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    Tsunami Energy: The Total Energy For The Tsunami Can Be Approximated by

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    BIPL REPORT
    The 1960 Chile earthquake was the largest ever recorded at magnitude 9.5. It caused a devastating tsunami that killed over 2,000 people in Chile and hundreds more in Hawaii and Japan. Repeated tsunamis have impacted the coast of Chile, leaving layers of sand that can help scientists understand how soon another large tsunami may occur in that region. The 2004 Sumatra earthquake was the second largest ever at magnitude 9.3. It triggered a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage along the coasts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. GPS measurements show the Indian plate is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 15.3 mm/yr in this region, making it prone to large

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    Tsunami Energy: The Total Energy For The Tsunami Can Be Approximated by

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    BIPL REPORT
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    The 1960 Chile earthquake was the largest ever recorded at magnitude 9.5. It caused a devastating tsunami that killed over 2,000 people in Chile and hundreds more in Hawaii and Japan. Repeated tsunamis have impacted the coast of Chile, leaving layers of sand that can help scientists understand how soon another large tsunami may occur in that region. The 2004 Sumatra earthquake was the second largest ever at magnitude 9.3. It triggered a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage along the coasts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. GPS measurements show the Indian plate is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 15.3 mm/yr in this region, making it prone to large

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    Lecture 33

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    The 1960 Chile earthquake was the largest ever recorded at magnitude 9.5. It caused a devastating tsunami that killed over 2,000 people in Chile and hundreds more in Hawaii and Japan. Repeated tsunamis have impacted the coast of Chile, leaving layers of sand that can help scientists understand how soon another large tsunami may occur in that region. The 2004 Sumatra earthquake was the second largest ever at magnitude 9.3. It triggered a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage along the coasts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. GPS measurements show the Indian plate is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 15.3 mm/yr in this region, making it prone to large

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    22 views40 pages

    Tsunami Energy: The Total Energy For The Tsunami Can Be Approximated by

    Uploaded by

    BIPL REPORT
    The 1960 Chile earthquake was the largest ever recorded at magnitude 9.5. It caused a devastating tsunami that killed over 2,000 people in Chile and hundreds more in Hawaii and Japan. Repeated tsunamis have impacted the coast of Chile, leaving layers of sand that can help scientists understand how soon another large tsunami may occur in that region. The 2004 Sumatra earthquake was the second largest ever at magnitude 9.3. It triggered a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage along the coasts of Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, and Thailand. GPS measurements show the Indian plate is converging with the Eurasian plate at a rate of 15.3 mm/yr in this region, making it prone to large

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    TSUNAMI ENERGY

    The total energy for the tsunami can be approximated by:


    • E(t) = 1/6 gh 2A

    Where E(t)= Total energy


     = 1.03 g/cm ( Density)
    g = 980 cm/sec2
    h = Assumed av. height of crustal displacement
    A = Tsunami generating area
    MAJOR TSUNAMIS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN
    • The Santa Barbara, California Tsunami(s) of December 1812
    • The Great Krakatoa Tsunami of August 26, 1883 in Indonesia
    • The 1946 Aleutian Tsunami
    • The 1952 Kamchatka Tsunami
    • The Giant Lituya Bay Tsunami of July 9, 19581 in SouthEastern
    Alaska
    • The 1957 Aleutian Tsunami
    • The May 22, 1960 Chilean Tsunami
    • The March 27, 1964 Great Alaska Tsunami
    • The Earthquake and Tsunami of 17 October 1966, in Peru
    • The Earthquake and Tsunami of 29 November 1975 in Hawaii
    • The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 16, 1976 , in the
    Philippine Islands
    • The Earthquake and Tsunami of August 19, 1977, in Indonesia
    • The Earthquake and Tsunami of 12 December 1979 in Colombia
    • The 19 September 1985 , Great Mexico Earthquake and Tsunami
    The great destruction
    and loss of life caused by
    the May 1960 Chilean
    tsunami
    Largest subduction earthquake of May
    22,1960 Chile Mw 9.5
    and
    Second largest earthquake of December
    26, 2004 Sumatra Mw9.3
    • The 1960 Chile earthquake ruptured a
    fault zone along which a slab of sea
    floor is descending, or “subducting,”
    beneath the adjacent South American
    Continent.

    • Such “subduction zones” are formed


    where two of the tectonic plates that
    make up the Earth’s outer shell meet.

    • Earthquakes occur when the fault


    ruptures, suddenly releasing built-up
    energy.

    • During the 1960 Chile earthquake, the


    western margin of the South American
    Plate lurched as much as 60 feet
    relative to the subducting Nazca Plate,
    in an area 600 miles (~966 km) long
    and more than 100 miles (~160 km)
    wide.
    • Earthquakes occur when the fault ruptures, suddenly releasing built-up
    energy.
    • The tsunami was a result of the largest earthquake ever measured (magnitude 9.5). This
    quake occurred along the coast of Chile on May 22, 1960.
    • In Chile, the earthquake and the tsunami that followed took more than 2,000 lives and
    caused property damage estimated at $550 million (1960 dollars). From Chile the
    tsunami radiated outward, killing 61 people in Hawaii and 122 in Japan.
    the Chilean tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean on May 22, 1960. At 6:47 p.m.
    2005 Kashmir M7.6
    1885 Kashmir M>7.5
    1555 Kashmir M>7.5 (??)
    1905 Kangra M7.8
    1934 Nepal-Bihar M>8
    1950 Upper Assam M>8

    Indian Plate

    325 BC M>7 (?)


    1945 M>7.8

    1679 M7.5
    1847 Mw7.5
    1668 M8 1881 Mw7.9
    1819 M7.8 1941 Mw7.7
    1845 M>7 2004 Mw9.3
    1956 M6.1
    2001 M7.6

    Indian Ocean
    Future Initiatives

    • Investigation of landlevel changes


    due to great paleo-earthquakes in
    1960 Sand
    the region: to understand
    deformation pattern and coast line
    changes
    Soil

    1575 Sand • Identification of Paleo-tsunami


    deposits (paleoseismic
    Soil investigation): to know the old
    events, recurrence and magnitude
    1280-1390 Sand

    Soil
    1020-1190 Sand

    Soil
    Repeated Tsunamis

    • Sand layers identified in Chile provide tools for learning how soon the
    recent Indian ocean tsunami may reoccur.
    •a
    •a
    •a
    Coseismic land-level changes along Andaman and Nicobar
    Islands
    2004 Sumatra Earthquake
    Reconnaissance of Affected Areas in India

    Team:
    Sudhir K. Jain, C. V. R. Murty,
    Javed Malik, Durgesh C. Rai
    Alpa R. Sheth, Arvind Jaiswal
    Hemant B. Kaushik, Pratibha Gandhi,
    Goutam Mondal, Suresh R. Dash, Snigdha Sanyal
    Lt.Col. J.S.Sodhi, Lt.Col.Santosh Kumar

    supported by
    Department of Science & Technology
    Government of India
    New Delhi
    Seismic Zone V in A&N
    Islands
    III in most affected
    Mainland area
    • Most devastating and second
    largest. Great mega-thrust M9.3

    • Occurred along the plate boundary


    marked by subduction zone between
    the Indian Plate and the Burmese
    Plate (a part of the Eurasian Plate).

    • Recent global tectonic plate


    reconstruction data suggests that the
    NE-moving Indian plate is obliquely
    converging with the Eurasian plate at
    54 mm/yr (DeMets et al, 1994).

    • GPS observations between Bangalore


    and Port Blair (capital of Andaman-
    Nicobar Islands) suggest that the
    Indian Plate is approaching the
    Burmese Plate at a rate of 15.3
    mm/yr (Paul et al, 2001; Ortiz and
    Bilham, 2003).
    • Most devastating and second
    largest. Great mega-thrust M9.3

    • Occurred along the plate boundary


    marked by subduction zone between
    the Indian Plate and the Burmese
    Plate (a part of the Eurasian Plate).

    • Recent global tectonic plate


    reconstruction data suggests that the
    NE-moving Indian plate is obliquely
    converging with the Eurasian plate at
    54 mm/yr (DeMets et al, 1994).

    • GPS observations between Bangalore


    and Port Blair (capital of Andaman-
    Nicobar Islands) suggest that the
    Indian Plate is approaching the
    Burmese Plate at a rate of 15.3
    mm/yr (Paul et al, 2001; Ortiz and
    Bilham, 2003).
    Major events during recent past

    • Several events Mw > 7 have been reported


    from this region (Bilham, et al., 2005)

    • 1847 Mw 7.5 around Great Nicobar

    • 1881 Mw 7.9 around Car Nicobar

    • 1941 Mw 7.7 around South and Middle


    Andamans

    • Uplift of about 50 cm along west-coast with


    relative tilt towards east was inferred
    during 1881 Car Nicobar earthquake (Ortiz
    and Bilham, 2003).

    • The region provides an ideal tectonic


    setting for occurrence of mega-thrust
    earthquakes and specially the effects of the
    tsunami waves triggered by such events.
    1.2m
    1.3m

    Coseismic land-level 1m 1m
    changes along Andaman
    and Nicobar Islands 1m

    Subsidence
    along eastern coast 1.2m
    Uplift
    along the western coastline of
    South Andaman

    3m

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