INTERNET OF THINGS

A SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted By-

Name:- _SURAJDEV PANDEY_

University Roll No.-_1642210093
(2016-2020)
Submitted in partial fulfillment
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
AT

SUBMITTED TO:

Department of Computer Science

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
,LUCKNOW

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 ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is defined in many different ways, and it encompasses many
aspects of life from connected homes and cities to connected cars and roads, roads to devices
that track an individual s behavior and use the data collected for push services. Some mention
one trillion Internet-connected devices by 2025 and define mobile phones as the eyes and ear
of the applications connecting all of those connected things. By these internet of things
billions objects can communicate over worldwide over a public, private internet protocol
network in 2010, the number of everyday physical objects and devices connected to the
Internet was around 12.5 billion. Smart cities, Smart cars, Public safety, Smart Industries and
Environmental Protection has been given the high intention for future protection by IoT
Ecosystem. For the development the government of Europe, Asia and America has
considered the Internet of Things has area innovation and growth. Many visionaries have
seized on the phrase Internet of Things to refer to the general idea of things, especially
everyday objects, that are readable, recognizable, locatable, addressable, and/or controllable
via the Internet, irrespective of the communication means (whether via RFID, wireless LAN,
wide- area networks, or other means).Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and sensor
network technologies will rise to meet this new challenge, in which information and
communication systems are invisibly embedded in the environment around us.

This results in the generation of enormous amounts of data which have to be stored,
processed and presented in a seamless, efficient, and easily interpretable form. This model
will consist of services that are commodities and delivered in a manner similar to traditional
commodities. Due to internet of things hospitals are shifting to remote self-monitoring for
patients. Due self-monitoring it gives the patient greater freedom and independence for their
health and free the equipment for emergency propose for patients.

Internet of Things (IoT) is a new revolution of the Internet. Internet of Things (IoT) is can be
said the expansion of internet services. It provides a platform for communication between
objects where objects can organize and manage themselves. It makes objects themselves
recognizable. The internet of things allows everyone to be connected anytime and anywhere.
Objects can be communicated between each other by using radio frequency identification
(RFID), wireless sensor network (WSN), Zigbee, etc. Radio Frequency identification assigns
a unique identification to the objects. RFID technology is used as more secure identification
and for tracking/locating objects, things, vehicle.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

1.- INTRODUCTON
2.- EVOLUTION OF INTERNET
2.1.- INTERNET OF BOFFINS
2.2.- INTERNET OF GEEKS
2.3.- INTERNET OF MASSES
2.4.- MOBILE INTERNET
2.5.- INTERNET OF THINGS
3.- IMPACT OF INTRNET
4.- INTERNET OF USAGE
5.- INTRO. IOT
6.- DEFINITION OF IOT
7.- ARCHITECTURE OF IOT
7.1.- APPLICATION LAYER
7.2.- GATEWAY OF NETWORK LAYER
7.3.- MANAGEMENT LAYER
7.4.- SENSOR LAYER
8.- ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
9.- CLOUD CENTIC IOT
10.- IOT IN 2015
11.- APPLICATION
12.- COCLUSION
13.- REFERENCES.
 Acknowledgement

I wish to extend my sincere gratitude to my seminar guide. Mrs. Hirdesh Varshney

(Asst.Prof.) Dept. of Computer Science &Engineering for her valuable guidance and
encouragement which has been absolutely helpful in successful completion of this seminar.
I am intended to Mr. Madan Kushwaha (Asst. Prof.)& Head of Dept. of Computer Science
&Engineering for his valuable support

I am also grateful to my parents and friends for their timely aid without which I would not
have finished my seminar successfully . I extend my thanks to all my wishers and all those
who have contributed directly & indirectly for the completion of this work.
And last but not least I thank BIET for giving me opportunity to work on this without it I
can’t complete this seminar.

Surajdev Pandey
(1642210093)
Computer Science
B.tech- 4th yr
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects, devices, vehicles, buildings
and other items which are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.[1] The Internet of
Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more-direct integration between the physical world
and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic
benefit; when IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an
instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses
technologies such as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities.
Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to
interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will
consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.

British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID
Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring to a global network of Radio-frequency
identification (RFID) connected objects). Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced
connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine
communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The
interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in
automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid,
and expanding to the areas such as smart cities.

"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles
with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or
field operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations. These devices
collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow
the data between other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems
and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand
into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is
aggregated very quickly, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process such
data. IoT is one of the platforms of today's Smart City and Smart Energy management system
 2.0 EVOLUTION OF INTERNET:

2.1 Internet of Boffins:

This was the era when ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) carried its
first data packet in 1969. It was the first network to use TCP/IP. This was followed by the
Mark I Network in 1970, which was built by Davis. This network was a packet switched
network to serve NPL in UK. It was soon replaced by Mark II in 1973. The other major
inventions such as Telnet in 1974, Ethernet in 1980, GOSIP in 1190 and a full text web
search engine in 1994 followed the trend. This era is called ‘Internet of Boffins’ since in this
era internet was in a stage of early evolution and research.

2.2 Internet of Geeks:

‘Internet of Geeks’ era started with the proposal of IPv6. It was the latest revision of the
internet protocol. The communication protocol provides identification and location system
for computers on networks and routes traffic across internet. The popular internet services
started taking roots in this era. Amazon.com started its first online retail service in 1995,
followed by eBay providing customers with online auction and shopping services. Hotmail
started its free web based email service in 1996, followed by Google search in 1998. PayPal
started its first internet payment service in 1998. Internet penetration was low in the market
until 2000.

2.3 Internet of masses:

‘Internet of masses’ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000. In the starting of this
era Dot-com bubble burst led to high growth in stock markets due to increasing use of
internet in the industrial sector. In this era many people across the globe started using
internet. Social networking sites came into existence. In 2001 Wikipedia came into existence
followed by Facebook in 2004, further followed by YouTube, Twitter and WikiLeaks in the
consecutive years.

2.4 Mobile Internet:

‘Mobile Internet’ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. The
era got a boost with introduction of smartphones which gave a fast working internet on
phones. This was the era from 2007-2011. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the
people round the globe due to the mobile internet.

2.5 Internet of Things:

‘Internet of Things’ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using
internet.

3.0 IMPACT OF INTERNET

The uses of internet include but not limited to usage of search engines which will help you to
collect data from all over the world, usage of email and other instant message services which
are giving flexibility of sharing information among groups within seconds, usage of internet
in shopping via online shopping carts helped both clients and customers. Internet has become
a platform to share knowledge between different communities. Several universities are
publishing their research papers in their websites/digital libraries and helping other university
students, researchers and professors scholar activities.

4.0 INTERNET USAGE

IDC estimates Internet of Things (IoT) market to grow to $8.9 trillion with over 212 billion
connected things by 2020. The no. of connected devices surpassed total world population in year
2005 and it is estimated that no. of devices will be around 50 billion which is about 7 times of the
world population at that time.
From the simplest day to day activities to the most complex human emotions, IoT will impact it.

5.0 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

Anyone who says that the Internet has fundamentally changed society may be right, but at the
same time, the greatest transformation actually still lies ahead of us. Several new
technologies are now converging in a way that means the Internet is on the brink of a
substantial expansion as objects large and small get connected and assume their own web
identity.
Following on from the Internet of computers, when our servers and personal computers were
connected to a global network, and the Internet of mobile telephones, when it was the turn of
telephones and other mobile units, the next phase of development is the Internet of things,
when more or less anything will be connected and managed in the virtual world. This
revolution will be the Net’s largest enlargement ever and will have sweeping effects on every
industry — and all of our everyday lives.
Smart connectivity with existing networks and context-aware computation using network
resources is an indispensable part of IoT. With the growing presence of WiFi and 4G-LTE
wireless Internet access, the evolution towards ubiquitous information and communication
networks is already evident. However, for the Internet of Things vision to successfully
emerge, the computing paradigm will need to go beyond traditional mobile computing
scenarios that use smart phones and portables, and evolve into connecting everyday existing
objects and embedding intelligence into our environment. For technology to disappear from
the consciousness of the user, the Internet of Things demands: a shared understanding of the
situation of its users and their appliances, software architectures and pervasive
communication networks to process and convey the contextual information to where it is
relevant, and the analytics tools in the Internet of Things that aim for autonomous and smart
behavior. With these three fundamental grounds in place, smart connectivity and context-
aware computation can be accomplished.
A radical evolution of the current Internet into a Network of interconnected objects that not
only harvests information from the environment (sensing) and interacts with the physical
world (actuation/ command/control), but also uses existing Internet standards to provide
services for information transfer, analytics, applications, and communications. Fueled by the
prevalence of devices enabled by open wireless technology such as Bluetooth, radio
frequency identification (RFID), Wi-Fi, and telephonic data services as well as embedded
sensor and actuator nodes, IoT has stepped out of its infancy and is on the verge of
transforming the current static Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet.
The Internet revolution led to the interconnection between people at an unprecedented scale
and pace. The next revolution will be the interconnection between objects to create a smart
environment. Only in 2011 did the number of interconnected devices on the planet overtake
the actual number of people. Currently there are 9 billion interconnected devices and it is
expected to reach 24 billion devices by 2020. According to the GSMA, this amounts to $1.3
trillion revenue opportunities for mobile network operators alone spanning vertical segments
such as health, automotive, utilities and consumer electronics.

6.0 DEFINITION OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

“Today computers—and, therefore, the Internet—are almost wholly dependent on human
beings for information. Nearly all of the roughly 50 petabytes(a petabyte is 1,024 terabytes)
of data available on the Internet were first captured and created by human beings—by typing,
pressing a record button, taking a digital picture, or scanning a bar code. Conventional
diagrams of the Internet … leave out the most numerous and important routers of all - people.
The problem is, people have limited time, attention and accuracy—all of which means they
are not very good at capturing data about things in the real world. And that's a big deal. We're
physical, and so is our environment … You can't eat bits, burn them to stay warm or put them
in your gas tank. Ideas and information are important, but things matter much more. Yet
today's information technology is so dependent on data originated by people that our
computers know more about ideas than things. If we had computers that knew everything
there was to know about things—using data they gathered without any help from us—we
would be able to track and count everything, and greatly reduce waste, loss and cost. We
would know when things needed replacing, repairing or recalling, and whether they were
fresh or past their best. The Internet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as
the Internet did. Maybe even more so. “
—Kevin Ashton, "That 'Internet of Things' Thing", RFID Journal, July 22, 2009
“Things are active participants in business, information and social processes where they are
enabled to interact and communicate among themselves and with the environment by
exchanging data and information sensed about the environment, while reacting autonomously
to the real/physical world
events and influencing it by running processes that trigger actions and create services with or
without direct human intervention.”
—Cluster of European research projects on the Internet of Things

7.0 ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET OF THINGS

Architecture of internet of Things contains basically 4 layers:
 Application Layer

 Gateway and the network layer

 Management Service layer
 Sensor layer

7.1 Application Layer:

 Lowest Abstraction Layer
 With sensors we are creating digital nervous system.
 Incorporated to measure physical quantities
 Interconnects the physical and digital world
 Collects and process the real time information

7.2 Gateway and The Network Layer:

 Robust and High performance network infrastructure
 Supports the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security
 Allows multiple organizations to share and use the same network independently

7.3 Management Layer:

 Capturing of periodic sensory data

 Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information from massive amount of raw data)
 Streaming Analytics (Process real time data)
 Ensures security and privacy of data.

7.4 Sensor Layer:

 Provides a user interface for using IoT.
 Different applications for various sectors like Transportation, Healthcare,
Agriculture, Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.

8.0 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES

In general, three types of technologies enable IoT.
1. RFID and near-field communication - In the 2000s, RFID was the dominant technology.
Later, NFC became dominant (NFC). NFC has become common in smart phones during the
early 2010s, with uses such as reading NFC tags or for access to public transportation.
2. Optical tags and quick response codes - This is used for low cost tagging. Phone camera
decodes QR code using image-processing techniques. In reality QR advertisement campaigns
gives less turnout as users need to have another application to read QR codes.
3. Bluetooth low energy - This is one of the latest technology. All newly releasing
smartphones have BLE hardware in them. Tags based on BLE can signal their presence at a
power budget that enables them to operate for up to one year on a lithium coin cell battery.

8.1 RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic fields to transfer
data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. The
tags contain electronically stored information. Some tags are powered by electromagnetic
induction from magnetic fields produced near the reader. Some types collect energy from the
interrogating radio waves and act as a passive transponder. Other types have a local power
source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the reader. Unlike a
barcode, the tag does not necessarily need to be within line of sight of the reader and may be
embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data
Capture (AIDC).
RFID tags are used in many industries, for example, an RFID tag attached to an automobile
during production can be used to track its progress through the assembly line; RFID-tagged
pharmaceutical scan be tracked through warehouses; and implanting RFID microchips in
livestock and pets allows positive identification of animals.
Since RFID tags can be attached to cash, clothing, and possessions, or implanted in animals
and people, the possibility of reading personally-linked information without consent has
raised serious privacy concerns. These concerns resulted in standard specifications
development addressing privacy and security issues. ISO/IEC 18000 and ISO/IEC 29167 use
on-chip cryptography methods for untraceability, tag and reader authentication, and over-the-
air privacy. ISO/IEC 20248 specifies a digital signature data structure for RFID and barcodes
providing data, source and read method authenticity. This work is done within ISO/IEC JTC
1/SC 31 Automatic identification and data capture techniques.

8.2 Sensors
Many IoT devices have sensors that can register changes in temperature, light, pressure,
sound and motion. They are your eyes and ears to what's going on the world. Before we talk
about what they do, let's describe them. These sensors are part of a device category called a
microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and are manufactured in much the same way
microprocessors are manufactured, through a lithography process. These sensors can be
paired with an application-specific integrated circuit or an ASIC. This is a circuit with a
limited degree of programming capability and is hardwired to do something specific. It can
also be paired with microprocessor and will likely be attached to a wireless radio for
communications.
For example, you are away on vacation and the house is empty. A moisture sensor detects
water on the basement floor. That sensor finding is processed by an app, which has received
another report from a temperature sensor that detects the flow of water in the main water
pipe. (When water flows, it takes away heat and lowers the temperature).

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That both sensors are detecting anomalies is cause for concern. A high rate of flowing water
may signal a burst pipe, triggering an automated valve shutoff; a slight water flow might be a
running toilet, and the water on the basement floor by routine leakage from a heavy rain. In
either case, you get a machine-generated message describing the findings.

8.3 IPv6:
The original idea of the Auto-ID Center is based on RFID-tags and unique identification
through the Electronic Product Code however this has evolved into objects having an IP
address or URI.
An alternative view, from the world of the Semantic Web focuses instead on making all
things (not just those electronic, smart, or RFID-enabled) addressable by the existing naming
protocols, such as URI.
The objects themselves do not converse, but they may now be referred to by other agents,
such as powerful centralized servers acting for their human owners.
The next generation of Internet applications using Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) would
be able to communicate with devices attached to virtually all human-made objects because of
the extremely large address space of the IPv6 protocol. This system would therefore be able
to scale to the large numbers of objects envisaged.
A combination of these ideas can be found in the current GS1/EPC global EPC Information
Services (EPCIS) specifications. This system is being used to identify objects in industries
ranging from aerospace to fast moving consumer products and transportation logistics.

9.0 CLOUD CENTRIC INTERNET OF THINGS

The vision of IoT can be seen from two perspectives— ‘Internet’ centric and ‘Thing’ centric.
The Internet centric architecture will involve internet services being the main focus while
data is contributed by the objects. In the object centric architecture, the smart objects take the
center stage.
In order to realize the full potential of cloud computing as well as ubiquitous sensing, a
combined framework with a cloud at the center seems to be most viable. This not only gives
the flexibility of dividing associated costs in the most logical manner but is also highly
scalable. Sensing service providers can join the network and offer their data using a storage
cloud; analytic tool developers can provide their software tools; artificial intelligence experts
can provide their data mining and machine learning tools useful in converting information to
knowledge and finally computer graphics designers can offer a variety of visualization tools.
Cloud computing can offer these services as Infrastructures, Platforms or Software where the
full potential of human creativity can be tapped using them as services.
The new IoT application specific framework should be able to provide support for:
(1) Reading data streams either from sensors directly or fetch the data from databases.
(2) Easy expression of data analysis logic as functions/operators that process data streams in a
transparent and scalable manner on Cloud infrastructures
(3) If any events of interest are detected, outcomes should be passed to output streams, which
are connected to a visualization program. Using such a framework, the developer of IoT
applications will able to harness the power of Cloud computing without knowing low-level
details of creating reliable and scale applications.

10.0 INTERNET OF THINGS IN 2015

10.1 Smartwatches

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Smartwatches broke new ground last year, with the popularity of the devices like the pebble
and the Galaxy Gear. More mart watches making their way in the market with better and at
the feasible prices. With apple’s long-anticipated announcement of the Apple Watch, as the
company has been ramping up its sapphire glass production and flexible, wearable watch like
patents.
Industry Innovators: Pebble, Metawatch, Samsung Galaxy Gear

10.2 The Automated home

Popular devices like Google’s Nest Smart Thermostat and WeMo’s electrical outlet controller
gained in popularity last year. Since then, numerous home automation IoT technologies have
flourished- everything from smart locks to Wi-Fi enabled light bulbs.
Industry Innovators: Nest, Lockitron, Lifx

10.3 Fitness and Health Tracking

Last year, health and fitness devices like Nike Fuel band and Jawbone Up were among the
most popular IoT gadgets, making large appearance at CES.
Industry Innovators: Fitbit, Nike, Jawbone

10.4 Connected Retail

Traditional retailer store is struggling to keep up with the growing e-commerce. Thanks to the
Internet of Things, innovators have started to breathe new life into the retail experience-
offering connected point of sale systems, NFC payments solutions and supply chain
software’s.
Industry Innovators: Shopkeep, Cisco, Placemeter

10.5Virtual Augmented Reality

Last year Oculus Rift and Google glass made headline in both the virtual and augmented
Reality worlds. Oculus was acquired by Facebook for $2.3 Billion earlier this year and
Google glass recently rolled out a one-day sale of its “Explorer Edition”.
Industry Innovators: Oculus, Google Glass, Sony

11.0 APPLICATIONS
According to Gartner, Inc. (a technology research and advisory corporation), there will be
nearly 26 billion devices on the Internet of Things by 2020. ABI Research estimates that
more than 30 billion
devices will be wirelessly connected to the Internet of Things by 2020. As per a recent survey
and study done by Pew Research Internet Project, a large majority of the technology experts
and engaged Internet users who responded—83 percent—agreed with the notion that the
Internet/Cloud of Things, embedded and wearable computing (and the corresponding
dynamic systems) will have widespread and beneficial effects by 2025. As such, it is clear
that the IoT will consist of a very large number of devices being connected to the Internet. In
an active move to accommodate new and emerging technological innovation, the UK
Government, in their 2015 budget, allocated £40,000,000 towards research into the Internet
of Things. The British Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne, posited that the Internet
of Things is the next stage of the information revolution and referenced the inter-connectivity
of everything from urban transport to medical devices to household appliances.
Integration with the Internet implies that devices will use an IP address as a unique identifier.
However, due to the limited address space of IPv4 (which allows for 4.3 billion unique
addresses), objects in the IoT will have to use IPv6 to accommodate the extremely large
address space required. Objects in the IoT will not only be devices with sensory capabilities,
but also provide actuation capabilities (e.g., bulbs or locks controlled over the Internet). To a
large extent, the future of the Internet of Things will not be possible without the support of
IPv6; and consequently the global adoption of IPv6 in the coming years will be critical for the
successful development of the IoT in the future.
The ability to network embedded devices with limited CPU, memory and power resources
means that IoT finds applications in nearly every field. Such systems could be in charge of
collecting information in settings ranging from natural ecosystems to buildings and factories,
thereby finding applications in fields of environmental sensing and urban planning.
On the other hand, IoT systems could also be responsible for performing actions, not just
sensing things. Intelligent shopping systems, for example, could monitor specific users'
purchasing habits in a store by tracking their specific mobile phones. These users could then
be provided with special offers on their favorite products, or even location of items that they
need, which their fridge has automatically conveyed to the phone. Additional examples of
sensing and actuating are reflected in applications that deal with heat, electricity and energy
management, as well as cruise-assisting transportation systems. Other applications that the
Internet of Things can provide is enabling extended home security features and home
automation. The concept of an "internet of living things" has been proposed to describe
networks of biological sensors that could use cloud-based analyses to allow users to study
DNA or other molecules. All these advances add to the numerous list of IoT applications.
Now with IoT, you can control the electrical devices installed in your house while you are
sorting out your files in office. Your water will be warm as soon as you get up in the morning
for the shower. All credit goes to smart devices which make up the smart home. Everything
connected with the help of Internet.
However, the application of the IoT is not only restricted to these areas. Other specialized use
cases of the IoT may also exist. An overview of some of the most prominent application areas
is provided here. Based on the application domain, IoT products can be classified broadly
into five different categories: smart wearable, smart home, smart city, smart environment, and
smart enterprise. The IoT products and solutions in each of these markets have different
characteristics.

11.1 Media
In order to hone the manner in which the Internet of Things (IoT), the Media and Big Data
are interconnected, it is first necessary to provide some context into the mechanism used for
media process. It has been suggested by Nick Couldry and Joseph Turow that Practitioners in
Media approach Big Data as many actionable points of information about millions of
individuals. The industry appears to be moving away from the traditional approach of using
specific media environments such as newspapers, magazines, or television shows and instead
tap into consumers with technologies that reach targeted people at optimal times in optimal
locations. The ultimate aim is of course to serve, or convey, a message or content that is
(statistically speaking) in line with the consumer's mindset. For example, publishing
environments are increasingly tailoring messages (advertisements) and content (articles) to
appeal to consumers that have been exclusively gleaned through various data-mining
activities.
The media industries process Big Data in a dual, interconnected manner:
 Targeting of consumers (for advertising by marketers)
 Data-capture
Thus, the internet of things creates an opportunity to measure, collect and analyze an ever-
increasing variety of behavioral statistics. Cross-correlation of this data could revolutionize
the targeted marketing of products and services. For example, as noted by Danny Meadows-
Klue, the combination of analytics for conversion tracking withbehavioural targeting has
unlocked a new level of precision that enables display advertising to be focused on the
devices of people with relevant interests. Big Data and the IoT work in conjunction. From a
media perspective, Data is the key derivative of device inter connectivity, whilst being
pivotal in allowing clearer accuracy in targeting. The Internet of Things therefore transforms
the media industry, companies and even governments, opening up a new era of economic
growth and competitiveness. The wealth of data generated by this industry (i.e. Big Data) will
allow Practitioners in Advertising and Media to gain an elaborate layer on the present
targeting mechanisms used by the industry.

11.2 Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring applications of the IoT typically use sensors to assist in
environmental protection by monitoring air or water quality, atmospheric or soil conditions,
and can even include areas like monitoring the movements of wildlife and their habitats.
resource constrained devices connected to the Internet also means that other applications like
earthquake or tsunami early-warning systems can also be used by emergency services to
provide more effective aid. IoT devices in this application typically span a large geographic
area and can also be mobile.

Infrastructure management
Monitoring and controlling operations of urban and rural infrastructures like bridges, railway
tracks, on- and offshore- wind-farms is a key application of the IoT. The IoT infrastructure
can be used for monitoring any events or changes in structural conditions that can
compromise safety and increase risk. It can also be used for scheduling repair and
maintenance activities in an efficient manner, by coordinating tasks between different service
providers and users of these facilities.] IoT devices can also be used to control critical
infrastructure like bridges to provide access to ships. Usage of IoT devices for monitoring
and operating infrastructure is likely to improve incident management and emergency
response coordination, and quality of service, up-times and reduce costs of operation in all
infrastructure related areas. Even areas such as waste management can benefit from
automation and optimization that could be brought in by the IoT.

11.3 Manufacturing
Network control and management of manufacturing equipment, asset and situation
management, or manufacturing process control bring the IoT within the realm on industrial
applications and smart manufacturing as well. The IoT intelligent systems enable rapid
manufacturing of new products, dynamic response to product demands, and real-time
optimization of manufacturing production and supply chain networks, by networking
machinery, sensors and control systems together.
Digital control systems to automate process controls, operator tools and service information
systems to optimize plant safety and security are within the purview of the IoT. But it also
extends itself to asset management via predictive maintenance, statistical evaluation, and
measurements to maximize reliability. Smart industrial management systems can also be
integrated with the Smart Grid, thereby enabling real-time energy optimization.
Measurements, automated controls, plant optimization, health and safety management, and
other functions are provided by a large number of networked sensors.
11.4 Energy management
Integration of sensing and actuation systems, connected to the Internet, is likely to optimize
energy consumption as a whole. It is expected that IoT devices will be integrated into all
forms of energy consuming devices (switches, power outlets, bulbs, televisions, etc.) and be
able to communicate with the utility supply company in order to effectively balance power
generation and energy usage. Such devices would also offer the opportunity for users to
remotely control their devices, or centrally manage them via a cloud based interface, and
enable advanced functions like scheduling (e.g., remotely powering on or off heating
systems, controlling ovens, changing lighting conditions etc.). In fact, a few systems that
allow remote control of electric outlets are already available in the market, e.g., Belkin's
WeMo, Ambery Remote Power Switch, Budderfly, Telkonet's EcoGuard, WhizNets Inc., etc.
Besides home based energy management, the IoT is especially relevant to the Smart Grid
since it provides systems to gather and act on energy and power-related information in an
automated fashion with the goal to improve the efficiency, reliability, economics, and
sustainability of the production and distribution of electricity. Using Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI) devices connected to the Internet backbone, electric utilities can not
only collect data from end-user connections, but also manage other distribution automation
devices like transformers and reclosers.

11.5 Medical and healthcare systems

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification
systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate
monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as
pacemakers or advanced hearing aids. Specialized sensors can also be equipped within living
spaces to monitor the health and general well-being of senior citizens, while also ensuring
that proper treatment is being administered and assisting people regain lost mobility via
therapy as well. Other consumer devices to encourage healthy living, such as, connected
scales or wearable heart monitors, are also a possibility with the IoT. More and more end-to-
end health monitoring IoT platform are coming up for antenatal and chronic patients, helping
one manage health vitals and recurring medication requirements. Distinct advantages over
similar products from the US and Europe are cost-effectiveness and personalization for
chronic patients. Doctors can monitor the health of their patients on their smart phones after
the patient gets discharged from the hospital.

11.6 Building and home automation

IoT devices can be used to monitor and control the mechanical, electrical and electronic
systems used in various types of buildings (e.g., public and private, industrial, institutions, or
residential). Home automation systems, like other building automation systems, are typically
used to control lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, appliances, communication
systems, entertainment and home security devices to improve convenience, comfort, energy
efficiency, and security.

11.7 Transportation
The IoT can assist in integration of communications, control, and information processing
across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems, i.e. the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user. Dynamic
interaction between these components of a transport system enables inter and intra vehicular
communication, smart traffic control, smart parking, electronic toll collection systems,
logistic and fleet management, vehicle control, and safety and road assistance.
 Conclusion

The thought of always being tracked and your data being recorded does bring a fear to a
consumer’s mind, but we have to move away from it to see the benefits that this great
technology is going to bring to us. The above examples were about a 'connected you', making
your life seamless, but it brings with it higher benefits like connected cities, better commerce
and an improved ecosystem.
As often happens, history is repeating itself. Just as in the early days when Cisco’s tagline
was “The Science of Networking Networks,” IoT is at a stage where disparate networks and a
multitude of sensors must come together and interoperate under a common set of standards.
This effort will require businesses, governments, standards organizations, and academia to
work together toward a common goal. Next, for IoT to gain acceptance among the general
populace, service providers and others must deliver applications that bring tangible value to
peoples’ lives. IoT must not represent the advancement of technology for technology’s sake;
the industry needs to demonstrate value in human terms.
In conclusion, IoT represents the next evolution of the Internet. Given that humans advance
and evolve by turning data into information, knowledge, and wisdom, IoT has the potential to
change the world as we know it today—for the better. How quickly we get there is up to us.

REFRENCES

1.- www.google.com
2.- www.wikipedia.in
3.- Santucci, G. From internet to data to internet of things. In
Proceedings of the International Conference on Future Trends

4. Atzori, L., Lera, A., & Morabito, G. The internet of things: A survey.
Computer Networks, 54
(15), 2787–2805, 2010.

5.www. autoidlabs.org