Ashadeep Iit: Chapter: 09 - Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

ASHADEEP IIT
Std – 12th Science Sub - Physics
DPP - 15
Chapter: 09 – Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
 Answer the following question from the video lecture.

(1) Define lens and write the categories and its types.
(2) Concave lenses have ……… Focal length

a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Infinite
d. Zero
(3) Convex lenses have ……… Focal length

e. Positive
f. Negative
g. Infinite
h. Zero
(4) What is the main difference between concavo-convex and convexo-concave lenses?
(5) Concave Lenses have ….. Principal Focus whereas Convex Lenses have …….
a. 1,1
b. 2,1
c. 1,2
d. 2,2
(6) Define various terms associated with lenses.

a. Centre of curvature
b. Radius of curvature
c. Principal axis
d. Principal focus
e. First and Second Principal focus
f. Optical Centre
g. Focal Length
h. Aperture
(7) Explain New Cartesian Sign Convention for Lenses.
(8) Write three rules for drawing rays to form image with diagram for each rule for both concave and
convex lens.
Solution & Extra Notes - Session 15
2. B
3. A
5. D
6. Definitions in connection with spherical lenses:
(i) Centre of curvature (C): The centre of curvature of the surface of a lens is the centre of the
sphere of which it forms a part. Because a lens has two surfaces, so it has two centres of curvature.
(ii) Radius of curvature (R): The radius of curvature of the surface of a lens is the radius of the
sphere of which the surface forms a part.
(iii) Principal axis (C1C2): It is the line passing through the two centres of curvature of the lens.
(iv) Optical centre: If a ray of light is incident on a lens such that after refraction through the lens
the emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray, then the point at which the refracted ray intersects
the principal axis is called the optical centre of the lens. In Fig. 9.51(«), O is the optical centre of the
lens. It divides the thickness of the lens in the ratio of the radii of curvature of its two surfaces.
Thus:
OP1 P1C1 R 1
 
OP2 P2 C 2 R 2
If the radii of curvature of the two surfaces are equal, then the optical centre coincides with the
geometric centre of the lens.
For the ray passing through the optical centre, the incident and emergent rays are parallel.
However, the emergent ray suffers some lateral displacement relative to the incident ray. This
lateral displacement decreases with the decrease in thickness of the lens. Hence a ray passing
through the optical centre of a thin lens does not suffer any lateral deviation, as shown in Figs. (b)
and (c).
(v) Principal foci and focal length:
First principal focus. It is a fixed point on the principal axis such that rays starting from this point (in
convex lens) or appearing to go towards this point (in concave lens), after refraction through the
lens, become parallel to the principal axis. It is represented by F 1 or F'. The plane passing through
this point and perpendicular to the principal axis is called the first focal plane. The distance
between first principal focus and the optical centre is railed the first focal length. It is denoted by f1
or f '.
Second principal focus: It is a fixed point on the principal axis such that the light rays incident
parallel to the principal axis, after refraction through the lens, either converge to this point (in
convex lens) or appear to diverge from this point (in concave lens). The plane passing through this
point and perpendicular to principal axis 15 called the second focal plane. The distance between
the second principal focus and the optical centre is called the second focal length. It is denoted by f2
or f.
Generally, the focal length of a lens refers to its second focal length. It is obvious from the above
figures that the foci of a convex lens are real and those of a concave lens are virtual. Thus the focal
length of a convex lens is taken positive and the focal length of a concave lens is taken negative.
If the medium on both sides of a lens is same, then the numerical values of the first and second
focal lengths are equal. Thus
f=f'
(vi) Aperture: It is the diameter of the circular boundary of the lens.
7. New Cartesian sign convention for spherical lenses:
1. All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens.
2. The distances measured in the same direction as the incident light are taken positive.
3. The distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of the incident light are taken
negative.
4. Heights measured upwards and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken positive.
5. Heights measured downwards and perpendicular to the principal axis are taken negative.

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ASHADEEP IIT

Std – 12th Science Sub - Physics

Chapter: 09 – Ray Optics and Optical Instruments

 Answer the following question from the video lecture.

(2) Concave lenses have ……… Focal length

(3) Convex lenses have ……… Focal length

(6) Define various terms associated with lenses.

(7) Explain New Cartesian Sign Convention for Lenses.

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