Tanzila Seminar Report

GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS (G-IOT)
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The Internet is a continuously evolving entity where everyday radical changes are
brought about. With the cheap and readily available Broadband connections and Internet
devices data is easily available. There is increase in the number of Internet connected
devices which helps the Internet of Things. The Internet of Things is driven by an
expansion of the Internet through the inclusion of physical objects combined with an
ability to provide smarter services to the environment as more data becomes available.
Here the things refer to the embedded machines with sensors that can gather, store and
analyze data. As they are linked to Internet, data can be uploaded for processing; updated
software can be uploaded and can even be controlled from a long distance.
The term "Internet of Things" describes a number of technologies and research

disciplines that enable global connectivity over the world-wide physical objects. Objects
in IOT can sense the environment, transfer the data, and communicate with each other.
They become powerful tools to understand physical world and to respond to emergent
events and irregularities promptly. Thus, the IOT is seen by many as the ultimate solution
for getting insights about real-world physical processes in real-time.
Technologies like RFID(radio-frequency identification), sensor networks,

biometrics, QR codes (Quick Response codes) and nanotechnologies will be the
cornerstone of the upcoming IOT, in which information and communication systems are
invisibly embedded in the environment around us, real implementations addressing
varying applications, including smart grid, e-health, intelligent transportation, etc.
IOT makes full use of things to offer services to all kinds of applications, while
maintaining the required privacy. According to the definition of IERC (IOT European
Research Cluster) A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical
and virtual things have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use
intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network.
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

KHAJA BANDA NAWAZ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GULBARGA Page 1
FIG. 1.1 Internet of Things
The basic idea of IOT is that everything (e.g., from small rooms to large buildings,
from everyday appliances to sophisticated embedded systems, from man-made artifacts to
natural objects) around us could be connected, sense and cooperatively communicate over
the Internet. Every device connected to IOT will be uniquely identified by its IP address.
The brains of these objects will be sensors. These sensors are micro electromechanical
systems (MEMS) that will respond to changes in temperature, sound, humidity, pressure,
motion, light, time, weight, etc., and take the necessary action that it is programmed to.
The Internet of Everything, it is a proposed setup in which existing, common day-to-day
in animate objects like machines and appliances and also people and animals will be
connected in a network and will be able to exchange data. Objects and machines will be
able to send and receive messages to each other, eliminating the intervention of humans.

CHAPTER 2
GREEN IOT
Environmental issues are acquiring more attention as the general public becomes
more aware of the formidable consequences of the Environmental Degradation causes.
Recent technological advances have led to an increase in the carbon footprint. The
advancement in this field is paving the way for an emerging area known as Green IOT.
Within a few years it would provide green support for varied users in managing their
tasks. The Green Internet of Things (G-IOT) is predicted to introduce significant changes
in our daily life
And would help realizing the vision of green ambient intelligence which
interconnects our physical world through green networks. Green networks in IOT will
contribute to reduce emissions and pollutions, make the most of environmental
conservation and surveillance, and minimize operational costs and power consumption.
Considering the energy efficiency as the key during the design and development
of IOT, green IOT can be defined as follows. The energy efficient procedures (hardware
or software) adopted by IOT either to facilitate reducing the greenhouse effect of existing
applications and services or to reduce the impact of greenhouse effect of IOT itself. In the
earlier case, the use of IOT will help reduce the greenhouse effect, whereas in the later
case further optimization of IOT greenhouse footprint will be taken care. The entire life
cycle of green IOT would focus on green design, green production, green utilization and
finally green disposal/recycling to have no or very small impact on the environment.
According to global consultants Gartner, Inc. (world's leading information

technology research and advisory company), ICT (Information and communications
technology) presently account for approximately 0.86 metric giga tons of carbon
emissions annually (about 2 percent of global carbon emissions).And with the same ICT
including IOT technologies, have a direct effect on lowering CO2 emissions.

FIG.2.1 Green Internet of Things
Green IOT not only indicates green environment but also saves time and energy. It
provides a systematic solution that enables green and sustainable growth of the society. It
supports innovations and applications for addressing societal challenges, such as smart
transport, sustainable city, and efficient utilization of energy to make a green IOT
environment. IOT solutions have the capability to be monitored online. These devices
send out data to an online dashboard and then users are able to see that data online.

CHAPTER 3
TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING THE GREEN IOT:
There are six elements in IOT, i.e., identification, sensing, communication

technologies, computation, services and semantic.
FIG. 3.1 Elements of IOT
1. Identification is naming and matching services with their demand i.e. gathering
information at a point of activity. This can be information captured by an
appliance, a wearable device, a wall mounted control or any number of commonly
found devices.
2. Sensing is for collecting various data from related objects and sending it to a
database, data warehouse, data center, etc. The gathered data is further analyzed to
perform specific actions based on required services. The sensors can be humidity
sensors, temperature sensors, wearable sensing devices, mobile phones, etc. The
sensing can be biometric, biological, environmental, visual or audible (or all the
above). Sensing technology is purpose specific.
3. Communication technologies connect heterogeneous objects together to offer
specific services. This requires either Wi-Fi (wireless LAN based
communications) or WAN (wide area network) communications. The
communication protocols available for the IOT are: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE

802.15.4, Z-wave, LTE-Advanced, Near Field Communication (NFC), ultra wide

bandwidth (UWB), etc.
4. Computation, the hardware processing units (e.g., microcontrollers,

microprocessors, system on chips (SoCs), field programmable gate arrays
(FPGAs)) and software applications perform this task. Many hardware platforms
(e.g., Arduino, UDOO, Friendly ARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, and
Gadgeteer) are developed and various software platforms (e.g., Tiny OS, LiteOS,
and Riot OS) are utilized. Cloud platform is a particular important computational
part of IOT, since it is very powerful in processing various data in real-time and
extracting all kinds of valuable information from the gathered data.
Gathered data is transmitted to a cloud based service where the information

coming in from the IOT device is aggregated with other cloud based data to provide
useful information for the end user. The data being consolidated can be information from
other internet sources as well as from others subscribing with similar IOT devices. Data
processing is required to provide useful information.
5. Services in IOT can be categorized into four classes:

 Identity-related services.
 Information aggregation services.
 Collaborative-aware services.
 Ubiquitous services.
Identity-related services provide the base for other types of services, since every
application mapping real world objects into the virtual world needs to identify the objects
first. Information aggregation services gather and summarize the raw information which
needs to be processed and reported. The obtained data are further utilized by the
collaborative aware services to make decisions and react accordingly. Ubiquitous services
are for services to anyone on demand, anytime and anywhere.

6. Semantic means the ability to extract knowledge intelligently so as to provide the

required services. This process usually includes: discovering resources, utilizing
resources, modeling information, recognizing and analyzing data. The commonly
used semantic technologies are: resource description framework (RDF), web
ontology language (OWL), efficient XML interchanges (EXI), etc.

CHAPTER 4
APPLICATIONS
FIG. 4.1 Applications of IOT
1. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION:
a. Machine to machine communications: with the use of RFID tags automation is
possible and RFID reader directly communicates with the robot without any
human intervention.
b. Plant Monitoring: Emerging technologies can efficiently monitor various
parameters, such as temperature, air pollution, machine faults, etc., of an industrial
plant to improve energy efficiency.
2. HEALTH CARE:
a. Real-Time Tracking:
Tracks and monitors patients and medical equipment. In relation to assets,
tracking assists with maintenance, availability, monitoring of use, and materials tracking
to prevent any instrument from being inadvertently left behind in a patient's body in the
course of surgery.
b. Identification:
Energy efficiency can be achieved by having efficient tracking methods, efficient
RFID-based tracking, prediction techniques, etc. It is valuable for quickly retrieving
patient information and monitoring patient locations in the hospital. These technologies

can support patient identification to reduce dangerous patient incidents (such as wrong
drug, dose, etc.), electronic health records (in and out patient), and infant identification (to
prevent mismatching).
c. Smart Data Collection:

Helps to reduce processing time, automated hospital admission processing, and
automated care and procedure auditing, and reduces costs.
d. Smart Sensing:
Sensor devices provide patient conditions for diagnosis and real-time health
indicators.
3. ENVIRONMENT MONITORING:
It is used to identify spatial and temporal changes, physical changes in the

environment, organism changes, and changes caused by human actions or natural events.
a. Agriculture:
It can sense the water levels and accordingly the suitable crop can be grown.
Aiding agriculture and helping prevent forest fires as well.
b. Pollution control:
The Internet of Things Academy (IOTA) is leading the charge for improving air
quality in London. The IOTA has been experimenting with sensors and other technology
to try to improve the air quality in London. One solution that was proposed by the IOTA
is the Buggy Air project. The IOTA wants to have sensors in buggies (strollers) that
measure pollution at street levels and record the data. The GPS in the stroller would give
the exact location of the pollution levels.
c. The use of IOT technology:

Can make air pollution monitoring less complex and help in better understanding
the environment.

d. Waste management:
Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste makes waste
management a significant problem. Waste management is a vital issue, particularly in
relation to the environment. The costs associated with waste disposal can also be
significant, particularly in densely populated countries. Waste can be municipal waste,
electronic waste, biomedical waste and industrial waste. To reduce the environmental
impact of waste dumping, many municipal and corporate bodies are involved in the
development of efficient waste management systems. Embedding RFID reader, antenna
and scale on garbage truck can make them intelligent. When trash (with an RFID tag) is
deposited into the bin, the reader and antenna communicates with the RFID tags, the bin
can identify the type of trash to facilitate the recycling process. Furthermore, the waste
bins can communicate with each other (by routing information across them) to better
manipulate the waste. Such smart practices help promote a healthy environment.
e. Smart water:
Potable water monitoring tools to monitor the quality of tap water.
f. Smart environment:
Alarm and control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted by cars and
toxic gases generated.
4. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR:
a. Intelligent Buildings:
Home owners can track all of their systems to see which are not performing
properly. If given which devices waste the most energy, users can act accordingly to save
both money and energy. The Internet of Things into technology such as solar panels.
Many IOT solutions give feedback on energy usage and guide the user in the right
direction to properly allocate energy without wasting money. There is a direct correlation
with the time spent on analyzing the data an IOT solution provides and how much energy
can be saved. With the proper IOT solution, entire cities can be run more efficiently and
in a greener manner. With motion sensors, the lights would turn off when no one is in the
room. This is only one small example of IOT and building automation.

b. Garbage collection:
Some cities are starting to implement smart trash cans that can send out
notifications on when they need to be emptied. This can save a lot of time for garbage
collectors and can also be helpful for the environment.
c. Water sensors:
With these sensors, officials were able to gather information on which restaurants
were illegally dumping waste into sewers or if any taps are left open without being used.
d. Smart Metering:
A smart meter periodically records the consumption of electric energy and
transmits that information to the utility company for monitoring and billing purposes.
Smart meters enable two-way communication between the smart meter and the utility
company. In contrast, traditional meters only measure total consumption, and provide no
information regarding how the energy was consumed. On the other hand, smart meters
provide site-specific information that can offer a number of potential benefits to
householders. These include a) an end to estimated bills; and b) a tool to better manage
their energy use that can help to reduce their energy bills and carbon emissions.
5. PEOPLE AND GOODS TRANSPORTATION: Recently, cars, trains, buses,

bicycles, and roads have been equipped with tags, sensors, actuators, and the necessary
processing power to send important information to traffic control sites. Such advanced
transportation systems help to route traffic better, provide tourists with appropriate
transportation information, and monitor the
status of transported goods.
a. Smart Parking:
Helps finding vacant places to park the vehicles, particularly in major cities.

b. Smart Traffic Congestion Detection:

With the growing worldwide population, traffic problems, such as traffic
congestion, etc., are increasing daily. By using the technology of vehicular ad hoc
networks (VANETs), it is possible to avoid traffic congestion allowing vehicle to
communicate with each other and to share road information to better understand road
conditions. This will reduce carbon emissions and help to build a green environment.
6. RETAIL, LOGISTICS, SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:

a. Smart Logistics/Shipment:
Information collected through RFID, NFC, and sensors can enable real-time
monitoring of the supply chain system. These technologies can also gather product-
related information in real time to help enterprises to respond to changing markets in the
shortest possible time. Enterprises using advanced technologies (such as Wal-Mart and
Metro) only need few days to fulfill customer demands in contrast to the traditional
approaches.
b. Quality monitoring:
Perishable products such as fruits, meat, and dairy products travel thousands of
miles from the production site to consumption sites and require constant monitoring to
ensure quality standards. IOT enabled technologies offer great potential for improving the
efficiency of the food supply chain and for helping to limit the carbon footprint.
7. RECYCLING:
Public awareness about the changing paradigm of energy supplies, consumption,
and infrastructure is increasing. Rather than being based on fossil resources or nuclear
energy, the future energy supply needs to be based largely on various renewable
resources. The future electrical grid must be flexible enough to react to power fluctuations
by controlling energy sources and the consumption by the consumers. Such grid will be
based on networked smart devices (appliances, generation equipment, infrastructure, and
consumer products) based on IOT concepts.

Overall, IOT can dramatically increase the quality of life for citizens. There are
countless examples of companies like this trying to make the world more green using
IOT. IOT is something that everyone can get behind as it not only saves money, but it is
good for the environment and the sustainability of the planet for future generations.

CHAPTER 5
GREEN IOT RELATED PROJECTS AND

STANDARDIZATION
Government and various organizations are taking initiatives and are playing a
laudable role in up- liftment of the society with the inclusion of Governments across the
world have put forth initiatives to force corporations to reduce carbon emissions, become
more energy efficient, and use greener techniques. The TREND project collects power
consumption data, assesses the energy-saving potential of technologies, protocols,
architectures, and experiments with new approaches. It also includes training programs to
spread green network awareness, i.e., Green Net. Project EARTH investigates the energy
efficiency of wireless communication systems. It focuses on the theoretical and practical
energy efficiency limitations of current networks to develop a new generation of energy
efficient equipment, deployment strategies, and network management solutions to ensure
quality of service (QOS).
The IEEE Communication Society has also established a Technical Subcommittee

on Green Communications and Computing (TSCGCC). TSCGCC works to develop and
standardize energy-efficient communications and computing. It also provides
opportunities to interact and exchange technical ideas, to identify R&D challenges, and to
collaborate on solutions for the development of energy sustainable, resource-saving, and
environmentally friendly green communications and computing technologies.

CHAPTER 6
CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES FOR GREEN IOT:
Green technologies will play an important role in enabling energy-efficient IOT.

There are many challenging issues that need to be addressed. Here, key issues have been
summarized that need further consideration.
A. Green IOT Architectures:
For IOT, a standard architecture, such as the ISO OSI model or the TCP/IP model,
is needed to enable communication across various applications and heterogeneous
networks that have a wide variety of devices. Moreover, it is important to understand how
to integrate energy efficiency across the whole architecture to make it energy efficient.
B. Green Infrastructure:
Providing energy efficient infrastructure for IOT can be achieved through a

redesign approach.
C. Green Spectrum Management:
The cognitive radio approach brings many benefits to green mobile services which
are currently restricted to RF systems.
D. Green Communication:
The energy-efficient communication faces many challenges such as providing a

continuous energy supply to objects in loop and supporting energy-efficient
communication protocols that enable peers to communicate in a reliable manner, etc.
Efficient adoption of new energy sources, such as wind, solar, thermal, and vibration to
assist the current green IOT appear promising.
E. Green Security and QOS Provisioning:
Security and privacy are major concerns for IOT deployment. Implementing of
security algorithms requires a substantial amount of processing from devices.
CHAPTER 7
FUTURE OF GREEN IOT
Internet of Things (IOT) has transformed our ecosystem of information that has
changed our lives a lot. From indoor to the outside world, the IOT has brought about
digital revolution. It has helped a lot in decision making with the use of analytics and
thereby improving transparency. This has led to huge investments in sensors and which is
likely to increase in the years to come. It is expected that the Internet of things will be
omnipresent in the coming years; improving the quality of our lives, the way we live and
work. In the years to come we foresee to have smart cars, smoke detectors, door locks,
industrial robots, streetlights, heart monitors, trains and wind turbines connected to
sensors.

CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Environmental issues are acquiring more attention as the general public becomes
more aware of the consequences that the environment degradation causes. There are
many things which need a great focus in the areas of standardization, security, and
governance for the smooth functioning of Internet of Things that can benefit the society
on the whole. This paper also emphasizes on various associated technologies and
concerns regarding green IOT for a smarter world. IOT represents an important paradigm
shift in ICT that will smooth the progress of smart cities around the world. The Green
Internet of Things (G-IOT) is expected to bring in noteworthy revolutions in our day to
day life and would facilitate comprehend the vision of green ambient intelligence. Within
a few years we will be surrounded by a massive amount of sensors, devices and things,
which will be able to communicate via IP, act intelligently, and provide green support for
users in managing their tasks. Finally, future research directions and open problems
regarding green IOT have been presented. In this paper, green viewpoint of the IOT have
been reviewed. Recent developments in green IOT area have been identified and
discussed along with the future scope for green IOT. A great deal of interesting research
is expected to come out in this area.

REFERENCES
 Roberto Minerva, Abyi Biru, Domenico Rotondi"Towards a definition of the

Internet of Things (IoT)"Issue 1 – Published 13 MAY 2015
 L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito,The Internet of Things: A survey,‘‘ Comput.
Netw., vol. 54, no. 15, pp. 2787–2805, Oct. 2010
 L. Da Xu, W. He, and S. Li, ‗‗Internet of Things in industries: A survey,‘‘ IEEE
Trans. Ind. Informat., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2233–2243, Nov. 2014.
 GREEN-T greent.av.it.pt Accessed Feb. 28, 2014. [17] Green IT Initiatives in
Japan, Accessed Feb. 28, 2014. [Online]. Available
www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/
 Gartner Says a Thirty-Fold Increase in Internet-Connected Physical Devices by
2020 Will Significantly Alter How the Supply Chain Operates,
 "Internet of Things", IBM Connects, [online] Available: online [28] IDC: 30
Billion Autonomous Devices By 2020,


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GREEN INTERNET OF THINGS (G-IOT)

The term "Internet of Things" describes a number of technologies and research

Technologies like RFID(radio-frequency identification), sensor networks,

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FIG. 1.1 Internet of Things

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

According to global consultants Gartner, Inc. (world's leading information

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FIG.2.1 Green Internet of Things

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

There are six elements in IOT, i.e., identification, sensing, communication

FIG. 3.1 Elements of IOT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

802.15.4, Z-wave, LTE-Advanced, Near Field Communication (NFC), ultra wide

4. Computation, the hardware processing units (e.g., microcontrollers,

Gathered data is transmitted to a cloud based service where the information

5. Services in IOT can be categorized into four classes:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

6. Semantic means the ability to extract knowledge intelligently so as to provide the

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

FIG. 4.1 Applications of IOT

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

c. Smart Data Collection:

It is used to identify spatial and temporal changes, physical changes in the

c. The use of IOT technology:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

5. PEOPLE AND GOODS TRANSPORTATION: Recently, cars, trains, buses,

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

b. Smart Traffic Congestion Detection:

6. RETAIL, LOGISTICS, SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

GREEN IOT RELATED PROJECTS AND

The IEEE Communication Society has also established a Technical Subcommittee

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES FOR GREEN IOT:

Green technologies will play an important role in enabling energy-efficient IOT.

A. Green IOT Architectures:

Providing energy efficient infrastructure for IOT can be achieved through a

C. Green Spectrum Management:

The energy-efficient communication faces many challenges such as providing a

E. Green Security and QOS Provisioning:

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Roberto Minerva, Abyi Biru, Domenico Rotondi"Towards a definition of the

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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