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    Earthquake Waves

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    Amjad AB143
    Seismology is the study of earthquakes through seismic waves. There are three main types of seismic waves - body waves, which include P-waves and S-waves, and surface waves, which include Rayleigh and Love waves. Body waves travel through the earth's interior while surface waves travel along the earth's surface. Earthquake magnitude is measured using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amplitude of seismic waves. Soil composition also influences earthquake damage, as bedrock provides a stable foundation while sediment and soil can settle and shift during shaking. Tsunamis are large sea waves generated by earthquakes that displace water and can cause extensive coastal flooding.

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    Earthquake Waves

    Uploaded by

    Amjad AB143
    73 views10 pages
    Seismology is the study of earthquakes through seismic waves. There are three main types of seismic waves - body waves, which include P-waves and S-waves, and surface waves, which include Rayleigh and Love waves. Body waves travel through the earth's interior while surface waves travel along the earth's surface. Earthquake magnitude is measured using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amplitude of seismic waves. Soil composition also influences earthquake damage, as bedrock provides a stable foundation while sediment and soil can settle and shift during shaking. Tsunamis are large sea waves generated by earthquakes that displace water and can cause extensive coastal flooding.

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    Seismology is the study of earthquakes through seismic waves. There are three main types of seismic waves - body waves, which include P-waves and S-waves, and surface waves, which include Rayleigh and Love waves. Body waves travel through the earth's interior while surface waves travel along the earth's surface. Earthquake magnitude is measured using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amplitude of seismic waves. Soil composition also influences earthquake damage, as bedrock provides a stable foundation while sediment and soil can settle and shift during shaking. Tsunamis are large sea waves generated by earthquakes that displace water and can cause extensive coastal flooding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views10 pages

    Earthquake Waves

    Uploaded by

    Amjad AB143
    Seismology is the study of earthquakes through seismic waves. There are three main types of seismic waves - body waves, which include P-waves and S-waves, and surface waves, which include Rayleigh and Love waves. Body waves travel through the earth's interior while surface waves travel along the earth's surface. Earthquake magnitude is measured using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amplitude of seismic waves. Soil composition also influences earthquake damage, as bedrock provides a stable foundation while sediment and soil can settle and shift during shaking. Tsunamis are large sea waves generated by earthquakes that displace water and can cause extensive coastal flooding.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 10

    Earthquake Waves

    Introduction
    • Seismology: is the study of
    earthquakes and the nature
    of the Earth’s interior based
    on evidence from seismic
    waves.
    Earthquake Waves types

    Body waves Types Surface waves


    Body waves types

    Primary waves Secondary


    (P-waves) waves

    compressional waves Shear waves


    Speed = between 4 and 7 Speed = between 3 and 4
    kilometers per second in kilometers per second in
    the Earth’s crust the crust
    and at about 8 kilometers
    per second in the
    uppermost mantle
    Surface waves types

    Rayleigh waves Love waves

    moves with an up and produce a side-to-side


    down vibration
    rolling motion like an
    ocean wave
    Measurement of Seismic Waves
    Seismograph: is a device that records seismic waves.
    Measurement of
    Earthquake Strength
    • Over the past century, geologists have devised several
    scales to express the size of an earthquake. Before
    seismographs were in common use, earthquakes were
    evaluated based on structural damage. This system did
    not accurately measure the energy released by a quake,
    however, because structural damage depends on
    distance from the focus, the rock or soil beneath the
    structure, and the quality of construction. In 1935 Charles
    Richter devised the Richter scale to express earthquake
    magnitude. Richter magnitude is calculated from the
    height of the largest earthquake body wave recorded on
    a specific type of seismograph. The Richter scale is more
    quantitative than earlier intensity scales, but it is not a
    precise measure of earthquake energy. Modern
    equipment and methods enable seismologists to measure
    the amount of slip and the surface area of a fault that
    moved during a quake. On both the moment magnitude
    and Richter scales, the energy of the quake increases by
    about a factor of 30 for each successive increment on the
    scale. Thus, a magnitude 6 earthquake releases roughly
    30 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake.
    How Rock and Soil
    Influence Earthquake
    Damage

    • In many regions, bedrock lies at or near the Earth’s


    surface and buildings are anchored directly to the
    rock. Bedrock vibrates during an earthquake and
    buildings may fail if the motion is violent enough.
    However, most bedrock returns to its original shape
    when the earthquake is over, so if structures can
    withstand the shaking, they will survive. Thus,
    bedrock forms a desirable foundation in
    earthquake hazard areas.
    • In many places, structures are built on sand, clay, or
    silt. Sandy sediment and soil commonly settle
    during an earthquake. This displacement tilts
    buildings, breaks pipelines and roadways, and
    fractures dams. To avert structural failure in such
    soils, engineers drive steel or concrete pilings
    through the sand to the bedrock below. These
    pilings anchor and support the structures even if
    the ground beneath them settles
    Tsunamis

    • When an earthquake occurs beneath the sea, part of the sea


    floor rises or falls. Water is displaced in response to the rock
    movement, forming a wave. Sea waves produced by an
    earthquake are often called tidal waves, but they have nothing to
    do with tides. Therefore, geologists call them by their Japanese
    name, tsunami. In the open sea, a tsunami is so flat that it is
    barely detectable. Typically, the crest may be only 1 to 3 meters
    high, and successive crests may be more than 100 to 150
    kilometers (about the distance from Washington, D.C. to New
    York City) apart. However, a tsunami may travel at 750 kilometers
    (about half the distance from Florida to New York City) per hour.
    When the wave approaches the shallow water near shore, the
    base of the wave drags against the bottom and the water stacks
    up, increasing the height of the wave. The rising wall of water
    then flows inland. A tsunami can flood the land for as long as 5 to
    10 minutes.
    Thank You

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