................................................................18
3.7.2. Data Collection Procedures..........................................................................................19
3.8. Data Processing and Analysis.............................................................................................19
3.8.1. Data Processing............................................................................................................19
3.8.2. Data analysis.................................................................................................................20
APPENDIX-I: BUDGET PLAN...................................................................................................21
APPENDIX-II: TIME PLAN........................................................................................................22
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................23

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Study

Migration is not a recent phenomenon. It is an integral part of human activity since time
immemorial. Rural - urban has been historically connected with industrialization, urbanization
and economic growth (Bihattacharya, 1999). Migration is considered as the movement of people
from one geographical region to another, either on temporary or permanent basis. The reason
varies from one person to another, depending on the situation that brought about the decision
(Adewale, 2005). Rural to urban migration dominates the domain of research for its role in
changing the lives of migrants and families at the place of origin and destination (Hossain,
2001).

Migration and mobility continue to attract much interest, but also a growing concern. The 2013
world policy report states that, ” among 185 countries with available data in 2013,80% of
governments had policies to lower rural to urban migration, an increase from 38 percent in
1996”(UN DESA, 2013). This proportion is highest in low and middle income nations in Africa
and Asia –the regions that are currently undergoing urban transitions. Rural-urban migration has
been historically connected with industrialization, urbanization and economic growth
(Bhattacharya, 1993). Rural-urban migrations eases inter-sectoral factor mobility and plays a
vital role for structural change (Adepoju, 2002).

Migration worsens rural-urban structural imbalance on the supply side and demand side. On the
supply side, migration disproportionately increases the number of urban job seekers relative to
urban population growth, which by itself historically is at unprecedented levels. This may be due
to the proportion of well-educated young people. On the demand side, job creation is generally
more difficult and costly to accomplish. This may be due to the need for substantial
complimentary resource inputs for most labor jobs in industrial sectors. Together with this rapid
supply increase and lagging demand growth tends to convert the short run problem of resource
imbalance into a long run situation (Todaro, 2009.p.335/36).

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Moreover, migration has also been a key livelihood and survival strategy for many poor groups
across the developing world, Particularly in Africa. In Africa, migration has been considered as a
way of life where the people migrate from place to place due to political, socioeconomic and
demographic reasons.

Urban migration contributed for half of the urban population growth in Africa in the 1960s and
1970s and about 25% of urban growth in 1980s and 1990s (Waddington and Sabates-Wheeler,
2003; Adepoju, 1977 & Lall et al, 2006).Concentration of investment in industries, commerce,
and social services in towns has been causes for regional inequalities and differences in
economic opportunities. In addition, the productivity of the rural and agricultural sector has
remind low and leading to rural out – migration to urban and indusialized centers (Adepoju,
1977).

Ethiopia is one of the least urbanized countries of the world where 18% of its population live in
urban areas. However, its rate of urbanization is highest in the world, 4.1%, (Markos and
Siyoum, 2002). The rapid growth of urban population in Ethiopia and in many other developed
countries has been largely due to rural-urban migration contributing almost half of their urban
population growth (Ibid).

The rural-urban migration in developing countries is accompanied by positive and negative

consequences for the area of region and destination. For the rural people in the short run it may
help to alleviate the poverty by creating new income and employment opportunity and it has
helped in facilitating rural urban economic and social integration and motivates the expansion of
urban sector. Later these alarming migration processes lead to congestion, unemployment,
pollution and poverty in urban areas and gender and age imbalances and decrease in
productivities in rural areas (Aliayev, 2008).

Therefore, youth rural-urban migration is one form of migration often viewed as the main cause
increase in urban population. When urban grow rapidly, it becomes difficult to accommodate the
over increasing population. This request in depth studying of the effect and cause analysis of
young rural to urban migration economic development and to address the related problem with
youth rural to urban migration. Hence, this study will come across the assessment and analysis of
the causes and effects of rural to urban migration in Arega town.

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 1.2. Statement of the Problem
Rural-urban migration is one the important components of population change. But not easy to
explain the pattern. The economic impact of rural of rural to urban migration is very highest in
urban area. Because peoples are migrate from rural to urban and population in urban area
increase from time to time and using things are very expensive in urban and the urban areas high
amount of population that affect economy. Major problem is shortage of infrastructure, lack of
health and public safety, shortage of agricultural land etc. they are major statement problem of
the study area.

According to BSWFEDO (2008), rapid youth rural-urban migration in foliate zone led to several
social consequences of such use rapid rural to urban migration like crowed situation in the town
and cities has led to the formation of huge slum and new form of urban poverty due to its low
level of earning and housing with poor facilities as well as poor sanitation problems. So this
situation has been obvious on the study area, there also social problem such as shortage of
housing, urban poverty in terms employment, income and consumption are not yet investigated.

Areka is one of the administrative cities in Wolaita zone, which is affected by all the above-
related problems. Such problem is include low-income earning, hand fragmentation, population
pressure, environmental degradation, low employment opportunity and the like other related
problems (BSWCSA, 2008).

Purpose of this study is to fill such gap that are not emphasized, analyzed and interpreted by
scholars. More concretely, this study will go to focus on Causes and consequence rural to urban
migration.

1.3. Objective of the Study

1.3.1. General Objective

The general objective of this study is to assess the cause and consequences of rural to urban on
economic development.

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 1.3.2. Specific Objectives
Based on the general objective, the specific objectives of the study are;

 To identify the causes of rural to urban migration in the study area.

 To analyze the effect of the rural to urban migration on the socioeconomic status of the
migrants.
 To analyze the effect of the rural to urban migrants on the social and economic arenas in
the town.
 To determine the possible lessening strategies to reduce rural to urban migration to alleviate its
negative effects.

1.4. Research questions

 What are the push and pull factors, which contribute to rural-urban migration in the study
area?
 How rural to urban migration affects the socioeconomic status of the migrants?
 How do the migrants impact the social and economic arenas in the town?
 In which sector of the economy the migrants in the town are involved?
 How to alleviate the negative effects of the rural-to-urban migration in the study area?

1.5. Significance of the Study

The study result will serve various bodies which are working in close with the subject. First and
foremost, because the study will unearth the push factors for migration in the place of origin,
identify the negative acute effects of the rural-to-urban migration as well as the positive ones; it
will inform the concerned government bodies thereon. Hence, things could get sorted wherein
the negative ones would be recognized and remedial measures can be embodied in the potential
policy instances and the positive one would be consolidated. The study will contribute its part
into an already established knowledge pool of the subject matter. Provided that the researcher is
fresh to the tasks of research, the study will serve as a springboard to acquaint the researcher
with the best experience of how to conduct research at the highest level. Moreover, the study
results may serve as a source of information for the potential researchers in the field.

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 1.6. Scope of the Study
Migration is the wide concept that could better fit into research concerns in different dimensions.
This study will approach migration in terms of causes behind its emergence as rural to urban
event and its effect on the socioeconomic status of both the migrants and the town with wide.
Geographically, it is delimited only to Arega town, Bolose Sore Woreda in Wolaita Zone, South
Nation, Nationalities and People’s Region (SNNPR), Ethiopia. The study will also adopt
practicable methodologies to realize the veracity of the study. The methodological specification
in liaison to sampling techniques and data collection tools are delineated in the third chapter.

1.7. Limitation of the Study

The study will have acute interpretational limitations. The study results will be interpreted
exclusively for the place where the study is conducted, Arega town. The result interpretation
constraint also refers to the time periods. Given that the study will depend on a cross sectional
data of the year 2017/18, the study result would be interpreted absolutely for this period. The
results cannot be tracked either backward or forward to other time periods. This pitfall will pose
another drawback in a sense that the study would not inform the time dynamics of the study
issue. The study possibly would fail to achieve a complete response rate in data collection while
administering the questionnaire.

1.8. Definition of key terminologies

Migration: movement of an individual or group of people, which involves a permanent or
temporary change of residence.

Push factor: refers to the reason for which migrants leave their place of origin

Effect: refers to positive or negative impacts of the rural to urban migration.

Unemployment: refers to a person out of work, but actively looking for a job.

Pull factor: condition in the destination place that attracts the migrants to leave their origin
place.

1.9. Organization of Paper

The research document will be structured into five chapters. The first chapter makes up the
introductory parts; background of the study, a statement of the problem, research objectives,

5
research questions, significance of the study, the scope of the study, limitations of the study and
definition of terminology. The second chapter will be literature review. The third chapter will
describe methodological aspects of the study. The fourth chapter will constitute data presentation
and interpretation. The last chapter five will set down the summary, conclusions and
recommendations of the study.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW LITERATURE

2.1` Historical Backgrounds of migration

Since the record of historic there is no full information in these issue, therefore it cannot be said
with real or true what where pre historic migratory movement could weather migration was
expansive or slow. However, it sure and certain that people in pre historic used to migrate from
one part to another part, population movement, be it in the form of migration or forced
displacement has been a defining characteristic much of the world. The movement from one
place or locality to another could be by chance, instinct or planning. It is a historical process that
has given us the present geographical distribution of people. Much of early migration was in the
form of slavery. (UNDP. “world development report, 2008”)

2.2 Concept and definition of migration

Several Schools have attempted to define migration. Most of their definition stress on change of
environment, space and degree of permanency (time). The main problem: However, these are
concepts are not standardized and objectively defined. In relation to this point the black are
another who then take up residence in that new administrative area. Rural to urban migration is
one type of internal migration that has attracted the attention of many people due to its selective
nature. As one empirical stage indicates, rural to urban migration an age of developing countries
is youth population due to one another reason. In order to understand the case and the effect of
youth rural to urban migration. It is important to review the relevant theoretical and empirical
aspect of migration. To this end, theoretical and empirical studies on migration general and youth
rural turban migration in particular are taken in to account(Lewis and Thomson : 2002,2009 ).

2.3 Types of migration

Migration is a complex phenomenon it takes various form across space and time. The two main
classification of migration are the following.

Internal and international migration

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International migration; refers the movement of the people across boundaries. It could further
be divided in to two these are emigration and immigration. The former, depicts movement of
peoples out of the countries of original residence, the letter provides for the movement in to the
countries of destination. In this kind of human mobility, complex patterns of movement
involving people of varying national raised and have been going on throughout history affecting
all part of the world in term of gains and loss of population number (B.M.Montegomer et al:
1997).

Internal migration- refers migration, which occurs with the boundaries of the same country, it
could be also out migration or in migration. Four types of internal population are generally
identified in terms of place of origins and destination of migration patterns. These are rural-rural,
urban -rural, rural-urban, urban-urban (Ibid). for my great deal of attention I would have to focus
on cause and consequence of rural to urban migration, as far as, due emphasize of review
concerning rural to urban migration is important rather than the rest of all.

2.4 Theories and mode of migration

There are some theories that view the cause of migration different angles. Some of the relevant
theories are discussed as follows.

2.4.1 Theories and modes of migration

In this two articles entitled the law of migration published in 1885 and 1889 Ravenestionsuggest
that all migration emanates from low productivity areas and proceeds to ward high productivity
areas(Bahat, 1992p:10). According to this law, the choice of destination is regulated by distance
with migrant tending to move by near places and thin to bigger cities. Ravenestiensfurther
observed that urban residents are less migratory than rural people are. In addition, the finally
hypothesized that the economic factors or motives are pre dominant among the push and pull
factors (Bahat, 1992; Horby and Jones, 1993 cited in Gashawu, 2002, p: 65_67).

Raven steins basic law have been investigated and expanded by many investigators. Some
spherical studs will law of migration particularly in the area of economics motive in division to
migrate, the process of step migration and negative influence of distance. on other hand some
studies argue that since ravens tines law of migration are developed in context of the 19 th century

8
Britain, they have limited application to contemporary 3rd world country and it would be wrong
to give the expression of uniformity in migration characteristics (Gashawu, 2002 p:79).

2.4.2 Cause of rural to urban migration

The population migration may not always be matter of choice. Usually decision to migration
combined of both pull factors and push factors and most migrant are voluntary. In voluntary
migration an individual chooses to move, were migration occurs against the individuals will.

Push factor can produce forced migration. Forced migration both internal and external
(international) remains critical problem in the modern world. Forced migration is on the rise.
Growing from more than 32 moving people in 11987 to move than 42 million 1999 all over the
world (Paul. Lenox, p127-128).

The most frequent explanation for migration has been given by raven stain, for the first time in
1889, the so-called push –pull theory. The theory proposed that some people migrate because
they are pushed out of their former location, where as other migrate because they have been push
or attracted to some place else/weeks., (Horby, 1999, p: 238).

2.5 Why people to migrate?

People migrate for numerous reasons: economic, social, political and environmental.

Economic motivation: moving somewhere for better quality of life or to be closer to family.

Political motivation: moving to escape political, religious or ethnic persecution or conflict.

Environmental motivation: in order to escape natural disasters such as flooding or drought.

The main push and pull factors that cause internally or internationally.

2.5.2.1 Push factors theories

Push factors are pressured which persuade that person to move away. It is an event and condition
that impel and individual to move from location. Push factor from rural area that makes people to
migrate include the desire to escape from social constraints of the extended family. Short term
need for bridal wealth, material instability and birth border, fall off agricultural production farm
sub division and landlessness, unemployment, lack of service or amenities poor safety and
security , harsh climate, natural disaster, in accessibility for social service, poverty,

9
discrimination and dissatisfaction with the amenities offered at home. Individual can denied
access to family owned farm on the base of birth order, land passed down to the oldest son limits
opportunities for the females and younger. /Paul L.knox.1998,p128/.

2.5.2.2 Pull factors theories

Pull factors are source of attraction that influence migration to move particular location. Major
pull factors in urban areas range of economics opportunities offered. According to Lewis (1995)
labor can be transferred from traditional rural subsistence sectors with low productivity and
surplus labor to highly productive modern urban industrial sector. Lewis assumed that wage
would have to be at a least 30% of higher than average rural to induce workers to migrate from
their home areas. Todaro’s migration models demonstrate how potential migrant takes in to
account wage differential by expecting higher wage levels in urban areas compared with lower
rural wage level in agricultural sectors. Social prestige and psychological satisfaction of living in
cities also were found to be significant pull factor in developing countries. Some other pull factor
are better service provision , a safer atmosphere , low crime rates , fertile land , good food
suppliers , a more attractive climate, a more attractive quality of life. Political security, good
housing, educational opportunities, improved medical care, access to electricity and better
employment opportunities (Todaro , 2009).

2.5.3 Sajastad’s capital theory

This theory is also called cost benefit model. According to this theory individual national factors
decide to migrate because accost benefit calculation leads them to expect a positive net return,
usually measured by earning and job mobility (Markoʼs 2001 p; 9). Returns compromise both
monitory and non-monitory components. The latter include change in psychological benefit as
the result of location preference (Sagastadʼs approach assume that people will migrate when the
net benefit exceed to the cost of migration (Sagastadʼs 1962 : cited by Markosʼs 2002 p:10-11).
According to this model, rural development activities will decrease the benefit of rural- urban
migration by increasing income and other opportunities (Rohada 1974: cited by Gashawu 2002
p: 70-71).

2.5.4 Todaroʼs expected income model

According to Todarow migration is direct function of rural to urban income differential (the
sense in which it was understand by Sagastadʼs, Bahitat 1992). In other word the propensity to

10
migrate is response to difference between the expected urban wage and the prevail rural income.
This model also suggested that rural developments activities and rural-urban migration have
negative relationship (Gashawu, 2002)

Therefore most and frequently mentioned weakness of Todaroʼs model is its ignorance of non-
economic factors such as rural social pressure, the role of contact relative and friend in urban
areas providing information inspiration and security initial phase of migration, in developing
countries as there are many social factors that are responsible for rural to urban migration.

2.5.5 Situation of Ethiopian youth

In Ethiopia youth as defined as those people in age range 15-29 years (Ministry of youth sport
and culture, 2004 p: 67-68). According to the annual statistics magazine (2004), the Ethiopian
youth population compromised 21.6 million. That is to mean the youth constituted nearly 30% of
the country’s population (MYSC; 2006, p; 28). The same report shows nearly 81.35% of the
youth population lives in the rural areas while the remaining 18.6%live in urban areas.

The youth in rural areas face many economic and social problems in Ethiopia. The youth in rural
and urban areas say that are suffered from an employment (MYSC 2006) the report argue that
the problem of youth un employments in urban areas emanates from the fact that there have
never been situation in our country that facilitated conditional for opening the door for growth
and developments of private sector, especially for micro economics institution (MYSC, 2006).

Un employment of the youth is not only limited to the confine of town bit is wide spread
problem in rural areas. Because the rural youth land request has been answered, and because a
system that embraces the youth are in the process being sub merged in finding of remaining
without property, and as they result they are leaving rural in alarming rate (MYS, 2006 p;68).

2.5.6 Youth Rural Out Migration in Ethiopia

Although there is scar town of literature on youth rural urban migration in Ethiopia some studies
conducted on migration in general shows that youth are highly mobile aged groups. Although the
majority of youth is increasingly alarming from time to time particularly due to migration of the
youth rural areas (J.crushetal, 2006 p; 2000). One study on adolescents in youth life in some
areas of Addis Ababa show that 43% of the country of sampled girls and 29% of boys were
migrant to the area (Ababa and Euriker 2009 p; 33).

11
Another study out school adolescent in low-income urban areas of Ethiopia shows that, 84% of
respondent’s Bahirdar; 75% of respondent of Addis Ababa and 70 % of respondent of Gondar
were migrant to the respective areas. These show that youth are the major age categorizes in
rural to urban migration of the country.

2.6 Empirical Studies

Empirical studies in the above third world countries indicate that rural-urban is primarily to
response economic push factors such as population pressure on land, less of jobs due to
mechanization of farming. Landless and smallholdings (Dinckinson et 1983; Harvey 1972 Am,
1995 cited by Gashawu p; 120). Whereas economic pull factors mentioned were urban job
security perception of high income etc…

Besides the economic factors there are also non- economic factor responsible for rural- urban
migration. Social factor such as marriage search for educational opportunity and presence of
friends and relatives in urban areas are the most.

2.6.2 The Impact of Rural- Urban Migration

The consequence of rural- urban migration differs throughout developing world. For instance,
(Hugo 1979 cited by Belete 2006 p; 1164). In this study of the impact of migration on west java
village indicated that migrants after experienced income increment and remittance of migrants
had been invested in their villages of origin (Arthikin2001; cited in Gashawu p; 143) shows how
important were the assistance that come from the migrants. The same study further show that
returns migration of PLAWHA to rural areas is placing greater burden on rural households. In
contrast studies in most part of Africa and especially in sub-Sahara Africa link migration with
negative out comes. Again, some other studies show that migration has clearly facilitated the
rapid speed of HIV/ AIDS in sub-Sahara (crush et al 2006p; 18).

2.6.3 Characteristics of Rural – Urban Migration

2.6.3.1 Sex
Migration is sex selective process. The sex selective of rural – urban migration different among
countries in the world. In Ethiopia demonstrates clear contrast with the rest of African countries
regarding sex selective in migration. Man studies conducted in the northern part of the countries
shows predominance of female in rural- urban migration. For instance (Alula and Feleke, 2005;

12
Gebregziabher, 2001 found that female predominance of male in rural out migrants ( Belete,
2006 p;40).

2.6.3.2 Age
Since focus of this study is on youth migration it is result of age selectivity of migration the issue
is discussed in detail the following section.

2.7 Review of Youth Rural-Urban Migration

Youth compromises the significance of share of world population and similarity they are the
largest group practicing in rural to urban migration. In both developed and developing countries,
you are an integral part of migrant population (Harris 2009p; 150). Even there is scarcity of
literature on youth migration; some studies show that the age group between15-29 is more
mobile than any other groups. According to the World Bank report most migrants tend to be
young and concentrated in most productive age group (20-29) (document of World Bank, 2005).
Similarly the recent study of ILO and FAO reviled that rural-urban migration studies conducted
on the subject in developing countries also in India shows that about 70% of rural out migrants
between 15-29 years of age and are likely to be person who would normally looking for gain full
employment for the first time (Bahitat 1992 p;137).

2.7.2 Cause of youth rural - urban migration

The cause of youth rural- urban migration varies according to the development level of the
countries or areas. There are some differences between the causes of youth rural -urban
migration in developing countries. For instance, a study from Australia shows that youth
migrates due to pull factors of urban areas than push factors of rural areas. Factor mention in the
report of attract youth to urban areas were educational and employment opportunities , attracting
urban amenities and the only pushing factors mentioned in the report were youth’s perception of
and weak attachment to rural areas and rural communities (Geldens, 2007 p;65).

In contrast to develop, country youth rural out-migrating in developing countries is mainly due to
push factors than pull factors. For instance, the IFAD study in Adiu province of eastern Morocco
indicated that youth rural out migration from the areas is due to poverty and socArial problems in
rural areas, lack of wage labor opportunities in the areas and social pressure (i.e. mother
encourage their daughter to marry town man so as to escape rural poverty). A study conducted in

13
adolescences in low income and slum areas of Addis Ababa, where the majority of respondents
(i.e. 43% of girls and 29% of boys) were migrant to the area and come up with factor for the
migration of adolescent and youth to the area. It showed that 43.9% of girls and 41.5% of boys
mentioned lack of ability to continue education in their home areas and as result to continue their
education while working in Addis Ababa as area on for their migration. 25.5% of boys and
25.5% of girls mentioned lack of work opportunists in the rural areas their migration is to search
for work opportunity in Addis Ababa. 26.5% of boys and 22% of girls mentioned the treat of
early marriage as areas on for their migration; 18.6% of girls and 1.1% of boys mentioned the
treat of early marriage as areas on for their migration to the area. Many of the respondents
include their disappointment by unfulfilled their family to educate them under their reason of
migration (Erulker et al 2004 p; 200).

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area

This study will be conducted in Areka town; a town located in the southern part of Ethiopia in
the Wolaita Zone of the Southern Nation, Nationalities and People’s Region which; 299 km far
away from Addis Ababa. The town is located at latitude and longitude of 7 º4´N Latitude AND
37o 42´ E longitudes 1700oE and an elevation of 1774 meters above sea level. It is the
administrative center of the Boloso Sore woreda.

Based on the figure from the central statistical agency 2009 the total population accounts for
64,500 of which 32,341 are male and 32,159 are female.

3.2. Research Approach

The study will employee both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Responses from
interview and open ended questions would be explicated qualitatively. Different literature
derived supportive notions would be inculcated in a qualitative manner to impress the general
whole meaning of the subject of the study. Results for simple statistical measures such as mean,
mode, standard deviation and others will be described for the identified reasons which cause the
rural-to-urban migration and the mitigation strategies to be applied to reduce negative impacts.
Subsequently, multiple regression models, correlations, and other tests would be used to quantify and
explain the socioeconomic impact of the rural-to-urban migration on both migrants and the town’s regular
residents. The application of these two research approaches would serve a complimentary duty of
nullifying errors.

3.3. Research Designs

The study will adopt descriptive research design in a sense that descriptive data of both
qualitative and quantitative nature from study participants about the issue under question would
be cooked to delineate the subject. It will give an opportunity to narrate and enumerate the
concrete finding of the study without introducing self generated articulations, biased and
unsighted implications. Hence, the data on the causes of the rural-to-urban migration, effect on
the socioeconomic status of both the migrants and regular residents of the town, the mitigation
strategies; all would be described and set down as they are obtained from the study participants

15
without deviation. For that purpose, statistical tools that will assist well in the course of the
description would be applied.

3.4. Data type and Data source

3.4.1. Data types

This study wills use both qualitative and quantitative data. The data to be collected would be
partly set in solid explanation of qualitative flavor; others will be quantified to facilitate the
explanation of the subject of the study, thereby increasing comprehension. Moreover, the
literature to support the study’s conceptual and empirical literature as well as the findings will
involve both quantitative and qualitative nature.

3.4.2. Data Sources

To enhance the quality of data both primary and secondary sources of data will be employed.The
rural-urban migrants, regular residents of the town and the local government officials working in
close to the issue will make up the primary source of the data for the study. Whereas, books,
magazines, reports, journals, internet sites… etc. will be the secondary data sources to be used in
the study.

3.5. Target population

The target population of the study will be residents of Arega town, both migrants and the regular
residents. The population of the town counted for 64,500 of which 32,341 are male and 32,159
are female.

3.6. Sample size and sampling techniques

3.6.1. Sample size

Encompassing the whole population of the town in the study would prove practically impossible
for myriads of reasons. This calls for an inevitable determination of sample size to be taken as
representatives of the whole. Given the total population of the town, 64,500and confidence level
of 95%; for margin of error deemed 5%, Yamane (1967) formula of sample size determination is
used as follows to compute the number of participants in the study.

16
 N
n=
1+¿ ¿

Where,

n= the sample size

N= total number of population

e= maximum variability or margin of error

Thus,

64,500
n=
1+64,500 ¿ ¿

¿397

3.6.2. Sampling Technique

Given the calculation yield number of the study participants, the actual participants in the study
are to be sorted using both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. To start with,
397 participants are to be purposely apportioned among three groups; the migrant, the regular
residents and local government officials. Accordingly, 175 migrants, 175 regular resident
households and 47 local government officials are decided to participate in the study. The
numerically tantamount participation of migrants and regular residents would help to strictly
grasp the subject of the study from the point of view of the two cartels.

The local government officials to participate in the study would be conveniently approached for
interview. The convenience modus operandi can be justified by the fact that the researcher will
move toward only those officials who are working in relation to the subject under study or others
deemed to have comprehension about the matter.

All the 175 migrant participants in the study would be included accidentally. In other words, the
participants will be chosen for participation by probing them throughout the work places. This is
because, the migrants involve in labor works, shoeshine, porter, janitor, door keeper, negotiator,
street vending and so forth. When the data collector found anyone anywhere, prior to jump on
questioning first he/she will be asked whether he/she is migrants from rural places.

17
The regular residents of the town will be included in the study by employing probability
sampling techniques. The participants would be taken based on proportional to size techniques
wherein all the divisions of the town will be represented according to the number of the
households they constitute. The town has 6 divisions, Kebele 01, 02, 03, 04, 05 and 06. The town
has a total of 2236 households across these 6 kebeles. The following table demonstrates the
number representative participants from each kebele.

No Kebele Households
01 404 32
02 427 33
03 391 30
04 372 29
05 322 25
06 324 26
Totals 6 2236 175

Provided the number of study participants from each kebele, the researcher will randomly select
for the required number the households to be participated. To that end, house numbers will be
used wherein the lottery method would serve to draw out the households. Households whose
house numbers would be drawn then make up the definite participants list.

3.7. Data collection tools and Procedures

3.7.1. Data collection tools

Questionnaire and Interview
The principal data collection tools to be used in this study will be questionnaire and interview. A
questionnaire will be administered to the rural migrants and the regular resident households of
the town. A questionnaire was deemed appropriate for that it will enable the collection of the
data from the large samples, 300 in our case, relatively less expensive and save time. Both open
ended and close ended questions will be prepared to unearth the required data. The questionnaire
will be first developed in English language and later be changed into Amharic to increase the rate
of comprehension among the participants.

A semi-structured interview will be applied with the local government officials. The interview
will serve to dig out data from those officials who are working in close to the subject of the

18
study. This will enable to condense the issue in relation to what has been done regarding the
rural-urban migration in the town from the government side and what is the head way.

3.7.2. Data Collection Procedures

The data collection procedure would take heed to pry out veracious data to make sense of the
subject of the study to the expectation of academia.To administer the questions, enumerators
would be passionately trained on the data collection assignments. The enumerators will fill the
questionnaire in a manner of face-to-face interview given the structured open and close ended
questionnaires. The questions will be pretested to evaluate both the questionnaire appropriateness
and the performance of the data collectors. The data collection plan will be allotted a relatively a
reasonable time of about three weeks or thereabouts, so that neither hurries nor delays will affect
the data characteristics.

The interview would be conducted by the researcher with local government officials. The very
basic apparent questions will be outlined in liaison to the subject of the study. In the course of
interviewing, a little bit noticeable spreading out of the concepts initially embodied in the
outlined questions will be made depending upon the response of the interviewee. This is because,
the interviewee is considered deeply aware of the subject

3.8. Data Processing and Analysis

3.8.1. Data Processing

The data collected would be subject to a thorough processing to make it ready for further
analysis steps. It would be processed manually wherein both in-house and field editing will be
applied to filter out any sort of irregularity encountered in the course of questionnaire filling.
Field editing will involve examining the data collected in questionnaires/schedules to detect
errors and omissions and ensure that they are corrected. The schedule filled up by the enumerator
with illegible writings, circling and the like will be fixed. These will be rectified by the
enumerator on the field soon after the enumeration. In-house editing will be used that once the
whole data collection was completed; a final and a thorough checkup will be made. This will be
done by the researcher after getting all questionnaire schedules from the enumerators. Obvious
errors will then get corrected. At the end of the day, the made ready data would be entered into a
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for further analytical steps.

19
3.8.2. Data analysis
The data analysis will involve both qualitative and quantitative dimensions. The supplementary
qualitative statements of literature streamed and the study derived non-quantifiable data would
be explicated qualitatively. Particularly, interview generated data and the responses to open
ended questions would be among the qualitative marks of the analysis. Data of quantitative
nature would be treated quantitatively wherein correlations, regression analysis and tabulation of
the frequency, percentage and other simple statistical demonstrations will be shown to delineate
numerical values.

APPENDIX-I: BUDGET PLAN

N ITEM UNIT QUANTITY UNIT COST UNIT COST

O TOTAL
1 Paper Package 2 100 200
20
2 Pen Piece 5 6 30
3 Printing Page 42 7 294
4 Transportation _ 15 15 225
5 Binding _ 2 13 26
6 Flash 1[16 gb] 1 200 200
7 Total 67 341 975

APPENDIX-II: TIME PLAN

NO Activity October November Dec January February march April may June

1 Title *****
selection
2 Proposal ***** ***
writing
3 Proposal ***
submission
4 Proposal ***
defense
5 Data ****
collection

21
 Data **** ***
analysis
7 Report ***
writing
8 Submission ***
final paper
9 Defense ***
research

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