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    Chapter 2. The Schrödinger Equation: X T XT A A KX T T XT B KX T XT C KX T I KX T Ce

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    Indah pratiwi
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) The time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, relates the potential energy and wavefunction of a quantum system. 2) Quantum operators represent mathematical operations on quantum states, such as position, momentum, and energy. Each observable corresponds to a quantum operator. 3) Eigenfunctions of an operator satisfy its eigenequation and are orthogonal and form a complete set to expand any function. The eigenvalues obtained from applying an operator correspond to measurable quantities.

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    Chapter 2. The Schrödinger Equation: X T XT A A KX T T XT B KX T XT C KX T I KX T Ce

    Uploaded by

    Indah pratiwi
    29 views4 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) The time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, relates the potential energy and wavefunction of a quantum system. 2) Quantum operators represent mathematical operations on quantum states, such as position, momentum, and energy. Each observable corresponds to a quantum operator. 3) Eigenfunctions of an operator satisfy its eigenequation and are orthogonal and form a complete set to expand any function. The eigenvalues obtained from applying an operator correspond to measurable quantities.

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    Chapter kuantum 311 dalam cahapter 2

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    This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) The time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, relates the potential energy and wavefunction of a quantum system. 2) Quantum operators represent mathematical operations on quantum states, such as position, momentum, and energy. Each observable corresponds to a quantum operator. 3) Eigenfunctions of an operator satisfy its eigenequation and are orthogonal and form a complete set to expand any function. The eigenvalues obtained from applying an operator correspond to measurable quantities.

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    29 views4 pages

    Chapter 2. The Schrödinger Equation: X T XT A A KX T T XT B KX T XT C KX T I KX T Ce

    Uploaded by

    Indah pratiwi
    This document discusses key concepts in quantum mechanics including: 1) The time-dependent Schrödinger equation, which is the fundamental equation of quantum mechanics, relates the potential energy and wavefunction of a quantum system. 2) Quantum operators represent mathematical operations on quantum states, such as position, momentum, and energy. Each observable corresponds to a quantum operator. 3) Eigenfunctions of an operator satisfy its eigenequation and are orthogonal and form a complete set to expand any function. The eigenvalues obtained from applying an operator correspond to measurable quantities.

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    Chapter 2.

    The Schrödinger Equation

    Classical waves

    x t
    1 ( x, t )  A sin[2 (  )   ]  A sin(kx  t   )
     T

     2 ( x, t )  B cos(kx  t   )

    3 ( x, t )  C[cos(kx  t   )  i sin(kx  t   )]  Cei ( kxt  )

    Wave equation:

    d 2  4 2
     2 0 (standing wave)
    dx 2 

    Recall   h / p and p 2  2m[ E  V ( x)] , we have

    d 2  8 2 m
    2
     2 [ E  V ( x)]  0
    dx h

    where V(x) is the potential. Rearrange, we have


    2
    d 2
      V ( x)  E 
    2m dx 2

    This is the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the


    fundamental equation in quantum mechanics.

    1
    Quantum operators

    An operator represents a mathematic operation

    ˆ ( x)  g ( x)
    Of

    Multiplication:

    x  x  f (x)

    Differentiation:

    d d
     f (x)
    dx dx

    In quantum mechanics, each observable corresponds to an


    operator.

    Coordinate operator:
    x̂  x 
    Linear momentum operator:
     d
    pˆ x  (   h/2 = 1.055 1034 Js )
    i dx
    Kinetic energy operator

    2 2 2
    pˆ  d
    Tˆx  x
    
    2m 2m dx 2

    2
    Hamiltonian (energy) operator:

    2 2 2
    pˆ  d
    Hˆ  x
     V ( x)    V ( x)
    2m 2m dx 2

    If a function  n ( x) satisfies the eigenequation

    Oˆ n ( x)  on n ( x) ,

    it is called an eigenfunction of the operator Ô with the constant


    on as its eigenvalue.

    Schrödinger equation is an eigenequation:

    Ĥ   E

    An operator may have more than one eigenfunction/eigenvalue.

    Example:

    d2
    2
    sin( kx)  k 2 sin( kx)
    dx

    So, sin(kx) is said to be an eigenfunction of the operator d 2 dx 2


    with  k 2 as the eigenvalue.

    If the eigenvalues of two eigenfunctions are the same, these two


    eigenstates are called degenerate (example: sin kx and cos kx ).

    3
    Application of a quantum operator to a system corresponds to a
    measurement. Each measurement yields an observable that is an
    eigenvalue of the corresponding operator.

    The eigenvalues of a quantum operator are always real.

    The eigenfunctions of a quantum operator are orthogonal:



    
     n* ( x) m ( x)dx  0 for n  m

    where * is the complex conjugate.

    They form a complete set, which means that any function can be
    expressed as a linear combination of the eigenfunctions:

     ( x)   bn n ( x)
    n 1

    Fourier sine (and cosine) functions:

     sin(nx)sin(mx)dx  0 for n  m


     ( x)   bn sin(nx)
    n 1

    where the expansion coefficient is

    bn    ( x)sin(nx)dx

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