BRKCRS 2451

Scripting the Catalyst:
Beyond the Basics
Jeff McLaughlin, Principal TME

BRKCRS-2451
Cisco Spark
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available until July 3, 2017.
© 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public
Agenda
• Why programmability?
• Planning a script
• Python and Tools
• Finding and using Models
• NCClient and YDK-Py
• REST APIs
• Completing the script
• On-Box Python
5
BRKCRS-2451
6
BRKCRS-2451
Why Programmability?
Why automation and programmability?
hostname switch1
int g0/0
ip address 10.1.1.11/24
vlan 100,200,300
.
Needs to configure
Administrator
.
.
hostname switch6
int g0/0
ip address 10.1.1.16/24
vlan 100,200,300
BRKCRS-2451 © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 8
Notepad is the most common automation tool. It’s just a very bad automation tool.
...
Programmability Reason #1 Do repetitive and tedious tasks more easily
52037606 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored
if error counters too high:

then shutdown interface*
* pseudo-code
Programmability Reason #2 Programmatic Control of network devices
party apps
Cisco ISE
NETCONF REST API
Catalyst switches
APIC-EM
Programmability Reason #3 Interaction between network devices and other systems
Transactionality
int g0/0
ip address 10.1.1.0/24
no shutdown
router bgp 65001
router-id 172.17.1.99
bgp log-neighbor-changes
neighbor 192.168.1.2 remote-as 40000
neighbor 192.168.3.2 remote-as 50000
address-family ipv4 unicast
neighbor 192.168.1.2 activate
network 172.17.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0
exit-address-family
Programmability Reason #4 Stop bad configuration being committed to devices
Operational Simplification
How to find the red

user's switch/port?
# ping 172.16.100.101
# show arp | i 172.16.100.101
# show mac address-table address 001a.a24d.5141
# show cdp neighbor g0/1 detail
How to find the red

user's switch/port?
How to find the red

user's switch/port?
How to find the red

user's switch/port?

Vlan Mac Address Type Ports
---- ----------- -------- -----
244 001a.a24d.5141 DYNAMIC Gi0/15
Programmability Reason #5 Automate complex troubleshooting tasks
Time for a demo
REST
1 User types command into Spark
2 Command pulled down by script
5 Data posted back to Spark room
3 Script sends NETCONF request 4 Switch replies via NETCONF with data
NETCONF
Catalyst 3850
19
BRKCRS-2451
Planning Tools Models APIs
Development
Planning your script
What do I want to do?
Catalyst 3850
1. Display the routing table

2. Graph the routing table
What tool to use?
CLI CFG MGMT TOOLS PYTHON SCRIPT
Advantages: Advantages: Advantages:

• Easy to use • Device roles • Numerous libraries
• Well documented • Powerful templating • Programmable intfs
• Immediate result • Easy to learn • Well supported
Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

• Time consuming • Less functionality • Development time
• Tedious
• Error-prone
Python: Why not C, Ruby, Perl, TCL, Go, etc.?
Easy to Learn
 Interactive shell
 Easy to begin with simple scripts
Libraries!
 Extensive libraries, like an “app store” for developers
 Read Excel, output PDF, draw graphs, etc.
And it’s well supported in the networking community!

Which tools do I use?
Catalyst 3850
NETCONF? Catalyst 3850

REST! CLI?
SNMP?
NETCONF, CLI, SNMP?
CLI SNMP NETCONF
Venerable/Ancient?
Structured Data?
Tooling?
NETCONF! Catalyst 3850

REST! CLI?
SNMP?
How do I build it?
Catalyst 3850
• Read Spark messages • Poll Spark room • Read the routing table
• Post Spark messages • Parse Spark command
• Post PNG image • Format data from switch
• Graph data from switch
Setting up Python environment
Getting Python
Mac Python is probably

already installed.
Unix/Linux
Getting Python
Download and install

Python 2.7 or 3
Download and install

PIP package manager
PC/Windows
Python 2 vs 3
Python 2.7.10 Python 3.6.0a4
>>> print "Hello World!” >>> print "Hello World!"
Hello World! SyntaxError: Missing parentheses
>>> print ("Hello World")
Hello World
Python 2 Python 3
• Most common version • Several language enhancements

• Default installation on Linux • Often separate installation
• Most libraries • Not all libraries supported
• Losing popularity • Commonly used in books/courses
Python 2 and 3 are not mutually compatible!
$ pip install netaddr
PIP Install Downloading/unpacking netaddr
Downloading netaddr-0.7.19-py2.py3-none-any.whl
(1.6MB): 1.6MB downloaded
Installing collected packages: netaddr
Successfully installed netaddr
Cleaning up...
PDFrw
YDK-Py
OpenPy
XL
Python
NCClient
What libraries do we need?
1 Something to do REST (requests)
NETCONF
Catalyst 3850
2 Something to do NETCONF (ncclient)
2 Something to do graphing (graphviz)
Virtual Environments
V-Env1 V-Env2 V-Env3
Python 2.5 Python 2.7 Python 2.7
Requests = 1.2.0 Jinja2 = 2.7 Requests = 1.2.0

NCClient = 0.4.5 NCClient = 0.4.5 NCClient = 0.5.3
Jinja2 = 2.8.1 paramiko = 2.1.1 openpyxl = 2.4.1
Installing Virtual Environment
$ pip install virtualenv

Collecting virtualenv
Downloading virtualenv-15.1.0-py2.py3-none-any.whl
(1.8MB)
100% |████████████████████████████████| 1.8MB
658kB/s
Installing collected packages: virtualenv
Successfully installed virtualenv-15.1.0
Install Virtualenv with PIP like any Python library.
Using VirtualEnvironments
$ mkdir spark_app Make a directory for your project

$ cd spark_app
$ virtualenv env Create a virtual environment
New python executable in
/Users/jemclaug/Documents/Projects/CL LV
2017/BRKCRS-2451/env/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
$ source env/bin/activate Activate the virtual environment
(env) $
... Do Pythonic stuff like PIP installs
(env) $
(env) $ deactivate Deactivate
$
Git and version control...
Create code Modify code
Save code Save code again
Added oper data
Initial Commit
BGP over NC
Fixed nc_get
Version control scenario 1:
You make changes and need to track them
Added oper data

Initial Commit
BGP over NC
Fixed nc_get
Version control scenario 2:
You work with collaborator(s) and need to track
and merge changes to code.
Git is a version control system.
GitHub is an online source code repository.
GitHub provides an easy way to share code and

collaborate. It works together with Git.
Installing git
Install Git using the standard installers on Mac/Windows
Use the usual methods on Linux (apt-get, yum, rpm, etc.)
Highly Recommended: Install GitHub Desktop!
Tracking your project with Git
1 Create .gitignore file
$ cat .gitignore
.gitignore (Sometimes)
*.py[co]
env/
Tells git, don't track these files!
2 Initialize the repo
JEMCLAUG-M-34E1:spark_app jemclaug$ git init

Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/jemclaug/Documents/Projects/CL
LV 2017/BRKCRS-2451/spark_app/.git/
3 Add file(s) to be tracked

$ echo "My First File" > file.txt
$ git add file.txt
4 Commit your changes
$ git commit
Aborting commit due to empty commit message.
$ git commit -m "Added my first file"
[master (root-commit) cba52b5] Added my first file
1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
create mode 100644 file.txt
5 View changes in GH Desktop!
Cloning repo's from GitHub
$ git clone https://github.com/ccie14023/pyfabric

Cloning into 'pyfabric'...
remote: Counting objects: 89, done.
remote: Total 89 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 89
Unpacking objects: 100% (89/89), done.
$ cd pyfabric/
$ virtualenv env
New python executable in /Users/jemclaug/pyfabric/env/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
$ source env/bin/activate
(env) $ pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting cffi==1.9.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
Using cached cffi-1.9.1-cp27-cp27m-macosx_10_10_intel.whl
Collecting cryptography==1.7.1 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
Using cached cryptography-1.7.1-cp27-cp27m-macosx_10_10_intel.whl
Development
Data Models
Human-Oriented Interface
Machine-Oriented Interface
Machines using human-oriented interfaces can be highly inefficient!
53
BRKCRS-2451
CLI YANG Models
Human Oriented Interface Machine Oriented Interface
Structured vs Unstructured Data
Un-structured
Structured
John Smith 42 14155551212 Name: John Smith

Age: 42
Phone: +1-415-555-1212
What is this?
• His age? Keys Values

• The year he graduated college?
• Meaning of life, the universe & everything?
Hierarchical Structured Data (XML-like)
<user1>
First User
{ <name>John Smith</name>
<age>42</age>
<phone>+1-415-555-1212</phone>
</user1>
<user2>
Second User
{ <name>Sarah Kim</name>
<age>27</age>
<phone>+1-718-555-1212</phone>
</user2>
Ancient unstructured data
COULDYOUREADITIFWEWROTELIKETHIS
WITHNOPUNCTUATIONITISHARDTOFIGUR
EOUTWHEREONEWORDORSENTENCEBE
GINSORENDSANDITISNOTEASYTOSEPAR
ATEOUTALLTHEELEMENTSOFTHETEXTTH
ANKGOODNESSSOMEONECAMEUPWITHA
BETTERWAY
Note inconsistent “key” format!
switch1# sh int e1/10
Ethernet1/10 is up
Hardware: 1000/10000 Ethernet, address: 0005.73d0.9331 (bia 0005.73d0.9331)
Description: To UCS-11
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1000000 Kbit, DLY 10 usec,
reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255
Switchport monitor is off
EtherType is 0x8100
Last link flapped 8week(s) 2day(s)
Last clearing of "show interface" counters 1d02h
30 seconds input rate 944 bits/sec, 118 bytes/sec, 0 packets/sec
30 seconds output rate 3110376 bits/sec, 388797 bytes/sec, 5221 packets/sec
CLI = Unstructured Data
<ipv4 xmlns="http://openconfig.net/yang/interfaces/ip">
<addresses>
<address>
<ip>172.26.194.212</ip>
What we need:
<config>
Standard, structured way to represent <ip>172.26.194.212</ip>
configuration and operational data. <prefix-length>24</prefix-length>
</config>
</address>
</addresses>
</ipv4>
The train to Paris
leaves at 11:30.
Le train à Paris part à

11:30.
XML vs JSON
{
<interfaces xmlns:=“[…]yang:ietf-interfaces”> "ietf-interfaces:interfaces": {
<interface> "interface": [
{
<name>eth0</name> "name": "eth0”,
<type>ethernetCsmacd</type> "type": "ethernetCsmacd”,
<location>0</location> "location": "0”,
<enabled>true</enabled> "enabled": true,
<if-index>2</if-index> "if-index": 2
}
</interface> ]
</interfaces> }
}
NETCONF RESTCONF
Error!
<interface>Gigabit 1/0</interface>
<ifaddr>10.0.0.1/24</ifaddr>
Sends
Expecting
Expecting:
<interface>
<name>Gigabit 1/0</name>
<address>10.0.0.1/24</address>
</interface>
So why do we need YANG?
<interface>Ethernet 0/0</interface>
<name>Switch1 to UCS1</name>
<ipaddr>1.1.1.1/24</ipaddr>
<name>Ethernet 0/0</name> Question: Which of these is correct?

<descr>Switch1 to UCS1</descr>
Answer: They all are!
<ip>1.1.1.1/24</ip>
<ifname>Ethernet 0/0</ifname>
<ifalias>Switch1 to UCS1</ifalias>
<ifaddr>1.1.1.1/24</ifaddr>
YANG Data Models
container ip {
list vrf { red_vrf
rd 65001:1 <vrf>red</vrf>
leaf rd
<rd>1:1</rd>
}
}
YANG Data XML

Model Data
YANG models do not contain data or XML.

YANG models are like templates used to generate consistent XML.
YANG Data Models
<vrf>red</vrf>
<rd>1:1</rd>
container ip {
list vrf { red_vrf
leaf rd rd 65001:1 XML
}
}
{“vrf”: “red”
YANG Data “rd”: “1:1”}
Model
JSON
YANG models can be used as a template for generating structured

data in many different formats.
YANG Configuration Model Example*
container ip { YANG <ip> XML
list vrf { <vrf>
description <name>vrf_red</name>
"Configure an IP VPN Routing/Forwarding <rd>65000:1</rd>
instance"; </vrf>
<vrf>
leaf name { <name>vrf_green</name>
type string; <rd>65000:2</rd>
} </vrf>
</ip>
leaf rd {
description ip vrf vrf_red CLI
"Specify Route Distinguisher"; rd 65001:1
type rd-type; !
} ip vrf vrf_green
} rd 65001:2
} !
* Note: YANG model simplified for clarity BRKCRS-2451 © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 66
Where are YANG models?
Models installed on device automatically with IOS-XE.

On some devices/versions, can be updated independently
https://github.com/YangModels/yang/tree/master/vendor/cisco
Also can be downloaded from GitHub.
Who defines the YANG models?
Vendors Standards Bodies
• Only work on specific vendor devices • Multi-vendor support

• Greater feature coverage • More limited feature coverage
• Can be OS-unique (IOS-XE, XR, etc.) • Allow vendor-specific extensions
Important Point!
Cisco’s data models and IETF/OpenConfig data models are just two ways of doing the same thing.
<interfaces xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces"> IETF-defined model

<interface>
<name>GigabitEthernet 1/0/24</name>
<description>Configured by NETCONF!</description>
</interface>
</interfaces>
Both of these do exactly the same thing!
<native xmlns="http://cisco.com/ns/yang/ned/ios"> Cisco-defined “NED” model

<interface>
<GigabitEthernet>
<name>1/0/24</name>
</GigabitEthernet>
</interface>
</native>
Important Point!
Cisco’s data models and IETF/OpenConfig data models are just two ways of doing the same thing.
<interfaces xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces"> IETF-defined model

<interface>
<name>GigabitEthernet 1/0/24</name>
</interface>
</interfaces>
switch# show run interface g1/0/24
interface GigabitEthernet
Both of these do exactly the 1/0/24
same thing!
description Configured by NETCONF!
<native xmlns="http://cisco.com/ns/yang/ned/ios"> Cisco-defined “NED” model
<interface>
<GigabitEthernet>
<name>1/0/24</name>
</GigabitEthernet>
</interface>
</native>
Models and structured data are particularly important
for efficiently reading operational data...
Configuration vs. Operational data
Configuration data tells the device what to do. It is Operational data tells us how a device is operating,
data that you see in a “show run”. from show commands other than “show run”.
# sh run int mgmt0 # sh int mgmt0

mgmt0 is up
interface mgmt0 admin state is up
description N7K_ToR_Mgmt Description: N7K_ToR_Mgmt
vrf member management Internet Address is 172.26.244.162/24
ip address 172.26.244.162/24 110380 input packets
We can write configuration data (think “conf t”), Operational data is read-only.
and we can read configuration data (think “show
run”).
Some data can be read either as config data or

operational data!
PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process
1 3 31 96 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Chunk Manager
2 3687 4786 770 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0 Load Meter
Challenge: Write a Python script to go through the list of nearly 500 running processes
and print the names of only those with runtime of 10 seconds or greater.
Regex hard to understand
Tied directly to table layout
Regular Expressions
-Stackexchange user
PID Runtime(ms) Invoked uSecs 5Sec 1Min 5Min TTY Process
1 3 31 96 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0 Chunk Manager
2 3687 4786 770 0.07% 0.01% 0.00% 0 Load Meter
Challenge: Write a Python script to go through the list of nearly 500 running processes
and print the names of only those with runtime of 10 seconds or greater.
XML easily rendered as Python dict

Uses YANG data models
Intuitive nomenclature
NETCONF vs. YANG
Communication
Protocol Data Description
NETCONF YANG
SNMP MIB/ASN.1
NETCONF protocol stack
CONTENT XML (based on YANG)
OPERATIONS GET, EDIT-CONFIG, ETC
MESSAGES RPC
SECURE TRANSPORT SSH
Enabling NETCONF: 3 Steps
C3850-1#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
C3850-1(config)#aaa new-model
C3850-1(config)#aaa authentication login default local Enable AAA
C3850-1(config)#aaa authorization exec default local
C3850-1(config)#username admin password cisco
C3850-1(config)#line vty 0 15 Enable SSH

C3850-1(config-line)#transport input all
C3850-1(config)#netconf-yang Enable NETCONF

C3850-1(config)#
Finding and using YANG models
What are we looking for?
Extract route and next hop interface or IP from routing table

NO regular expressions!!!
Open model if possible
YangExplorer: A Cisco tool for exploring models
Available at:
https://github.com/CiscoDevNet/yang
-explorer
Or just Google: "cisco yangexplorer"
YangExplorer: A Cisco tool for exploring models
Models on device
Models subscribed on YangExplorer
Finding a model, method 1
Either scroll through the

model list or search for a
specific model.
Click “RPC”.
The XML is displayed.
Finding a model, method 2
Pull the config from an

existing device.
Select “get-config” for the

hierarchy you need.
Click Run RPC.
The XML is displayed.
Development
Python NETCONF Libraries
NCClient Python Library
Raw XML
NETCONF
NCClient
NCClient "Get" Example
YANG Developer Kit (YDK)
<interface>
<GigabitEthernet>
<name>1/0/14</name>
<description>To_Core_Switch</description>
<ip>
<address>
<primary>
NCClient: <address>15.10.1.1</address>
<mask>255.255.255.0</mask>
</primary>
</address>
</ip>
</GigabitEthernet>
</interface>
gigabitethernet= interface.Gigabitethernet()
gigabitethernet.name = "1/0/14"
gigabitethernet.description = "To_Core_Switch"
YDK:
gigabitethernet.ip.address.primary.address = "15.10.1.1"
gigabitethernet.ip.address.primary.mask = "255.255.255.0"
ip_add.gigabitethernet.append(gigabitethernet)
REST APIs
Consider some of the things you can do with an app like Spark...
Add a user to a room
Read a message
API’s allow you to do same things with a script instead of by clicking..
Create a space Add a user to a space Read a message
REST API calls use HTTP methods like GET, PUT and POST...
...and like a web page, REST APIs use URLs.
REST API URLs determine what resource is being accessed.
POST https://api.ciscospark.com/v1/rooms
POST https://api.ciscospark.com/v1/messages
POST https://api.ciscospark.com/v1/team/memberships
The headers of the request contain basic information such as an authentication token,
while the body of the request contains the data to send.
How do I find REST APIs?
REST APIs are useless unless they are documented.
Headers for call
Content needed
API Test Button!
Often you don’t need to know REST to use REST!
Libraries make the calls easy...
Our script will use a library I created, spark.py...
Example: Post a message:
Easier than...
Pulling it all together
Development
Script Flow
What How Example

Pull Spark
messages library
from Spark
Script Flow
What How Example*

Parse Python
message conditions
* simple, but can be improved using NLP
Script Flow
What How Example

Collect NETCONF
routes w/ NCClient
Script Flow
4 (Optional)
What How Example

Graph Graphviz
Routes Library
Script Flow
What How
Post Spark
response to library
Spark
Example (With graph)
On-Box Scripting
Off-box Python Scripting
NETCONF*
Off-box scripts run on an external server and communicate with the

switch over the network using NETCONF or other protocols.
* or other protocol BRKCRS-2451 © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 113
On-box Python Scripting
CLI
NETCONF
Syslog
On-box Python scripts run in a container on

the device itself. They can communicate with
the network or the device itself.
Guestshell
Container
Advantages
On-Box
• Access CLI directly on device
• Trigger syslog messages
• Interact with Embedded Event Manager
• Access device bootflash
• Zero Touch Provisioning
• Use interactive Python shell
Embedded Event Manager
• EEM takes certain actions based on triggering events.
Events: Actions:
• cli • cli
• temperature • python
• IPSLA Trigger • reload
• Etc… • syslog
• Etc…
3 Spark posts diff to room
4 Python script diffs configs and sends diff to Spark

Catalyst 3850
1 User changes device config
EEM
2 Change detected by EEM
3 EEM Triggers on-box Python script BRKCRS-2451 © 2017 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 117
Wrapping Up
How do I learn Python?
Automate the Boring Stuff with Python, Al Sweigart
Great introduction to Python focused on automation. (Not specifically network
automation.) Covers Python 3.0 only. Assumes zero knowledge. Read Excel
docs, generate PDFs, etc. Highly recommended.
Real Python. http://realpython.com

Three-part course. Begins with basics assuming no knowledge. Covers Python 2.7
and 3.0. Parts II and III focus on web development with Python. Covers flask,
Django, jinja2 templates. Many resources on the web site for free.
Cisco DevNet
• Learning Labs
• Sandboxes
• API Documentation
• Python, YDK, REST
• And More!
http://developer.cisco.com
"If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing badly."
- G.K. Chesterton
• Work in the USB lab
• Identify one problem you can solve with a script
• Start small
• Copy and mod scripts from DevNet
• (developer.cisco.com)
Lab on a stick (USB, that is)
• Ubuntu VM:
• YangExplorer Installed
• NCClient Scripts
• YDK-Py Scripts
• CSR1kv with IOS XE 16.5
• Functionally similar to Cat3k/9k for
YANG/NETCONF
Complete Your Online
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event at www.CiscoLive.com/Online.
Continue Your Education
• Demos in the Cisco campus
• Walk-in Self-Paced Labs
• Lunch & Learn
• Meet the Engineer 1:1 meetings
• Related sessions
Thank you
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Scripting the Catalyst:

Beyond the Basics

Jeff McLaughlin, Principal TME

Cisco Spark spaces will be cs.co/ciscolivebot#BRKCRS-2451

Programmability Reason #1 Do repetitive and tedious tasks more easily

if error counters too high:

Programmability Reason #2 Programmatic Control of network devices

NETCONF REST API

Programmability Reason #3 Interaction between network devices and other systems

Programmability Reason #4 Stop bad configuration being committed to devices

How to find the red

How to find the red

How to find the red

How to find the red

# show mac address-table address 001a.a24d.5141

Programmability Reason #5 Automate complex troubleshooting tasks

5 Data posted back to Spark room

1. Display the routing table

CLI CFG MGMT TOOLS PYTHON SCRIPT

Advantages: Advantages: Advantages:

Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

And it’s well supported in the networking community!

NETCONF? Catalyst 3850

CLI SNMP NETCONF

NETCONF! Catalyst 3850

Mac Python is probably

Download and install

Download and install

• Most common version • Several language enhancements

Python 2 and 3 are not mutually compatible!

1 Something to do REST (requests)

2 Something to do NETCONF (ncclient)

2 Something to do graphing (graphviz)

V-Env1 V-Env2 V-Env3

Python 2.5 Python 2.7 Python 2.7

Requests = 1.2.0 Jinja2 = 2.7 Requests = 1.2.0

$ pip install virtualenv

Install Virtualenv with PIP like any Python library.

$ mkdir spark_app Make a directory for your project

Save code Save code again

Added oper data

GitHub is an online source code repository.

GitHub provides an easy way to share code and

Highly Recommended: Install GitHub Desktop!

Tells git, don't track these files!

JEMCLAUG-M-34E1:spark_app jemclaug$ git init

3 Add file(s) to be tracked

5 View changes in GH Desktop!

$ git clone https://github.com/ccie14023/pyfabric

Human Oriented Interface Machine Oriented Interface

John Smith 42 14155551212 Name: John Smith

• His age? Keys Values

CLI = Unstructured Data

Le train à Paris part à

<name>Ethernet 0/0</name> Question: Which of these is correct?

YANG Data XML

YANG models do not contain data or XML.

YANG models can be used as a template for generating structured

Models installed on device automatically with IOS-XE.