Elective 2 - Earthquake Engineering: Instructor: Engr. Crispin S. Lictaoa

ELECTIVE 2 - EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. CRISPIN S. LICTAOA
GROUP 8
Nesrin Fernando Joseph Rosario Kristel Tanael

EARTHQUAKE LOAD ANALYSIS
REPORTERS: GROUP 8
Earthquake Loads or Seismic Loads is one of the basic concepts of earthquake
engineering in which it applies to a building structure or model the earthquake-
generated agitation.
Earthquake Load depends on:
● Earthquake’s parameters at the site

● Geotechnical parameters of the site
● Building structure parameters
● Characteristic of gravity waves from tsunami
Earthquake Load Analysis or Seismic Analysis is the calculation of the response
of a particular building structure from earthquakes.
Buildings have the potential to wave back and forth due to an earthquake or even
because by strong winds. This is phenomenon of building’s movement is called
the Fundamental Mode.
Higher modes response of a particular structure are activated by strong

earthquakes and every building has that ability to move vigorously.
Mode can be defined as the state of excitation in which all the component of the
system will be affected under a specified fixed frequency.
Tall buildings will undergo several modes of vibration and the taller they are, the
higher their modes would be.
Measuring Seismic Forces or Effect of Earthquake on the Ground
● Acceleration - rate of change of speed which is measured in “g” at 980

cm/sec^2 or 1 g.
- 0.001 g or 1 cm/sec^2 noticeable by people.
- 0.02 g or 20 cm/sec^2 causes people to lose balance.
- 0.5 g is very high but buildings can survive it considering the duration of
shaking is short and if mass of building or damping(shock/vibration
absorber) mechanism of structure is took in consideration.
● Velocity - rate of change of position which is measured in centimeters per
second.
● Displacement - distance from the point of rest in centimeters.
● Duration - length of time to which shock cycle persist.
● Magnitude - Size of earthquake measured by Richter Scale.
Buildings can survive very high acceleration but the longer the duration of the
shock, the less acceleration the building can endure.
Ground that is much closer to the epicenter experience much ground acceleration
compare to those much further from the epicenter. The closer you are to the
epicenter, the greater ground acceleration is experienced.
From this statement, for safety purposes, height of the building response to
earthquake depends also to its location from the possible source of quake.
BUILDING CATEGORY NEAR FROM EPICENTER FAR FROM EPICENTER

(High Ground (Less Ground
Acceleration) Acceleration)
Low Rise Shakes more aggressive Shakes less aggressive
High Rise Shakes less aggressive Shakes more aggressive

Inertial Force is the force generated due to movement of structure caused by
ground shaking. Mathematically, it can be defined as:
F (inertial) = (Mass) x (Acceleration)
The greater the mass or weight of the building, the greater inertial force generated.
Greater mass generates greater lateral forces, in conclusion, columns will have
greater possibility of being displaced.
Earthquake generate waves but like a sine wave, it also has a period which is
defined as the length of a full cycle of a wave. Every structure has its own Natural
Period and Fundamental Period at which they vibrate because of a shock. The
primary for the structure’s seismic design is the Natural Period.
Height is the main determinant of fundamental period and every object has its
own fundamental period at which it will vibrate. Period if directly proportional to
the height of the building.
SEISMIC DESIGN FACTORS
Factors that affect the design of the building:
● Damping - rate at which natural vibration is absorbed since buildings are poor
resonators to dynamic shocks.
SEISMIC
DESIGN
FACTORS
Damping Example: Taipei
101, Taipei, Taiwan
SEISMIC DESIGN
FACTORS
Damping Example: Taipei
101, Taipei, Taiwan
SEISMIC DESIGN
FACTORS
Damping Example: Taipei 101,
Taipei, Taiwan
SEISMIC DESIGN
FACTORS
Damping Example: Torre Mayor, Mexico City,
Mexico
Damping Example: Torre Mayor, Mexico City, Mexico
● Ductility - characteristic of a material to bend, flex, or move. Ductility failure
may occur due to constant considerable deformation.
● Strength - property of material to resist or bear applied forces within a safe
limit.
● Stiffness - degree of resistance to deflection or drift.
● Building Configurations - defines building size and shape and structural and
non-structural elements.
- Regular Configuration
- Irregular Configuration
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHODS
Five Categories of Structural Analysis Methods
● Equivalent Static Analysis

- Defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion by a seismic design response spectrum.
- Assumes that the building responds in its fundamental mode.
- To be true, building must be low rise and must be symmetric to avoid
torsional movement under ground motions.
- Structure must be able to resist effects caused by seismic forces in either
direction but not in both direction.
● Response Spectrum Analysis
- A linear-dynamic statistical
analysis methods which
measures the contribution from
each natural mode of vibration to
indicate the likely maximum
seismic response of an
essentially elastic structure.
- This approach permits the
multiple modes of response of a
building.
● Linear Dynamic Analysis - static procedures are appropriate when higher
mode effects are not significant which are present on short or regular
buildings. For tall buildings, dynamic procedure is required.
● Nonlinear Static Analysis - this approach is also known as pushover analysis.
A pattern of forces is applied to a structural model that includes non-linear
properties and the total force is plotted against a reference displacement to
define a capacity curve. This method determines the ultimate load and
deflection capability of a structure.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHOD
● Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis - combines various methods like SRSS (Square
Root of Sum and Squares) and it is used for very few and highly irregular
structures. It is an accurate estimation technique but involves various types
of analysis.
THANK YOU!
END OF PRESENTATION

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ELECTIVE 2 - EARTHQUAKE

Nesrin Fernando Joseph Rosario Kristel Tanael

Earthquake Load depends on:

● Earthquake’s parameters at the site

Higher modes response of a particular structure are activated by strong

● Acceleration - rate of change of speed which is measured in “g” at 980

BUILDING CATEGORY NEAR FROM EPICENTER FAR FROM EPICENTER

Low Rise Shakes more aggressive Shakes less aggressive

High Rise Shakes less aggressive Shakes more aggressive

F (inertial) = (Mass) x (Acceleration)

● Equivalent Static Analysis

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