Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Version

Sikh version
In Guru Granth Sahib, there is a description of two types

of Ramayana. One is a spiritual Ramayana which is the actual
subject of Guru Granth Sahib, in which Ravana is ego, Sita
is budhi (intellect), Rama is inner soul and Laxman
is mann (attention, mind). Guru Granth Sahib also believes in the
existence of Dashavatara who were kings of their times which tried
their best to restore order to the world. King Rama (Ramchandra)
was one of those who is not covered in Guru Granth Sahib. Guru
Granth Sahib states:
ਹੁਕਮਿ ਉਪਾਏ ਦਸ ਅਉਤਾਰਾ॥
हुकमि उपाए दस अउतारा॥
By hukam (supreme command), he created his ten

incarnations
This version of the Ramayana was written by Guru Gobind

Singh, which is part of Dasam Granth.
He also said that the almighty, invisible, all prevailing God

created great numbers of Indras, Moons and Suns, Deities,
Demons and sages, and also numerous saints and
Brahmanas (enlightened people). But they too were caught
in the noose of death (Kaal) (transmigration of the soul).
This is similar to the explanation in Bhagavad Gita which is
part of the Mahabharata.[35]
Nepal
Besides being the site of discovery of the oldest surviving

manuscript of the Ramayana, Nepal gave rise to two
regional variants in mid 19th – early 20th century. One,
written by Bhanubhakta Acharya, is considered the first
epic of Nepali language, while the other, written
by Siddhidas Mahaju in Nepal Bhasa was a foundational
influence in the Nepal Bhasa renaissance.
Ramayana written by Bhanubhakta Acharya is one of the

most popular verses in Nepal. The popularization of
the Ramayana and its tale, originally written in Sanskrit
Language was greatly enhanced by the work of
Bhanubhakta. Mainly because of his writing of Nepali
Ramayana, Bhanubhakta is also called Aadi Kavi or The
Pioneering Poet.
Southeast Asian
Cambodia
Cambodian classical dancers as Sita and Ravana, the

Royal Palace in Phnom Penh (c. 1920s)
The Cambodian version of
the Ramayana, Reamker (Khmer: រាមកេរ្ដិ៍ - Glory of Ram), is the
most famous story of Khmer literature since the Kingdom

of Funan era. It adapts the Hindu concepts to Buddhist
themes and shows the balance of good and evil in the world.
The Reamker has several differences from the
original Ramayana, including scenes not included in the
original and emphasis on Hanuman and Sovanna Maccha, a
retelling which influences the Thai and Lao versions.
Reamker in Cambodia is not confined to the realm of
literature but extends to all Cambodian art forms, such as
sculpture, Khmer classical dance, theatre known as lakhorn
luang (the foundation of the royal ballet), poetry and the
mural and bas-reliefs seen at the Silver Pagoda and Angkor
Wat.
Indonesia
Lakshmana, Rama and Sita during their exile in Dandaka

Forest depicted in Javanese dance
There are several Indonesian adaptations of Ramayana,

including the Javanese Kakawin Ramayana[36][37] and
Balinese Ramakavaca.[38] The first half of Kakawin
Ramayana is similar to the original Sanskrit version, while
the latter half is very different. One of the recognizable
modifications is the inclusion of the indigenous Javanese
guardian demigod, Semar, and his sons, Gareng, Petruk,
and Bagong who make up the numerically significant
four Punokawan or "clown servants". Kakawin
Ramayana is believed to have been written in Central
Java circa 870 AD during the reign of Mpu Sindok in
the Medang Kingdom.[39] The Javanese Kakawin
Ramayana is not based on Valmiki's epic, which was then
the most famous version of Ram's story, but based
on Ravanavadha or the "Ravana massacre", which is the
sixth or seventh century poem by Indian poet Bhattikavya.
[40]
Kakawin Ramayana was further developed on the

neighboring island of Bali becoming the
Balinese Ramakavaca. The bas-reliefs of Ramayana and
Krishnayana scenes are carved on balustrades of the 9th
century Prambanan temple in Yogyakarta,[41] as well as in
the 14th century Penataran temple in East Java.
[42]
In Indonesia, the Ramayana is a deeply ingrained aspect
of the culture, especially
among Javanese, Balinese and Sundanese people, and has
become the source of moral and spiritual guidance as well
as aesthetic expression and entertainment, for example
in wayang and traditional dances.
[43]
The Balinese kecak dance for example, retells the story of
the Ramayana, with dancers playing the roles of Rama,
Sita, Lakhsmana, Jatayu, Hanuman, Ravana,
Kumbhakarna and Indrajit surrounded by a troupe of over
50 bare-chested men who serve as the chorus chanting
"cak". The performance also includes a fire show to
describe the burning of Lanka by Hanuman.
[44]
In Yogyakarta, the Wayang Wong Javanese dance also
retells the Ramayana. One example of a dance production
of the Ramayana in Java is the Ramayana Ballet performed
on the Trimurti Prambanan open air stage, with the three
main prasad spires of the Prambanan Hindu temple as a
backdrop.[45]
Laos
Phra Lak Phra Lam is a Lao language version, whose title

comes from Lakshmana and Rama. The story of
Lakshmana and Rama is told as the previous life
of Gautama buddha.
Malaysia
The Hikayat Seri Rama of Malaysia incorporated element
of both Hindu and Islamic mythology.[46][47][48]

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Sikh version

In Guru Granth Sahib, there is a description of two types

ਹੁਕਮਿ ਉਪਾਏ ਦਸ ਅਉਤਾਰਾ॥

हुकमि उपाए दस अउतारा॥

By hukam (supreme command), he created his ten

This version of the Ramayana was written by Guru Gobind

He also said that the almighty, invisible, all prevailing God

Besides being the site of discovery of the oldest surviving

Ramayana written by Bhanubhakta Acharya is one of the

Cambodian classical dancers as Sita and Ravana, the

most famous story of Khmer literature since the Kingdom

Lakshmana, Rama and Sita during their exile in Dandaka

There are several Indonesian adaptations of Ramayana,

Kakawin Ramayana was further developed on the

Phra Lak Phra Lam is a Lao language version, whose title

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