C O NT E N T S

.I', CLOBAI, POSIIIONING SYSMMS

.r,/rurs or rrnr nrorcrron

EDCTRONIC Cn-{RT DIS?LAY

":9, AAD IN}'ORMATIONSYSlTItrS

,10. TEGRATED SYSTI]MS

 CIL{PTER I
INTRODUCTION

rrii!h js drlidedno
rdbr rherhrosph..e.

nufre of rhdclnh trhec dre* iti /cll

rrle6 ra fouid \ [novn s rono
pmprsrirof.f tudroNrvcs Thi h),eris tufrhnstrbdivnkdinro4 rdn, I
/aur ! TheiibNny or iontdion r{ri* *idr rh. dnhDccfromdk nu,&c o
dieeMri,ti,neor rhedry hd lrmosphcric
co nio's

rhriscinn\ dNcloi ofptun.ldionoi

idn,! oI rlre ndio narx d,plnlts on

lrclunly, dmsitj or Dra! d

rcruninSrricr b rhr.rnh i.e.rh.y penelite

CQtr l]lu dcnsityol ionization.moie d,. pDssibii) ot *ale\ .f. silm

iirlNi.y ro bc bsd rxicien(\ iM r.nl tr o d'. r(h a.d

L.!er rrir ais. ofin!rdcnc! of I g

; The cha€ed |rirhl.sor thc ionosphde c dDcr rhc end$, of dr ildio

als tdd in son. !Aes rhe lon frcqucnrr
sj!T.^ lE smple6]} 'b$rb.d hy |r L.I{ of n\ejoi.scre'
'Ihe lowd mst lay* of rheiondqphcr tu knowi s D lryd. whic[ extrnds
iinm 50 b 90 kilonc.6 lbove dre snrrc or ilre earn\. Ihe densjry or n\e
idiarioi in .his layerk lds s mmpard b E md F layd. Dunns ihe nght
tinc d..ioniznion GIes pla.e aM nrrcdmsity of ionizationEnues ro suchm
cicn n\d this layd des not ei t. Thc ioe ncquercy3i9.h ec absorb,-d hy
.hh layersd ue ,iso knom d,{6r,?r?n lay.t

Tnis byer is ju$ $ove nheD layer and exbnds ton 90 b 150 kilonc.cE
.bor. rhe sudm of rhe eaih Thc dcnsiryof fi. ioiizatjon itr dih lryer is
snfiicienito Eind thendio wlves b
densiryor ionizriio Educa, butui
is rlso hown asl(.n#tJ - ,9 ava;&

r c'*!1 L ll-'-',

-rfrtrmf'rriTnFnhrn\rjn
Th. upp.mon rrye! or rheroiosph
r50 ro r50 kirometeis apfmxin.rt), $o* lhe surfaceof th. enh. Duing rh.
d:rrime ofrhe $'nmtr *soi rhis Lalori: dividedi orw. aJ.r canalr d
F: hd me,xs b tomr r lrch lry
ioitudoi ii thn hy{ is nnr.hnoE d coDDrrcd.o D.nd E la}..s Thi! rrf
is rko kiowi {! rrl'io, rr)er.
nirii"g $rn of any tuequeicri'i.n )

ln rhisrypeol ptuprgd,on.rhendio *av* ! rvel sloig rhei'rlace of theeMh

wh.n thr* Na!.s rnkc lhe c.nh s
absorp.ioioI .noryr is mdc b) solid groundtur thendd rince.tandis berel
ondu.r.r lri$ ylror Absorprionolen*sy is moreror liighd freqren.y h.r.e

ir ra'c i alongrbenufre orrrircanhri

d usful Thc lrou.d vrve n noriff..rd

....-ltlgr5'

|ITTITT: lli
"'4"9)*
II
,
t1Rll lt

nn {avc .omunication dc ard n.dium

ly $.d lor gnund wavepnprg$oi.
h $n iyp€ of prpasatioo, ihe ndio Mves hvcL dnccdy hom lasmiliig
inhna b the Eeiving.ntema at a
srfs. or $e srh. As rh. rrqucdy jncusq, the ionospheLe is mr eolb c ol
sd @ ro$ in space.As rhe rbso.p.joi
ishnce hvelted by rheRdio {av* sill hc
beyonddie horizondue b rhecuvatu e or

TTFifftTTmt

l! n usedin R.da. TV. Vtif comuniqtion et ftequencyusedby $k rypc

orp{p,gdioi is ib.vc 30MH, jc vHFb$doiwd(

In d s typ€of ptopagJrion,
de dio wav$ arerseived ituouen$e ionosphei e
nc ftdio eav$ loo rhchnsmiling antnna !e ftdiatd in all dnedionsaid
thc aiglc madcby lhe diredionol wavs virh rusp@rro the$dice of rheexfrh
r.s d a . s8ts 4 rid... srin "c lnsk ol r o-'- r fr-
r do ioi rcrurnb theedh brt re lo$ in

e ionospheEad srikc rhc su.fice or dre

einh at a dNhnle Shcrtlly ldscr
encrgywill bc !6sorb.d dnd.hc wrva slt E0ecledby rhesudaceor rhesih.
This is .hc nnt hof 6 shoM in figrc 4 Dcp.ndiig uponthepo*d outputor
the trNnifti mnltiplehopr .ri @cu I. h bc.au* oI this phenonaionrhl
longdisknceofrnunication is posibb wnhsky save prpasatioi.
rris wavcn afieded by rim of rhedayi e6on ad Mo\ph.nc condirio's
'ftc
fEqufl.y usedfo. sky wryeproragatimis nom 2 MHz b 30 MH,
{har sky *ave signrl is fi

Skipa'! n th. dnhic. bedveerth

ttivcd''dlhepoitrlvhde'lrs|.y

CRlfiCAL TREQUENCY

The mgle ol incidci.c ibove trhicl' rhesavc no loigcr rcrumsb srLh bul
tivels out!.rd iito sp3c G calleds rh. citi.al angl..Thn depends on
lieqnency
md densityor ioiizrtion
RADIOSPECTRUM

Thh cirdit prcdu.eselecrdcalsiiusoidal$r* of dernel rEquen.y,{hich is

sddtd by Lc brt ciErit. Thc frtqD
volE or n\e .oil (Ll dnd spacibr (c) dd nhedesiEd he,rwncy dn b.
rhieved by dmgrn8 rhev,rue or eiL\tr oil or caFcitor LC ci(trn frry he
rcplacedby a qy$rL bsause it pmducasI vcry s.brc rtoqEncy rM d'e
frequm.y or tbe osillrtion delmdr on .hc vdue or rhecry$rl. flre iiequeo.y
i3 invcely tnponionrl to timehkci
A'IOMIC CLOCK OR ATOMTCOSCILLATOR
lhe xromicoscillad gcnsFtesr vefy iabk nequmcymd is dereminedby th!
doms or Rubidiumor Cesium. Irs firrive accrrcy i.e. nlio of frequc.cy
i'.
deviaiioDb onsin.l ftdluei.r. Ir /f is or nlreorderol l0 1nis m.ds .hal
' 'llio .1h.\-!"oe,deiloe!- Llro' no .
les thd it shouldhavedone.
FLY 'VHIT'L OSC]LLATOR
'niis oscillatoibsrm y *quncaihephase
andtuequeic]ot rheincoDing

As sh.wi ii rstrr 5. lricrc!.iyqr ncquenc),

f n mipliiiedaid silen ro dre
!E dndimi"xtoi rhe ftqEi.y I

thes rro ftqrd$ rd dlpunding ou rbe phas. diffe

keepsadjusin! rh.

podtr@dvill 6e zero.Ttie nlsiirudc ot

| .ho phrueditlFnce bd$En rru 610

.i!. 6e weik $ of {sk sjgDllsrnd

IL is the$iriq ol ihe Eceiverro sekcrtrredcsidl tequency r|d ajer dl rhe

 IETSE
It two sign,is sd md niish n dic sde um, bln lre
rwosisnajse nr sbp
md saidro be in phse. phse doe not
&gn* ind it ao iiso deremiic rhetinc diffdcrcebc.*eilheNosigm]s'

As sho*n in figure6, lnc tonowiig obsfl4ions cri b€Dade-

> signalsA aDdB ftc in phrse
',sienJ d-.--. il].o *rr{
- A ,Ja cicn.
rerdiis c hr q06or s gni c . tassrng\ bj 90" entl
> sigialsAndDft t 3ooodof phre.
 ad sr-y sNe sigaL G rceiven simuhneonsly by rhe
ihey mry d nay ior he ii phaseff
up rd nhen not h phse rhey plo

unwanred silnal in nterfeEn.e. The inte.rioml

inter{eMca ro ob$nd caned iam,4 ,,tflar m
ioGndonalinerLrcnc h €ued n',J..
NoiseoriBifrEd oubldenheft.eiver maybc oith.r frd nrde or ndu*|. Mh-
nxde noiseoighries in el€tic alPlirncs. nolor ignitun sysbns. gscnror,

SIGNAI TO NOISERATIO
TheElrtive mounr of noiscpiaci! in an lnplind is Nu.lly erpre$cJ by Lhc
s+nrl to noie nrio ind it aho ndic{cs hor vc.k a signil volrlge .m b.
re€ivenoy( rh' rc.ivd iol* leveleg if d'esisnJolrtui ol!n rmprifieris
500nv aid noisevolra$ k 50 nv, the sictrd ro noke ntio is 10 md h.ins ,
MODE Of TRANSMISSION
Therudio lEquercy (20It? ro20 kHz) by itset x notiD r positionto trivel 10|
lonserdnhnce hcicc it requircssome.aifl b c?ry drn h€{mcy b . lonss
nier liequcncyor ltio fr.qu.i.y |hc
udiofftqUm.yL$FnmPGcdon
nodulatedcmier vilc Th..rier fftqu

> ModulaGncoifiitrous wrve ad

w,'\vE(c lv)
coNmNuous

De(r syien olposi.i.i nxitrg.

MODULATTIDCONflNtiOUS w/\VE (If C W)
'irc .$ie, tuttnen.y nLiu lred by r lo{{ I]t4Ercy signal ,s h6{ *

ot?132kHz.
of 1300Hzhd2200rLms'pcnmp.sedorrcdddrrequenc)
resukingli i'odulaiedsnriuol\ {rve

The cniq rrequemynodulatcdby spesh i.e. voice,musicet.. is knorr ^

ndiolcLq)hotr}md this !?c oI h,smissior is genenrl} nsst tor comnnir
puQoscsvuF colmu.icati onnss mdiorelephony.

HyF$ola is defincdrs r loor or ill poin! h.liis 'fhe

I co'shtrt ditr*re ni
n s ro.i. lift Ioining n\e rwo toci i5
nJled b6c l;nc atrdcd be errend.d o. eithtr sde or the loci as broc lino
ext osion.Th. hype.bola,vhi.h is equldisrN rmm L\e tvo loci, lill hc
perpendictrlar b lhe brseIiae md is c.llcd ..ite line
Ii fisLre 3, A andB ee theMo lbci an AB h rhebaseli"e whicl is errended
on eith{ sidcs baseline ex€nsion PQ h the hyperbohe{udhhnr ltum th.
$ o loli $d k crlled cmtc llic cD. EF,cH & Rs rc olhcrhyljc*olre dnNr

hyFrbolanom (he* lvo rmi {ill bemndi!

cnsidenng .he hyperbolaCD, thc d
ay poinl o. thh hyptrbolais coishtrL For exmptq poini M is 30 kilodid.F
rron A rd 30 kilometen fmn B. hetr.e tbe ditreierce in dishc. ij i0
knoneb! Sinilrrlypoi Ln40k
ihc diffcaice ii d^rm€ is iglir 50 kilomeds
 r 50 kilodicr.r ftum A rnd 100trtoDeteis
ton R, Llrc ifi{en.e in dndrce is on.e rgsii i0 kilomeLes.Hen.e otr dr.
hyorthola Crr, $r' poinN vill hrve a cor*xtrl dirr.rcnc in dnbn.a of 50

xe. bed''w. oi .iLhers eoilre cen.e

lhcscriy|Jcrborlc
crn .lso b! nrNT

snft firing i'ch as D...r rlld l{!, c

DOPPLEREITECT
Thc lpparnr .hmet ir frequeicydeived by s obsfd h d@b rhcreldive
norioi bcMei th. sourcesd rheobsefler Thk is bNd on lhc principlcot
Dopprer.necl The frtquemy deived by rr,eobsedr.ri bc catculad by

r'rrequencyrtceivedbyobsflel
f, frequmcyflnsmiuen by soure
c velo.iry or soundin rhe'mdiun of tLavel
y. velociryol obsFf rid

when thc sodncn novlig bmnls rh

(D
i= .ri / c a) ..................................
Whenlhe souu h noriig rpry fo'n theshdoisy obscile.
ii=.fi / (c+q)................ .. (ii)

rr= fr (c + v.)/ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ( j l

> Theconbinedslf@. or sou@ r.d ob$nd bothfroving towrds

f r = f . ( c + v " )/ ( c v , ) , ' . ' ' _ , . , _ . . ( v )

> fte combineder|@tol solic. r.d obsNnerbo.hnolins .wy

t = r r ( c - v " )/ ( . + r " ) ....---,('i)

In rll theaboveases {e havccoisidqed rhcobsdyerto be in ihe pdh of rh.
soure. This is noi .lwrys $ stc.ially in c6e of srbllite mvigator wher re
onsider satellibs not oasjig rh. obscruN^znirh sd Dopll{ los *lreE {e
dificially gurdtu dieDopplff shiri.
Ii sn.h cr$ vc hxr. ro coNds t
ln orh.r vo t. d.he the sped ol

s.rbed&6 3\ aflecring$ a4 He
or yrci rliile rhe ldsnn$ioi rowr d: seabedi\ d rn mslc .! ro d'. dii ecdoi
ot modr. of rhe shp. The conloi.rt of v m rhe dnedioi of \$lred rnl be
 CHAPTERII

DtrCCANAVIGATOR

GENIR{I, DESCRI?TION
Deccais r hype$oli. mv,gntionsyiem or Polnionfixins wl'lch 'n*sufts dE
phae difttEnce beNee. rhc .odriiuons {Ne (c.w.) siemrshBnfted by
This sy$en is o,gaoNd in .hms, alh chain

rssd i' pai6 j c n6@r c4 n'asd

sEn andnastu ptrple Theph$. ditf.rn.c n.snEmeit h alnays.rried
otrr besen masu sd sL*. sis
Foduced by 6o!c C*s, s.h h$be
rdJ, gdi iid N$le
rGiH dd rheD&d chrs e $puinlolcd rl& lnice or fspsrive colour.

driD siYesthenavi8riionalov.*g
themser dationan,lis usodlor .o6hl mvi8 ion

s1.vesttions ransmnco inuoutvlvc

sigMls winlra con$anipbAe diffsri.c or 0', in od'cr {onl\ d'esedro sigrds
 i pliacby rheDe.cameivroi b.rd d
poitrrP.i rli.c.n.rclinc ru rhedn
equrl Dd hemephNe diffeftn.c is z.m. when rhesl p noE\ ro r.iir a. rhe
tvo s@ds re.eiv.d will hrve r th$c diflfence be.arf the dhhi.o lrom
m$rd 1oQ inffeasas{hile rhatrmm reddc.usos. rhe phasedlffeHc repl
s R rid rhcph6e difi*n.e wil [c :]60. or

s\yiilhc0i As rheshipconti'ues
ro n.!o
pofts {Le,eir lgrii hso,.es:r50.or0!.
Using $is pnnciple,suc.e$,vehyp€rbolrevith 0. da!. diffeEn.e bdnei
ndtr.idrdslrlesisn.rscrnbedm*noneidiersidcoac.nrerlinrsho*i

haviq r phes. diffdr..c or 0. 6

The ndn $d puQh slavc siSnahomhindion nill snr adorhd scr ot

hypefiorc hrving 0c thsc diiicrcice and ln*e wi]l be rrined {ilh pnryle
The hyncrbol& burven ndrd md pnj.lL. n?re
ot sho{i t his boor.
dd staveconbinarioi tr. dhvn on rhe
spe.tivecolous i.e. Ed, sreenmd puQl.,
vhi.h m c.n rd riring6c ships posi.ion
DISTINGUISHII\GBETWEENMASTERAI\D SI,AI-ESIGNAI,S

rao lH/). rr'*. aequ.miesvitl be

wlllnot|rcPol$b|ctosoPllll.dqnb

md slrlcrign! i.$ br.rniedouto

D
E
c
o
IVI
E
T
E
R
S

To orcrcomcrhisdlrfilulry.r c.hilquc.!l[d r'h4lcl) M l4lfri4 isuscd

b! rhl.ri na\k hd s rre lati.is u
m hll]tqud.y,
rhc naiq. ruJ,srd.o xn,lt[p]r I vxys ln6nn 6f,3f,9tand 5tresp{hrel}
'ecive rher rrcqu$dis. 11csc
si\ by diffndt ,umd .tdis nd r,c
te'Honasil),dn'ingu^htheiit4
orlcr t, meN{o rh. ph$c djffd(D.c bdvc.i masb r.d slaye pq rhdy

.ncu[ A shovi n ngnE :. ]]re

mukit ss .f tunsnissi.i a.d c.mtfrtoi ftcqucn.ics emrin km for all dre

.hrn b ch.in. ltre
iundmrcntar
rlt4um.y I
PII.\SF,SYNCHRONISATION

fth mb€r n re.eired tr !11fte strve! iois. thc),

.onvcn it into I 'nultiph ftuqlonc),

mMhnns rb(ry ph's rerdiomhip

md unanyrd drle st oi hnsmilsJt *r! r.omhd PhAedilr.rcra wirh

'i4u isnd sinld} th. grc.i hd pu4le slrvelarion! dso r...i'e dre
mrns signlr6r md .o'ven dik ifu. irrjple riequery ro gd 9t md 5f

-;./ 'Y
' t

DtrCOMI]I'ER

e sriiois *! equtpped{irh 3romiccto.ks

rd a|d tuitmir rhe sigml sjrh .one{rr
 Y''-..J
Y"^^^.
li ,;.1

rhe rd bdrcii .vo djeer hy

dcA$ h .alled L0'e. Erh lrN i

.onprrisotrrrqudn.ylhewdrhof rl.n!isdirlcrcnl rrdlrturcdolors1

.N bd derennnedh follovs

. E{p$*l Lbe24reqmhb:140kHz

1=rrr
= 332:ls .b^
T hftr.f.lrrenidn\iJl=,r4l.l75ncbs
sinnhly comprnsoifnquery, \rr
ind msh purtl. trts.s bi {olked od
A $r of llncs is rcrcred ro s a ane
rh. n$.f ' slNc .onbiirion bei.gu*d. Onebne or nlrem$er led slxve
ha 24 L!i.\ nlnbcrcd 0 b 23.Sinihny onszoneoi them$a.gree. dayehrs
l3 !i6 iurb.(d 30 r0,17lnd mrsl.r purllehrs30ranes nunbseds0 ro19.
sc r&.* Fay be Epard as reqfned.The

zoncNnfiis ume fdalllhccolouB

= 3 0 0 i l 0 i / 1 1 i 6 6r l 0 j h d . a

ind i2= r0.j33m.rc6{nrorimrbty

Theorhermerhod ol findirgthc?oic vidrh on .hcbasclinc is by tfirg the

pmdodoll.ncw .h or ail c. ouroi rliNbrsclii.xnd rhcnumber of lan$ in
oncanc lor thd.ollircs rhezo.e \vidrh
oi rh. b6.lii. rorrcdlolonris24
r 14l.l?5n.rc* cqD* 10.i33nietesapproxi'natly
e width lor sreenrnd prple slxves*htrh

tuqEmy f h l.r 166rnz md n\eM

 Thc D.(r E.ivor is mersuiig rhe phas. ditilFi.. bcrweendj, nlnft rnd
srrc lroorlgiih This phr\cniiteFnr k tndicated tr rens Dr!c latr- on
. r{o adjr.onihypfrdr. is dLrdd trro
so dilferir ot i60., lionleoie rirrde
equrh :l 6i ol phas. diffqlnce.
ThcJ(omerrc.Ntisof a.edtrtrepoi,r.r, rpandToncnrdQr.r rhehr
Ntribca rM 7.fu l.(a: oe tidi
r'4h.tri.dy cNp .d b df .l-rdc ly drirdi .cmlaie potnr{. tvrronue $
|

' ^ : : ,

onpiedbthc laEi.di.dorru w,fl, Lne

c - ' r b o l

edbelotrrheRnidolrii vhnh lru d€f

sei thc .ored len& xill b. rh. orc posnioFd ovn rhe sajn. \rmoor as mrL
distLr)d undefdie lsnenumbereg rrrcoftcrftrdii!onthardJc.omde,\
'\ shoqnnr fi g. 6 Lb.F l.l0. rhit! Lhdof sfeei.nd pnlpt. LlbeJ l4 j7

trtbs, onefo, .&h .olour jo. rtd, e,rn

rnd pullircb ndnde
"cl_oPs.$,h
 I,ANE SJ,II
The l6c indicdor n De.hoicdly coulled to drectcctriqjty drivci ceditane
e lme, r .e il.ne ponneronpleres one
rvoruioi and rhe lde .eadingchrnsesa.codtigtJ. Due to ndour t croN,
rhef is a no*ibiriryrhii thelam ir
o{i $ tnft srip.
srx rrvc signds arc ruciv.i
smult eousry! it rhese$o sigrrls rc e.turtin Dpt:rude btrr 130degtuh
od or prlse. ihey citrc.l od erh odb hd Do sismi wj]l he !(o, o u,c
Heiver. snppos dii hippensRbendie fd deomteL iidi.ars A 15.16,irl
Lheshipn nrll ,noviigbd rhecaitilrie poin{er*itr remrti { 16 ..ndlxrs
Al{ sonetime wh.i nomd signrl sr..jvcd. ar rhn mshml]le shrpis otr 94
doE, thecorcct rtadirs sholh niv. Deer
ilt now mve ftum
I ie b&kwrds via 7.ro md u! rcaung
sho{tig A 1,194,inscrdof A 1594.n s
.n emr in drelde 'sdiie of 6e d(omerr o.cui!, cdred laie stiD.Th{e Te
mrnyon\erfrtoi s, Lvhi.hcrn rl$ .aus lrm slip.
IouDling ec sonieof d'e facloft nbich oD .ausej.ft slip
> MaLruicrioningin dreDs.r .htn
> orhr iariorsrLrsmiftirgonDcer irequercies
t snnribeoos rc.cprionot rky srve ad gounJ *a!e
> Mh mde mise rnd nLois sdric
t Imction s{irh 1.ft a! ReI posinonfoi lotrg.ihe
> v.narion in strpplyYoltrse
> lloldbui.i ispres*dforlorgtimedtrnngindchaiafixtig
'lhe
hnc slip can be dehctedb' {Dy or trc folloeina ndbods
sitionnrins mrhodsavriL$lr
t comiiuouspldfins of De.cr posi
> by Efering ro l&c nl.ndli.arion
 by 6df amo' d{ein,r ii stu.b
i rd w r ' A t - 1 . c o u B r. 'h. 'p. | .r'. ,,.
plou.d on dre Ds$ clid by sone on\er .vrilable ne&s and ihe rtidjtrg
obbincdfor zoneletur rd i6o nunbertor dch colou ft m$uillv trd ro rric
ltu l-n. '.mbi!'ttNiD.
ue to vrious fadon dr l$c sli! my isrc

ldenriicatioi .irtrn tu inrodued ro .1)..k ior he sLtpand .lso for innul

Thesidth ol rhclaneon n\ebse linc is hdf n\e*avelcigrh of thecodpanson

tuqEncy dd if the.onparnon rrquoDcyis Edrced .h. wrvetdnghlnd nence

sin.c we know nratn\e wi.rrhof onezoneon rlc bise line is equll ro ba]f th.
{aver.isln ot rhehndammrd inrqrncy Jmd ir tlhls compdsor tretuen
d nrrefiridhenbl ftquency I ftn tu dft
or rherse wir bc dqualro r zone.Nos sii@ we hrve Dsd{he bne fs 3 l$c
dd ir d'ere h a fp&ar de!ond{, nrei fie @nlilanepoinrerwiI m*e oie
Eyolution*lren n\e shipcro$B onezone (i.e 2,11es in ose ot redslavO
'ftir
.enllane poirter ouLd now 6eusedb ideitity in whnh lafc rhcshipis ii
e.g. if ihe .eniilrne poinor of rhis dsoDeb sho*s 1{ ceitil,icr, n sould
rear rbai stupk oi lrne iufrbs 9 (i.e. 04 r z = 9.6, hena $it is in 9rh
L!ne).sinle iheE n m suchde.od.b, 6n crldlation is doneinreorlLy bJ fie
rle Llne ldmrift.arioi indilmr

I I

ln oder b obraindretutrdameiul tBquflcy i $e Ise Idcnlificdion sisnak

e rins in a ninute 0d elch i*ioo
rrsnib on dr 6c foo. iiequencis i.e. 5f. 6f. 3f rid 9f rbr rtr$ half \e.ord
durns rhespecifled2.5seoi& inreRal.rhn iype of h$ni$ion a luyo a\
when rhenad rssmils dl lbc four nequeocies
ror hlLt s4ond, rI dreorhd
quicica aE Heived on boad md ntn
rheserrcqueici.srhefudamnbl frqEncy / is obhiDed.
Duin8 the nomr,l tusnissiotr of .hc ns€i nrre6f l1y - rhel osc er
...rir .rq,re, D'r" rd fqrr. . of rle oaF- . s',t T i3 t"q hr ,
"
dividedby 6 ro obhin rhetuo&meiEl fftquency t vhich is usedfor pher
.onpdi$o vim t obrrinedduirg mnhi Flse tumlsion .o &hieve lde

Tbe pha. compansonn now cdied o belwefl rhe fiequemy/ obbined

dunnsd,eLr hisnision non dreMr.r dd rh. ftequencyt obtelieddrin!
nomai rmrnissioi ol.hc mash. Ine LI indicrbr shouldshowure or uo
rhse rcadi,,ssi.e.23.3,23.9,00.0,00 I or 00.2a|d Lt Dtu hasro b€ depte$cJ,
if my oneof rhe$ovc rclding is norindicdal.

V y't

$bsquht to theu tusmission ot .hcnsrer shrio. 3rt alld an intenal of 2

isn* i.e. at lne fou frequenciestbr hatf
bnd dunrg lhe spsified 2.5scoids iibyrl Dunnsdrh @isni$ion rI rhe
6er rdiotrs ricludins rhe Imd
'cIfL}l'so'}oou'
6jcd out beseeo tuqEi.r /of .hensb Dd rhc fiqErcy / odrrcd
I rhe rd shve lchieved by rlh
.ompmsonis displayedon dreu iMisror Simildy tme iurnbe6 ad lEn
, d 0 r o e r e . r , ^ o b l . f , e, u
'llre€
h onLyonc LI indicdor md h
{,ll bedisplayedon r}c s.m. inJicibr squentidly i... rcd,gEenaDdpurre kr
mrt dde4 bui theseqEi@ sill alwayssd wim Dard edi4 tiB( rolto{ed
by n\e orhd corom This slquenceis ftpeded afd .veiy 20 seonds. l.he Lr
itrdicdor *ill sl'or rhcccnrilinesdso ?rongyith ih.l&c nnnberjbut orty i
'Ihe 'dvfhge
of Dulrilulse tresnision r n\at dre phdc of riequ cy J
obraineddudng rhe Lr hisnission iiom rhe fou frequei.is wilt nor be
L.ted evenif my otreof d,eserEqucicis htr sky{ave inb'fefice
'lhes *c
iomal n.yisatioml chds, supannposed d.l Deca lart.e ror rlie
lr cuhr chrin *nh rtsp*tive .oldN or 'nasd-slave snbimtions lhe
rnbn oi lhc BndshAdminuy chds is Fced.d by | @ ad ,te rr,,r.i ,/
.rainl ror e.g L Q5) 1610sbnJstu rdmnaxychd Nmbq 1610on vbrch
or chrin 5 (English .hain) G drown. The .ohtleb
n die boron l.fl handof rhechM for e g
taA{P L Q5) 1610i.dicdingtbat.hain58is usingMultiPutse rrnsnsDn.
Chrfts ord dntd w h l{ie of r{o adjoinitrgchainsm dso availabterd
rh*e m u!.d for ii.cFhain fi7'ins
Simihny Ibe cllds pubhhed by orher Hydrcgnphic ottcs or wiou\
*nh the relevrfi Dd.ca ldhce Dd drese

wirh rhchclpof this $vibh rh. Equiredchrin cm be sle.bd.

Ide poincn or dt thc Jeconetus nops

nicldng ftc locklampslo*s *heo rhemsfl sig.rl h lmk.d on.

'86 sholld rcadzero,il Dotir crn be sct ro

.k I md is cquncd hecame de.eic

losirioi thc Gi! gcts disonnelled ro cher $e phes
 of rt'efctvq is cfied our.

onefor eah otou b indicrb he zoie.

,q

Eachdecomierhasber eguippedwi.h a ftser tmb to serthe?odchd fte lme

Mdirs nmurny. Ihn is dme d the rind df in irtizdion. uhen cq,q !u!
elar.d by ihemvig:rorfors.h cot .ro
In Rer posnion.all rhecentilse poifur of ihe dsonerre shouldrerd zeo hd
if my oneof .hcccnrilatrepointfl is roi showinszem.n cm b! sd b zem {nh
ao conbl knob.rrh deomererhd r BpecriK aro contol kiol,.

wnen ,h tu dcpl6*d &e centilse poind! of ?I nhed4oner{\ shouldr&l

12cedirancshd lae dd bne iidi.ator leze on n\epE\.dr Erdirts.

Thjs indic{or llashesrhelam iMbcr for Fspe.tive.olo!ru *quentizly evd.y

lner 20 seonds. rn fte besi'riitrg of the lycle it shouldi'ldicaE 23 3. 2:1.9,

This knobhasio b. p'e$ed rhci in rhebeginninsot lhc aequence

or drc Lt
,ndicatois not sho*ina tbeabovcnorioned readinss.

Tre brirrirne .f th. LI iidio{or m be .onrollrd snn rhis}nob.

t Fii rhelosition of dE ship on rh. Dc.ca lrd br, $nc orher avritable

> Noc do*n thezonead lJe rcrdiry of ceh color.

> selsr the.h.h tor rto Especdvemr
p.sirion,wdr iill alt n\ecedilaneportuer

t Set ihe inn.don s*nch b,Rql .onflm lbd all ihe centilse p.inhs rE

ff a.y oneol the@itilad. poinr*s is notindicrti.g z.o, n an hesetto zdo

'lsully by Esp@dvezD contul rmb.
sd the rr.tioo svirh ro Llr 2 pcirion and writ titt alt lhc lenriltue

> lhe Dne ad hic rcadinsof erch color a oobd ab.vc G fed muxny ro
dreBpsrive deconerf by resi knob.
li sclh. fun.iid s*itb to opemr'"n md m'nFre rh. lane ntrnber of dr
dcomcrs wirh rlle lanenunbq indiored by th. u indicabr. ff dreMo
radings a€ normthin! Est rheBpstive dromdd 1de nuDuq o Edu

> r'rreserdll nor b. Lvorkiignotu11y and6res crn be cto@d r pd the

> Fiicn or Sysbmaticemr xnd

Thclati4 - linc pft1enon theDfr.a .brnsror emhr6rer slryep :re

b4cd on rheyelociryol rhendio srves bei'B .oisunr. in ntrr rhevelo.i4, oJ
pon rhe coMtrdivni ol rhe medrumn n
pNsiig trrsugh 'nin
n d hk" inb considention*hile rit.(;s rhc hrtne
ir thNpo|]lgdion I elo.it], difiefs h n rh.

ndio w!!ci do ocrn dueb rhctn

ad d,is dhbnioi vrn.q iiom phle ro place.rtese catrbe ..ncdcd cirherby
.ioi in bms ot ceniirdes b rhcd..omd{
Eadingsbefoft the LoPs ue flored on .h. !bd.]n cenainaeas ob\cddion5
trdthh doc! iol imply n\n mecorudoi h
'i 'ob-e.u3. tf'h o -.'o d
sivei oi eirhrtsidcordrcruijrior,i
gjEninD*mdah\hatlfio&hOlo[
is wnhin rhclirle, it ha to be subhrd

n DR Lditude52 . 53. N md rorgitode

001'?0 E, rhe lier *or .ore

corcdion + .05

Gce. dc.onDd rading F 42.37

.orurion in.orpomteduLire pr.tringrhc

dioi h ior robeapplien.rodicanoib rh(
eiild b siYenin norics romrnnm
This emr is causedducb smrlrareonsmeptnr ol gmundmd sky f.ves md
inrnniic \hrioni.crases,druunar oI

dlolance shouldbe gilcn .o liis flor. rlre esti,isrd vahe of d s e@r is

givci in De.ca drh sheehbscd on 6s9r probabihy ol alcuncy, {ljem\
ALRS volume l1 sives 95 to prchabi[y. Higherrhe p.obabib,, lower the

consid*ing tlle srmeroinion ^ $oye fd nxedsro6 i.e. Llrirude J2r jo, N

dnd Longirude00f 20, !, ii sca ot chrin 58, drePzlid?.r .d.rasd a,l
4! 4.ac! diastan (t53cortuhlhilitt br.t) Jot tincs nlho than/,,laylieht
.ormee (rtJ.. D( .a d.'d shet 6) shoss$d 6c shipn in coito$ b and
*e .onndd ,niddghr of 24'h Mry rh{ lihe ahdk x[s J6tot din|tuh tefr.
,...d d,r, rr'.?l 7l i"dimct thc londrion prvailirg n sumH ligbt. wirh
fin int(madon. Efer to the 2,. r4 rt i,s ., Dn ar sa lcvcl in Mtrhdr mil4
(rrcr D4ca dda dreet3) fu 63 9r pobibiliry level wliich tidi..res mor ro be

HavinggloGnn\eposition. drer rpplyinsfte conedionrorfiie! qre, !E

vri$]. cmr of 0 13 nauricrrmire hesto bc allowed1in. this h ehievcd by
dnwingao pdallcllinesd a d mceor013iulicJnneoneidrtrs:deof
rherwol-OPs6 shoei in lisoE 10.

-{

'Ilre
rei,liaoi tuean dia,nordsrEp.drnd .heF is 63 % pmbabilnythd rhc$rp
32 9nchanca tharrheship is ouGidcrbis
dimo.d. This is alsoEfered ro rs disnond ot eron
dylne i c 4 sy 1000hB,'rr/!rr tat tieht oy. asednd dnatu j diasen
Gdef datr sheeri) sbovsin mu or 50 mdeF otrly md .hn crn benesleded
'lhe readiogsobiaineJlron rbedso
shipmininun rro LoPs ke !equid on
rhebNi! of rbedgld of dr, thuNo
firiip, rN.h crn bc obrai.ed fton De
thd drc d..onerer rcadingor only drose
rwo colour ft trlen e s rhctadiig of rl'e decomedsG r.d 13 30, gt.n I
11J? aid Nrpte c 5?.,10Thc llnl.e piiftd or n\echd N onl) $oso ol goi
lid pu,pk,henceI 44.3?$d c j740 Erdinss{ill be kk$ lor firliA tl'e
(
l.sirioi. Thelirat emtr dolfirio's tueto br appli{t ceh ot rl'. dr.^ndn s
readingsbelorcrl.ti g d,m on the cltn lhc Ni.r or ides(lon oi these
6vo LOPSis d poiN P on ihc chM 3

rhe rNry ot 'h. fir k $bjeded to vfj$re dnor sd heice it is necssry ro

rt]o* lor dn .m. shich cr bc obEiied ftr'n Dec.a drra shed: To plol rhc

conven .h. posiiior to lrhrude ud loigitude d ii' sch cds m spsirl Dece

bDrvdtrble eron hav. b be coNideied

b.6v.ar dre .vo r!P: w l be smlt $d rhs ti\ obhtieLt !i Lmt be ac.!r!r, tn

polrroi 'fh {in give r herf rnsr. ot dr hc6v.en nte $o lols flr:s
G.hrque.$ bcufd o y sh.i rhcLl.n nir h oriqrionrl r Ds.,1(!o\o

bdtrdi $o redMd gEi Lops or cbxir2 i! sFrll

8r.rn LOr or.hr i 2 d Nedbr nxi.g rhcpositiotr

n. r-or\ is bd€r r sliotriii ugureI2 a
PROCEI)URI !'OR INTNRC}I{IN l.'IxINC
sol.lbedniljltrst

?3 3.23.9,000,00ror00.:. norpi*s t_t/fo.

d lnnotrpLo.edDturnrdoMiLd4r.
> Nor! dotrr dierrie rcetrins
of irr dE the q,rou;r.r rLecrrl;, ir s!

'conuGlltl]Fndiogol.It
Akhed r.e dah she.$ ror.haii jB Eiglish Chain
> Shcd no. t hxs lblca circles.]n (h. imer cnck. choie or.olou^ ror DA(
$cl. of cut and hcn!. posidonsIix i\ orrv,ous.BeNeetrtbe iiid .nd th.
{' f. b Fi'!o
kcle, orty ringtc lolor givingtheb*r
u my beusedror i ctohlin 6xins
re.ti.i li c.nrillnes b tixen ercN n rhr
d pu4ile olou* rBperively Figtrfts
'rled b be ddcd ro rheroP readings

> shed ro 5 siveq d,e van$rc .nd lor tull diy tight coveLaced 63"/,

licibre for tnrEsodrtr dEtrfurr d4 lshr

orcmgc d 63'l pob$jlny bais.

> Sheelno.3 sho*s rheyanabbemr dependiryoo thdcontou ard Crcv.iLiig

*a!on ! 63% plohlbiLiiyb6is.
 '"^%"\i\
,Ji
Efl ;
Y t''""tr','
' t?r
- ti -:
/ --r-l I '-l ,
*li
+ . ! _A i r
t-'r/l',-ll
\ i 1 i i ;
-?'o*4 ,l:ilc
'ri) :-,
: :

I" - i - + * + *'ilr '-l

i1--*l-I iF"i'
l
r: .
__l
il
;e
+r
1
--J i i-i

*i
__Ll
otcca Ptntoo
h
(0 10 ( 0 . 1 0( 0 1 0 0.13
(0 t0 ( 0 . r 0 0 t 3 0.25 0.50
( 0 . r 0 0 . t 3 0 . 2 5 0.50 1 . 0 0
0 . 1 0 0 . 1 8 0.37 0 7 5 r . 5 0
 CIL{PTER III
LORANC

CF,NtrE{LDI'SCRTPTION
LoR-aNc n a bne tuiae \ Pelbolc synemol F\ition fixingv[r[ 'mr$rc\
rhernE dircremebeNcetrthebegrimngoi msb. rnd begin.ingof scondrY

- " . - , , , . . 1 ' , . ' " ' '

lrdsmns a g1op of ci-qhip0l*s oi r crd'r r€quercv ol r00 krL ' {
sDdcifien*rctrp repdiLlor idend (cR! as shovn in nguL€2 Thc dnnnor oi
e.ch Dulseis of 250lL\ rnd rheintcrvrl beNen No conscutivc0ukfl i ro0o

asily disri',guishbd{eetr rhemstf sd sconddv 0uke TheinrcNrr bdween

eighrh d nirth ptrlseis 2000[s
'flre seoidary $dids dvays rn.,

*orenc d,mtrsftut rhe owFsc r

@* 11.. d.t.y .irl' ,*p"d b .a{ff iarion, {hich is tchievln hv domi.
Uilrr tl Iil tLtt tllttLUl

Ttun\missionftum
NIo tor(sAM).nd y iir rui.do
blinki e rheli^r rvo pukcsorrhe
andoit r..o ins ro splcilitdcodc
thema{.f rationn mhnctioning lhrsRrnd vivccovcftgrisiingr! hm
300 r0 1200mutical 'nles d.pend'

ln filuic 3. a$omi"e thattlreDx$er

324nadicrlmilc lpd (cor*|ondirc ro 2000$ apploxi'nately)
rd rh*e
sationr e Mnrniltiig
re.eiver d theimu linc br th. rc

misrcd is 0 ps lh' lldicdiffean

extensionsvill bemarinu i. 2000!s be.suse $e sismlfsi' enher.r d'.
$ onseirl lrke 2000s! b L8r
rowld rlie s..ondtn) !(ion w lturi lioinr P. lhc dn.aiNcfnii had.r 1. $lf
rc$eshmcaihcp sesviu nolbeEeived
sinulhisusly, rsulrirg in r inned
mNer anJ loondmy nnlsesThis rii'. diff.rcna 'n$su'cd vill Lc.0
inaeasing xs rheshipn norin! b Asumingrhehme
difiarcrcemslnln !' poinlQ h 100$ rhei r liy|.lbolrcai b. dtuvi oi thc
biselne NhcE! anrfoiiioi rrih hy0db.r rh. rincdirturile musurldtr
100trs.simildy r numrrnot hytc6oL&crn bc d vn o. rhcbasehe
 ,,R
It ,11
i"tal
i i i

- ;+i!-rtt
l"i-+
!- !,
i
fil.'i-r-r 0q!|i -

Ndc rhe ftt.rt t tuth w|et - 4o / td ndorsc

Coiside.theshipor drecentre linerndhovingbwads llic rsci i"din.*.

rlso th. tind diiTereicenersuBl berveenreprion ol m6ter rnd r*oidq
sisMls{il1 l*P on li.arsitrg wre
}!s, rnoth' hyprbolr r catr b. d

h$grbol& c$ be d,rwn *nh innersingtime dllr*ene row&( n$,u

Suppose, finc difie€ice of.1o0la is calculrtd by therecciver,Lhcrhir courl
be on thelidce S or T ard the |os
rs tbeser*o tithes m fr.p.n rs sho{r ir ligur :l
dlffeEmeiieasured n setil i.e.1asth$ 100]]s,thcshipould hu bcLqr.n
d . a , . q . 1 . , - o "f " , e n e 1 r . ,
Thh aabiguiiy cm be ksolvedby naeigenng $e taosmissionol rbe*onday
and lllowing it to 6smit ib prnss a sm ^ ihe ngrur iiom nmb n
ecivcd. The time diffeflce 'Hsu
exhsion wiil he 0 tasbecsse theMo pLrlses {ill be meived at thesme tim,
{bere6 thstimc dififtnc mdsure
n}.inum i.e. .1000ll3. Tine diffe€.
lrr. Ir r shipis placenon ihe bdc Liic icar b rh. *.ond!ry, .hetimedifferi.c
'nersmd {ill be mininun and6 thc ,hip movcqt vrds rhc h4d. the rine
dinernce nasured *in rr€p incp
shrion.The iiD diffeEnc. n.asurd d poift a m i\e I'yperbola[ill be res
rha thn ar poinr R, 6d iard b

.,/,

er difiidlry ries red b LhescoMry

'msd is mmplerelyreive4 d'e pul€s

Thc puLesiiom nhserwo $nions pirt ov'tap dd n bsoous vEy
scpdE ihemin ode. to neasue rheLincdilI{mc.

'-tl

'rliis difildrry
n olcMme by delryingthe rslrision or drese.oMnJ for r
o n r o d r ^ . .i ' ' e . - . e
lod rheseondly n known4 coding Delay. Ihe codidgdelal e uresthn
thepulsesf'om ihe ms.cr will dwaysbeHeived fi^r lhmusbo drecovcRse
fta a|d erh sc.ondrJ is a$igned*in\ n\ecodiig Jeky
Tre hyp€lbor,cbdw@nmasbr shr
dreLoni C charhbkin! inro acotrft n\e.odiis dcLdyoi rhese.ondrrynrn{

,i,: I'l
't':":l i,\{ t.

r)lll
'i+il":,
sinilfly hyptrb.rc af aLsod(wo on dre C .hatu betveenms$ x
orherse.ondaryshriois ynh .heresp*rive
Asuniig rhcdodinsdclayof rherondq $niom
ro b. r1.000|r.id 24,000us E$srively $m dre
r.mn c .hds uifl b. 3ssho{Din tisure6 aod7

,..t'li
'rr'ii'"'l'iii'.
iri'i I r 1.r|jd r

Ior ndbr & s4ondry shrior Y and naiq & seondary nadoi z p.ns.
e$uniig thu coding delay to be 15,000IR aid .17,000As Bredi!.Iy. rhe

GROUPIITETITION INTERVAI, (GRI)

]n thA syjenr, eachshl]o. taisnn
of 100 kllz ud .o ptovemrbe inEdarencebdveEn rhe chaiis. c&h jrdon
if.unal as sho{n ii figuE 3 l.rre sroll
rl.ltion inb.r is drerotil rine b.rwcfl rhebesindie ol m$rer puheor di0
scluc.ce .nd tbebeginnhsof thensb pnheof rhemxr squence.lrtr .h!in
hs ! ditemt cRI vrlue rid sholld baverrrrt.ient tin|o contm rheitrld
 ului l t i t i t L i li rl | ] l t |i t| I i l l It
TheminimunGRI h theierorr dned tundionol numberol *d$'s x(l
dishn.ebdseenthem.longwirhrl'
irscRI valE div edby r0lr 71150
?9,500I1s To rcqundlhc Lns c s
I rM orherpubkationsrc Eolnlzcd by

ILIMTNATION OF SKY.WAV!
h lnis syncn. the sigMls arc Eeivcn dtuugh grclid rrr. aid \ky mve

rh. r.u,acy olrh' fir willh. rffed

:10!s r.yvlrcr ii thesrouMv{ve lorlsgc arcaThedu.dior.r d'eL.ixi c

prlr is o1250A trhe,erhefist r0 trs ol srdundlNc luhr h alkys nNc
lom \kr Mve jnte soncc.Hetr.e.to
u*r diefid r0 !a ol rhesrodid wrv
TIME DIITERNNCEMIiASURTMEM
Thehmediildcncemaurme n cuied ouihythe1bnosjngnerhods
> Anbr4ic PutseENetorcMaEhinsand

AUTOMATIC?ULSEtrNVEIO}tr iI,{TCEING
Dfthing masures
begiming of the mr*tr 'id b.liming or rhe sccond,rypuhcs d sro{i rn
ngurc 10.u sives $e ti,n. difeEnce ii ri, ot dousard. thousmu,ru(,M
$d bnsolmido secofdsfhisis dsokiowi scodsentuhing

'o v$able dersy u,ir (\DLl 1.hL tr (

'6rn aE ilwrys rd.cned ftr! rhFush otrr

;'; I r.r':,.s..oncal
. : -

:i lr r'.

oii.ide$jlhlhcbeginojncoflh.ualuu
s*ond[y pu]sesnsiig ! fy-lheel osillator ctcun and rhe rime difrcrenceis
nedu,el rubi, icalty. rhis dne dffeEme ncduEd n indicard in r drgihl
ftrd out aloig wih rhe nne dne diffeEncc msued by adonuus syqc
AUTOMATIC CYCLE MT\TCHINGOR 3'CT'CLtr MATCHINC
Tl r! dc differcft menhods rry *hich .yc1cnMhiig cs be mhiered It -sir.s
therimcdirrd.iei',u.itandtetuhorunir andiskncds fincnxbriiig
ele6 a rcrdttuc t.tu .i d'e i'rftr rid
seloidary Nkes, {hi.h n No.llr 30 ps rrts rhe\ht of d,epuke of ld .yd.
ol rhc 100kHz .udef tuqEncy. This pojnLn .hsd b€oNe thenplin'de or
thc l"cy.le is rHr dd although t
$dc h r posibiliryor sky r.!c l
dsoiablc rnplitude md ir rlwrys fd to'n sky \lrve inedeEn.e.
Th.ieceived puhesnon $! mstr
ng&Il$d12 Thsepuls$.Ffur.h.rlnpllfledlliriDesanddelayedbys
|lt trhi.l, is shosn as osd lxctr dvo !e rlg.bmicrlly rdded aid orr I
tly d 30!s lromtlrc*!no sr nDkc

r^ *- oscs
1 T

Simil.rlt rhe'ninnm r obbincdoi rhescondrry puls* rnd rinh dt help of

fl) *heel ossillnorci!.uit n\e tine dificruiccne$lrme is.aded out
bei**r tbeminina of tnemrder rnd thator {heseond.ry.
Tll[ iine dilT{cice alors wiih thehme diffsEnccnc.iu Lby tlc $roi' ic
rl time diffcrcnccbe6!d.n th. iwdr $d
 I
iri;
ll,'r'I
i
ilr
:iir* rl'
ii]ilil
,'itti i,u
'r.,
Iil

rjd-r" t" qhs Ft, **d] a F se aoPride do{ihlioi I lhd k n!{ b}

de lonlb I ei6'h "
EddPLd by ' 3i d

&;dr -d r & de. p""."." * ft

 indietrngNditude0INiLldor d ;rdil
TNble or5r'5

pulse,vhich is I30' on ol phde vith

. dii$E cod. ftun the s&oiduy
 m of rumngdnl msirs nom 70 [H/ r]
1:r0kH7.
rsi9x {roisrh ndcr and

ii.rcr .nd on. ol Lhcnot.h uu.rs is u\.d to dir die ird tuidin! This
s fsm 110kHr r. |t0 tHz rd by I silg

rrz bdru\e rhcshlPcot |he Pflf r ntrb

orui,€d hctrlc.n ihc trquenc),or 90 kt tz
ld bechokcLt prnodilan)rndnothtrlteis
:rrL'rdbeadju$ed
roi dLi$y

h c !hr6lor.rdr m6rr x'ldrc.dx I

ldni F;\ xf hxd.r rho y.rtnrr!.rrho r io {ryes bdrs .onrrt trrrn
q doprndins or the .oduclvit] ot dr!
mcdlumsroulhihlch il pr*cr. rh
h of,{lio !ignrl\.ai crer lrro
Ltk.. inLoco.sidcdion vhilc plotringfte ldrice hes D dr Lo.ri c drn\

.oMs rith rhc tus|jsriv. sign. ln ..ru

y ii.o.ponrl yr,il! dodn! rh. lafticex
d'otrn iequnNd ,rhn
rjLLbeindicded or
Ir thh .orcnloi n nor irlolpotu d. it hrs r. lr
.r.u ard r gcM.r y r. d'. mtlriS ob[inql ftumrheFcaverbefor I otrii8

nar.4. 2{ N dd rorgitude056.2r, E.
.ri ASI urrlcsis asfono{s
rq30 x rir 16.163
5 us ?930 z T, 56]:]6 R 6
+rzrl
Thcconrcrd LoPs hs to bc frotrcdoi lrc uhd is above.
 arlbgsjgi:t01mM!'d*o'b4'!Ehlr
IavatlhmghsrYw$6um.offumisLljmghskyvd\tr'4de[EoJ[d'LdLeh

-*- * u e ' - 0*0'@6r

i r drd Eh !r'

s b . . ' - . l n ' i - i o
l.l' t.'; :
;i 6r - !b.bm *,,'*r.'s,.',,r *N€ Fo|lgdid,trNilv dig.o$xnr
For$mple d 2200hDR Liidde 46'4i'N Lonsrud' 056' LJ w rhr i onn
c Erftig obraincdk rs lollows

The skl wrersdiLig mst lie.o,B

.oretalLoPs 234716j !s
ThecotrestcdLoPs b be pbtd f rtut

.. ,hc rlr i rg or ^ t^,r, .o '

o - , .' + " . , : u -
;. -"-
",,.
sy{en. rhde h iomdhod otintrch|ii nxitrg

o J l i ' m !
', , ' ''' p

",","J, , "
" " ^ " ' " . ' t

,..,,". : ,." ,.,"

' ' b o b i'
- " a , " , a t " r di rh*bv
"
rhat the shrpc or rhc pulse mv sd dnbncl de rctrlxc\
"

inecd oi
Ssderswele tuis 6 nioN il rlt Ecsiln sl&6 i wmngc-vck'
n\c ld cyclcthelrc diffe.d.d mea\
indi.fuedf I diend Ed od md is trefrd b rs he or cojiio; Gopt. ro
frx die posidonor rheshtr hininun Mo Lops aE requiftd a.d rhn is obr$i!d

conedroi obu'ied tuoD Loni c kble Dus bc ipplred. Tnc ootrededLopr

7930-\ 2347t,65 tr md ?930-2, 563,11.40

yr indicrb $e rime djfrcrnce

shrioN z qPd.rively for ch$i 1930.

^i;;{

",t"f

h.iii urh $b ddid {is Lde . rq riG;6..d ,!i.

4poi Potrrhcchdasshowninlisur13,whichstrca
shrps p.rjrDn.
 ( @D
i: :i * l:! lFlq

r + . . g i i r ; :l l: i i i ; . : : : i l : : il i ! ; i : 3l : i
i i i i i i t . r r ' ! i : 1 . :i : i i I i : : l : l i : ;
3i 3 : !3
. .:11 "3' :i ;
9 : : " L i l . : ; i i : 3i : :
;.i,
:- 6 " ' " J ;" " ' l " ' " : " ! " 6
B : ;: : i 13 : 3 ; 3 : a: ; : . ; l3 : l3 : l3 . i
;
 CIIAPTER IV
GLOBAL POSITION FD(INC SYSTf,M

CENEITAL DITSERIflON
It ir a @lib bed tuvigdion sy:6n @isiins of 24 dbiriic sdellib in 6
difredd6h parhs,Itis sysbmi! Il@ dl@ rhfl ay oits *isrins sytu
eih *orr(Md. 6@se i. 3t vs1h6 cedilim.
ThecPs sigrrl .onsn6of a psendorindon.ode, ethercris,.d ahanrr
dal' Thc pseudonMon codcidenrilresihe sddLir. be.rus ctuh sakllire s
Lavhgmique.odeEplrn.ns ddr is.oNrilty arnsniftd hy c.chete rc
hd conb$ i,nN(nr inlomdioi su.ha ({N of dies,clLne,.u,cru!!
PStu.uiv.rvherc*.h irethe sho dhc

rlre o,riul idonnlli.n for rhd s

I an s.aellile x, ny pdrion is Nrendy y $d rhft m$sgc s6 s( t

tine Z, r'hc'sers Grs 'ece,ver
rcrls rheftsrseridslA rhe.phencfls
rftr

e P c.de3 (yA.odekiowr r Fulq

.ode respecrjv.t),.
All ci,nirn cps Ecal.s
d(ode rhe(]A c.dc dd il ilso help
onlr r. us mitirrryusN hd irs dlies
Thesecodesoe m.Jur!!n b)

Lr = r5r5,12MHz rd L2 = 122?60 MH, TheLl:tefr .onsjis or horhrr,!

qnl* i... ricodedd c/A codetrriircrh'L?consGroroily| .ode
uai.. ot 0| rd ls ca cd chip,larrs !
ffequery .r r 023
rppmimr* r. 2ill merlL.nre durtior of .!!h chipn abourrus md e ir
sequei.en or o'u mi is..ond Thecodesrq&n.r of 102:lsu.rj chi!,! iud,tslu

--n

li rhc.aseof ? codedrecrrrpiequencyn l0 2:lMBi[ric, $e duE ionof erdj

chipb0.1!sa'ld li rni!. disrm.eir mronit ro?9.3meris thc ful.ode
runsrh is or267 dajsaid rlh s&niE is rllocfudo.ly a7 dryi dee of &e
code,duitrg d, s pDrnJd
rheEir no rep€ririoror rhecod..
&e c/A cod. md rhn l]?$Snine b rh. ? 6rt bv Bing ttand OE word
(HOW)onbired in 30 s*onds Mvis{iomt EBS€F
Th. ndion of sese co&e is 6 follows
t ror;& it ;{tedincdion sim edh sabltit tr a uha c.de dd
> For ndllltllm. of &e pmp€ltlion tide ton s.&llit b se.

This sysd i dividedinrorhe *smenb

i.
i \

I
\'-

":m'r.I?
CROUNDBASI'D SEGMENT
Ir coisis6 of rolr Landbasednoniroing sdiotrs locfud d Aitunric ma,
Pacifi.au, DiegoSumzrd hdn
, J ' r u , J' ' , r u . ' o . " o o o

ro n4ror $nrol (dion Ar'rerre.eivinerhedM n.n drc iionjrding edrons.

e.esrrr com0nhrjonro pHlid !r iumre
. Themrn6 onrol iarionalsodddrif*
heglcilc!Th!upddeddahdredblhc

\ cv.iry ptr@din 6 d rerenr

o$irs Alldic
6 mrinhii thcf orbn.l pudr ad catr be
The mgr. bcNcdi cachol rhe 6 o
eqormir|p|iie]cin.|iia'ioiis55"''|hedi[erencenr
rhc i*.ndjrg nodcsol suclc$iveolbir plm$ is 60'. Ths. saclllr\
aunchldd a heighrol 20.200kilon
spcd orcrh rtulln.n 3 9 klohubs

lie hffihi ror rhom 5 houA ap06iih,brr md ir has .ovenge of lj00

iudsl nl s aptto\ ThcrcsarcLitrsircso hunchcd
n dreoftr rhd r.e.eivc,

eivelwnhbnihi" c.nl|lr a.n displry

arenrdrnd rom thh srcLLfuirobllin: rhe
M rherby sels( rhd fuL{ mos itrrrbr
x obhii'edis dholaycdon rhedisptryu

ro tueive oirl oic frqEncy {e kno*tr rs {fgt.

osiriona$facy, rherere dnd neqri.!
! earveAd,r c$ r.cir. borhrhcfrqu.n.ics.

rt ms$ge of :10secondsin th! tdm ot 50

priousry sqrpried
to dreserrir* hy mNr@mrcrs6.ioi fdis dividednao
5 s,b+r!'cs. Ea.h sub fsnc co ndc6 with telenety wold (Trlt
conljnin! sE11ib rdus lolLowln by hand orer rod lllow) dntr r.]
rcquniq P c.dc frcn cr^ code.nre I strhratu conrainsdah c a,ing 10
sablln' rlolk ffecrion. flre 2'r ]fd r rt lub f.rmes .onhti rhc enne
dir llbllire. rlle .1,i suh lr.mc pN.s
alphaumern drh to the Lser d lill only be Ned *her ry orJ ydron hasl
The5' subeivesrherlnai& ot nn rh. odt.
srGrrir*{hi.h i'. ud* du oniret
dieusd ror opriiuo. choireol rhesatnitesror posirioi fiiing.

The Nsilnr fix obrainedby rhe receiveris ba\rcrrly by derermnritrgdr

r.eirer to d.h or d'. sclcdeJ
meNtrementis achievrdhy ,ne6lriig rhcptuplgarioorme noni the sLcd.d
erellite to d'e rcclvci. Ths nerhd usd ft mauing the rine .rk i h)i rhc
$rerritesrgiaLs ro Fich rherec.iver
tuar seres of (]A codesnd hy .aEr'!r

silnrrsmd drose getremtdrithii rhererlerhemcrirtu hr.n lo. rhcsrdLirc

sisn.rsio reachd,eft..jvf n obbi(cd !s shoyi in rieuru5

Theprodnd of the vero.iry of ndi. \y,v.\ nd rhciime l|ren for rlres ellire
vrref h."..rP f,heF ro -u- -
R=ci(rrL)

(r r,)isrherimeiltr rb .raIire icmr\ofr!h s?ntr

An nv ebrriEr m cquilped {idr rbmic creks ard sina dr* clocb a€ vcD,

IlmEmnt $d dD .nge oblainedis rflnrd 4 psu{ro msa ri$& rhft de na.

uftroMs i.e lnjtud.. lonlirude,srritude(r y, z mdbd) orn\e u( a wend dE
us\ dck w Nid mpEt ro sarellire clck

S3
N ss:-} rs
""'i '!ql
". 4p '"'|!jl
"o',,,,'\ ;'..
,.i tllb
/r .t' ......''
/k'.

llre posinonor the s@llnc Sr (rr yr z,) is kmqi b (heuserby 30 s*o s

nrvigdionrr 'na*l8. andttum rhissabnib fie to o*ing equationi! obrrned

duero dr enor in fte usq s c ocK

sime rl'ft !r for u.ioo{n, rhey car bc rcsolvedtun lou e,ratnn,
obhiicd l6n foo. diileHr sderritet, thc orhfl nrre sardftes s{rcs me

P R .c . d t = v l ; ; i + ( y - r , + ( " . -).
wirh the help of $cs. equrdonsLhe3 D fix ca0bc obei"ed. In die cre of I
shipaordne on *dsr, a 2.D nx (,.e. lo4itude .nd l.ritude) is r.quir.d ard
.hfe equdionshon th@ sdellitesrill be s'fiicisnl to fix posirior Thesh'p s
tiosirior cou]ddso ha!. bcetrdeEminedby lwo cqudionsobtrlied non tuo
differdt satellitct ir n\e sxrellire and tlc us.r's .lo.ks d paJ&tly

TL. a.cincy of rhefix obraiiedby C\A coden l0o mettr rha€s P.ode
he Dfl.rc id clobrl Fosnioningsyiem
(DGPS)enhan.cslhe r.u[.y b r0 meGs Ind 3 nct6 ftspecrivelr.

> lmosPhcn.rnd toposphericdehy

ellie whcn pdsing rhhush $e ditre'€nt
layeNol th. io.ospheFmd toposphcru,rlr veb.ny ol lne *av* vlx vhnh
affcch lhc ilne diff*nce mersuM
satelle ldisnid irs m*srge on iwo f*qucn.ics, r dnd rr'tnemy meivei
receivesbo.hrheirquemies md coRrion is sl.!l.r.d & .onacntitd rtrhi'
''. f a(n) i.
n beGr dln $nglefftquery rec.iver.
In cse or sieruls frun r slteLLit w
{rves *irr b' froE {hich sill i
dssisnldior ro seledn\esrelites {hose elevationn le$ 6m 9 5'

Il the user do n io. pelfedly s

,ase m6uEmcnt vill iot b. s.uru
n\e clo.k emr is kno{n a! pscudo
n\eEeirer on bdr(t by ohhini.s di
doneadomdicrly wjrhiirhec.eivef

1ris md is caEeddueb n\edM in

is mooiioredby do gnurd b6ed segD,enh
md my e'ror n' n\esatellile\ .lock
rormspd of n\e30 seondsnlugarioiaLnss'g.
)i Cm'netic diluiioo or pEcisio
Theseonerr or theposition ol th. srcllited.6miies di. sslr of.d qhlch
h tuns govens lhc qulity of rhe posirionobtriied
sepmtionbet*eenlhc satllir.s, mo
bealmo$at rishr angles.llic loftr rle CDoP veluehiBhtrtheac.ur@yot $c
fix od d,is cDoP v?tueis indicatd oi the dhpl.y unn Sincelnc Edvu
kno{s rheposidonof ,ll nheste itesrhrough30 sedndsmvieationalmesrge,
irisp.gtumncdro*Lcd 6c bArrva:hblc
srclliles
.onsiddnsrheirelevdion

This crr n s(d b] sc Lib jgi* mjlii! , rho rhipr .nrenn. borh

rhc rqo slgilLsm udved slnulft

lsnrl nom whish DnSo dic$urn.d i\ obhnicd Snin! rhc ntrnrr { i

nre saFllir.s re noilotud $!L rlirir |llrri ft nrulhtJ hy EouD{l bbqr

\esment.Ho{r}u bllvcc( lvo qrisrlrjvc 'norndig ol rr,cin,c eLo rcs.
n\a€ my be ninor nnLt5ltum $cn lrdictd p4hs r.s,]rins i. smd po:irnr

DETER}ITNINGTHE USERS SPItrt)

chmleinllt{rErc'orrhandoMks
ddl'tmdN{nfungingdLtb'thlE
'|h.
rolnioi md r3l..iry or thesrt
I n o w n r o n i c ! s c r ' \ c . c i r e r r h i . l i h * r h u i h i i cpod . r . l h o v e l o c i r y y l c r o r
oirhes(cl|ncsn b.tosolv.dntro rtro.oi'tofuit!
t (i) in rh! dlurnr ro*rJs diclsdnd
t (ii) li d'edi'€diorpeeed'd'la ro(i).

.ul]leslhevelodlyvedojofl|'.\rblLitilj

oppleishifrndsurcmci!is ior qual rothe

ibllnc\ sncd !.cror bMrds rhc D\cri rric dirlorcnle cm only d\e du. to
nscisspc.drowisorrvryftonrh.rrellite

rreqleictnsd i rhissysemh rcryhigh.nrlDopphshinmeduremed

is r.r
'Ite rhcmuncy of rhdnoml GPs
diffcrftlat cPs syscn is Ned to enhance
synen so thn it cm be us.d for surey, dri11ing.occanosrrphvnc where
highq acc(rcr or posirionfiiins is ftquired
Thc DCPSEfeFnca su.lon k situaredat a llicd iocdlotr md liom this Posrnri
rhecPs reciver ticks !l rhesatellitesenbii irt sic, obrrinsd{a Itum thii,

is rctuul posnion.These oftstions ft $etr brordcut to CPS uscrs b

inpDve ihen positionalac.uncy.
'Ihee rE lso n,ethodsty whichth. DcPs shrioncanfrsnit theonc.tiois
> compudn! andtrnmtins a positioi coredion in tems oi I l?titude,
lonsiiudcandd rrtihde i e i. Y r.
> Co'nputingpFudo rsse colredi
ro rheuserrnd rtplhd b rheus{s pscudomse 'nasntnent belde rhe
positionc calculatcdby n\e onbord @ivcr Esultins ii a highd ac.u'r.y

s lss
\..
\

\,,-ft
.{\J"
 rioi ii hs ot x y z cNdndes n
ssoid n..hodburrheaerncy d{Fases
otr iiccasas ti rhis odhod .he FieE !e
ed the samesdelftc. rhich is pftdrcrLly
rhesrcllites msurLLy
nadondeivs signahfsd a11ihcvinbk
3dclll4 md n@suc rhc pscudordge b Qch of rheD. since rhe satellr.
signfi onhin iirom!.ior on rherMie sabllib positionad n\e rhr.tr.e
3dtion hoLvs l$ CGnion, rhc rtuc rdgc ol 4!h sdellile is cal.rlated By
comp*ins rhecarorftd tu rsngcaid ncaslredp#udo nnge. rheconElon
'rh$c corcdions
rc rheobmrdcanvhnh
is rpplied6 diet*udo 6i8c nc$urd by thc u*r
 CIIAPTERV
ECHO SOUNDER

GENER{L DESCRIPTIONANDPRINCIPLE
E.ho sounder
n elelbni. cquipnc
dris synem,a.ofiic pukesof !!ry

rs edros Thesereceivedc!h.( 3t
rcceiri,,g .msdmd md afb p$liig rrrDtrsh rhe diffeied !rc* or die
€.eivtr d,.curcnrr $ppliedro!rlus srihh bunsoutthec.ati"gof therliin
du!c5r bl.ckhark on.hcFFr i',dicdi,ig
ihedlfrh or lhc scabedn'eime rit
thes.bed is mlimd md depdi.r'

sher. d is thedlpth or lhc scih.d

trarel10md no lroi' serhed

Thep.rfo.mareoi an e.ho sorn(higs)'$ri depeds.r rl'e r .r.v lith

krb.d !d dum. The splcd of t

reinpe,rtur or l6!c rnd saliniiyoal
vdmig f rpp|ou ed ro 1500nnt
wh.n sdiiirr'. rempedur. or pE$trE chmlrs rnd rny v*nto. 'n rric!u o.r)
ol thealousi. Mvr n oin the r.ep
io Eord.d dcrrh lrlrit ri'nehketr
seabedn onescord. thcnrhedePth

, they ler E0elcd in diflscnr 6udM\

ldihNed rclletlod) aid mr o'r\ one h dtedion (lpaular rn4rion) rhc
diftsed Eficdion is d*tabk bec
f8rremy givs gRter Jifl,'scd caecri.i
s3rc andfor sl'allow depdrshon nuhe n usedwhqeasfor srcars de0rh6e
hc. Ttre 'nidnum neasurubledeprh\l
dpcnd on puke reigrh ed rhd dically eqnelsb halt pulselcnslh. rh. vylur
's tutdns at a sole sp*d elmt b htrf drespecdot lhe rou$ic vrves riorher
vuds die tinc rrkenfor dE qnN b hveL tron iop to b.tum o. drcp4{ f
exdry eqlal ro ihat for h :coulrc pnt* ro rnvel ivice rhe dirBrle or ne
.ivcJ ril rhetunsnisnor is ov{ haice
io! 3 ndsr lengdrof 2 niliseconds,dr. rh{rericrl niijmun masuftble deprh
es lban ihis u noi be r(Rled. ,r.he
nftnld medunble dcprhis c?rcurfued by
D."=Yrl/2
Irtrerc Ddhis nininun dedunbh darh
v is rhevelocirr ot roustic u3vs rnd
I f puLelenerhir s&ond
enrheniijnum mersursbte depdjvi| b!

= 1500r 2/ 1000x2,n.us

llre durudonof dre puhe .ko deremimt lhe Esorurionot lhe e,luipftrt. rr
mdhs sc obFds dse ro sebedb be rc.orded*prnrjy
lr,e di\dininarion (D)her{elnehoesis D = v x I
If th. pu[e lelsd] is 0 5 millise.onddrei.
D=vxl
x 0.5x l0 r ned
= 1,500

andir $o prls leigdiis 2 minise.ord

rhen,

r {betr rhoobnds b b€dnphyed!re dose

rogederh seawiid. ,rhh is usd in soNAR synenj.
PULSEI$PtrTIIION IXIQUENCI G'R F)
The runber or pulss ftmmi.rd pu se.oid knosi .s Fxke Reletitiotr
Frcquercy3id rhis ddermiior rhenuinlm ddprh,vhidr c be nersurud
Tnemdi,ium depdi(R) c,n bemeasurtnis ddeanjncnby fte fomula
 $ler. v is dtr v.lo.iq or acouniclrvD ad
i l | l r e m ! c i ' | r ' ' ' t . ' i '

ie.R= rxrl2

rhenrhc mxnnum depthr..o.ded n 750mebs

siDilrdyil2 ptrLsas i c t =0j.
N tr&smjrhdi. om second.
ThdndimuN deFthrcsrdcd is 175'Et^

n usat sinccth. rnic tuqui'€dJo' ft.

elhor b rtum liom shalLo*depthsr le$ rnd henc! moruPdscsc$ he
tunsnnrd pr se.ondfl.bling rhc
qu,ckrydodi,oihe chinging(|llrhs
n lMe$cd rlr PRf is Fdu..d sin.c
TMNSMTSSION FRtrQUENCY
'rhe rrcquencyol rou$ic rrve !
impotun.e. flre choi@ or iiequen.y L a .omptunisc bcrwer d'. stt .r
ta.\ducef, lieedon fton nniDtrm atrenu{io.. rr thl
tusmi$io. f.qoery is {rlrin thenudio lrequencyr,.ge, thef the treivii'g
hnsdo.tr vill pi![ uCodre'xudible
t v,bftrioi of rhesbip\ pmpells
t ihc non. dueto slrips enslnc
t nol* duebserwd{birtlis d'e

Thes.miseswill olrccrrhe{eelr ech

If lhe lreqEm.y of the hnsnission h high lbm lbe

> bighr rh! ftquen.y,

tusducq vhicl, .rmot prodtre sufiioilnt to{d r.d
> high* $c frquetrcy moE is rhcdiffu$d tur srioi, vh i.h h desnrNe.
Considcrirsthe rbovefucros, dc t
audio &!quci.y nnge Dd rlso i( should ior be lery higli llence ro
compmnisebdwlei dE tnb, dretmsmi$ion fEqucn.yulcd in c.ho sonidi"g
slsem n gen{rlly bctrlccn30 kH?

PRO?ACATTONCTTATUC'IERISTICSOF ACOUSTIC'!T'AVE
'lhc lcl..lry or rcon$ic$aven\rouen:er.Er .t rcmpctururoa I6'C xod
s.ri.iryor l4% k 1505 sc, .apmnmdedro 1500ntse for cilcuLdion

nts.. md thefalttrs. (hi.h iduel

.olfurry .rrihnted fof srrr warei.it {il1 inJicdc dcp$sin ri(h r!f .bourlt1

The onplittrdeof the Ensul .ieq

iEir rypeof seabedandrbe{Gnudion $4cd hy lncn h 3\ n, Lofs

lrotu/Ro.k I db
> Frequc.cyor@ilikiotr
TL. utqEn.y of hnsmi*ion nr
crcrddre eiution andmoreLhcdlfrusd fLotloi

lr rhebeamviddr is roolr+r. tho(cnurtioi h Dordbeauscrhotl9r \ dd\

Atte.udionof rhcacou$i.\3r Je
oIrr,.smissnn.boah drri.cac

> The&gl. ol i.cmc.ceol rhcFopild.n walcs

iUNCIION OF VARIOUS STNGESO]i TI'E ECIIO SOUNDER

cquipmodoi!n6 or lncrollLNi,ig
Ttu echosounding $!gc!

This n.i( ptuduesi highvoEgo osdildion of dcsncdfRqnenc)rd dre

The hnsmi(ilis tandrd ma) bo o

eledic.l sjgrds ido rconjrc vlvcs

1]]c R.anitrg tanlru.cr neives n\e e!ho( fi.m d'e seabedDd .onrens
rhemi.rorlsti.rl signals.whichde *nt 1orherfrlLiridniir

T he Amplifidr tr ir dpl les thr weak ele.hcd sisnrr tc.i\d rm'n ir

'1"

l ric Re.od{ uni! coitm\ th. tunsnhsion ol rheaou!]. Nlses anduonls

'fhis unir
sives rh. r'tnned volr.g.s ro the dilTeEnt sbs* or rhe .!ho
 'flr fiidjon
of a tusducr is b convefrelerical ene4y ro r.ousric enssy
duins @nsni$im ad to onvd rhe moniic odsy into el4!re4 u&!By
duriq @€ltion or nreecho
Tner re No iyps of raosductr
> Elshsridive tusduB xnd
> Mlgnerostictiverssdu.t
ElelMrric.ire r,nralcer
Tlis typeof hsftcr wo*s on rheb6i. Finciple or phh elerj. ensi i c.
ccn:in o-ysr:rhe ndendL su.h d Qna@.RocbenesaltjTounndineer halc
he lmpe'ty d'd when pre$ure is applied b nre so oppo e tu.es . I
difieEn.e or poonlial is ftabd vhi.h is pmponioirt !o rheappliedprc*m or
wben cmarns voliasen {ptiod, rhe.rysel sds vibarins or oscillning.
'rhis
{ypeor rrxdu.er is .lso tnown d Piedlrictiye tnnsdue..
Irel" ood,rtrdo
ri Th cry$:rt k fiirntJ fqed bei{er
rvo shd plaresso rl n rheyactasa singleuiiL rte pupdseof 6e sbet ptdesi!
b pmvide solid aid ro6ui housing
su,1ie lbr sav .r s shorn in drer'eurt 2.

when m aitendrng yoxasen applial bc$€fl rhedel ctarss,ihe quM rnd

rhe $eer plaiessd vibnring roserh*. The vrhtrrio' wi be of very hiSh
mplitude. if rhc fEquencyof rhealcnding vorEg. is elud ro rle eon.n.e
ieqloncy orrhe cryrlal Ihe lord of die lwo i*l pt*s h in dnlq qru4
*rh the {aEr, vhich {ill caur rlre vibndon in sersah. Ttre vibdton ir
rlways pdpridi.utd
cenenny only od. tusduH n nsd ror ransissioi dd ;ceplor or rhe
sgn,rs d dis rinsdtrcr is alsrys mouDrelrs pie.ed hut|.
(

Msgnerodricrivelramdu@r
LEnsduq *orkl or ihc banc primtptc or
whci a br. ol Femmgmri. m4en.l $ch rs Ni.bt n
{ou.d widr r 6il ii shich whenm auemrins volqe is rpplred,rhetcngrhof
n\is mrerid vil atw.ysconrad iresp€.tive of thc dnechooof th. cum.r rnd
it co'nesbek ro iB ongiml lengthu
Fm- masneti.miends a€ cobsl! Srcl cr.

Ths LininatedNickelins .ype nngicbsricrive rmsduar *or[s on ne oaRc

pnncipleof 'nasneroerictionii whicha larse mberof .hin annutr dnc of
Ni.ler ft rieldrose$8 by we rnsutardvindirss of rhicknexibk rit
rhmded oushtu porton.ionsne
m bnilrtrpi o a lioLLow cylindncl
rhincoxrii,s
of oxide,whi.hNtuca rheeddycurnt los*

====

--=
 sd rhnuch rh. windinssor ll)e coil, dr
exprision ii 6e
d'e mgiedc fietd prodnce!by dre coil
iindricrl l)ek is sei in morionat rs mtunL
vibtu.ionsare!a$ed on ro nrresumuidiig
mcdiun i.o. !a!ur bc.aue rhish$duq is fired in $e wrbr tsk $ sho*n in

e serbedrhro+h rheship\ hunpbrerM

ived drnugh rhc ship.shun phc T*o
sior rnd orler for r@prion ri is rlr.d rs

AND DISANVANTACES OI INTERNAL

TNSTALLATrcNOVERPIERCEDIIUI,T-
inh nvocacgona
> :fhos $ar ne in diruL !o@hwilh $aw:h rnd
oNd. vibr.tionsthmughships hull plde
e ship ro b. ciqc.n and is Erired to rs
pitrced hur of outboxrdrype of tr$sdrcr Thc semd rype n knoM rs
i"brnal indll ion or irbo.rd lytc sinc. no pd of tbeequipi,enih ii dncct
bu.h with *a {atr ind rheyi6.rrios re bmsmited snd@civcd ltotrsh rhe

> nre ships hrll plrb n notcut hence.hecontinuiq,or rlrehull is m.inrrined

> Ihe rmsducercs belitud rid rcpairnwnhourbHns iheshlpb drydo.k.

 % or d'etohr low* odpurpas* drmusr'

o bef'n tfidl miny rine\ roprdn.e r

pd. No tr.sduc{s N aquircdasrrir

dergy abslbed by rhc htrr ft dun'! tusmi$ion pdsn6 fof ce.hin
FrioJ orrnicxid $h$ rhe&hoc5 nom theshallovdepn\rctun,,dq r!
all{d by rhn penistiosvibrttions
$hcn rho 1tuftduca6h,nsmn {h. .coNic 1vrvs, som of the eiclgi i!
Enated brck by the hull pkt .nd

hlll pl.re clurls hdf lne vNetensthof rhe liequemylztrmirtd. trir

ill p's rhoughrhc hu11plde. The

iun cicrgy shou p6s rtuotrghthehdl

SITING O!'TTLANSDUCIR

bubblcsrhich l)r$ .lo* b rl'e nssductr aM $t a lrrgc rcfleroL of dr

sftimLmgliejbleunon*nc{11r
suiubld in ave.y re:ped mJ |hir poririoi will llry lmm shrpro ship lren.e

bet"m1/3d'dLr4oftheship\kogi\I]nm'hebov
], Oi mediu'nsped sbips,thelirM
rhcvsscl hasa liehtdnn3htin {hich .rse 3/4 leied' non rhobo! is

li Ii osc or dor .a.so vesels or licht dmeh, theb*t rsitiotr is r/4 Eigth

> on o knrren, lnc tanslu.r shouldbc tntd d lhc L^vdL cnd ol fte

> Oi v.ry lftge sizesh'ps.No tu

fld rhcothd {cll !n. Thechoice.r thetssd!..r ro b. uscdc.n bc ser&td
> In cde of pidced hu11,
therssdrtr k n.Ed nd $e cenlc lire md Jrnsh

Thedeprhof rhese$ed.an bejndicabdby lhe fo oviis heihod

ln u echoder. &e depdiis indicard by a osn la6l' *hich is mhtirs lnh I

letuiD mimr spe€dbehinda circulfi $?re. trre l1uhe rmsmitud whei lhe
lmp pd*s drezn ol $s cncuh scrle md wben.heechoaivs tbc tamp
slowsindicatingdie deprhof thesexbtd.Ilre rdleuge ol rhis4,peor indicabr
is dratrhe det.h .an be Erd tron I dnEnt pl@ bd n'redisrdvane!€ is nhrt

ln someor .hc @hosunder a poind indicc ihe dep$ or rhc*ate Durme*

In m echosnphrhc$ytus is rchring rin\ a .dbln consbntspeedmd whenir

pass rhezes mkirg on lhepaper,ihe tusnhsion uks ploa. Ttresped ot
tbej]lN is sh rhlr rherire blen for $e srylns.o rRvelfion rop6 rrotumis
mdly equd b th{ for r acousbcpuhe6 lFvel rwice$e dkd&e o! ue rd,sc
selcc.sd.whm rheechois mived by (netusdncer, it convd ido etedical
si$ds *hich pa*s rhmuchthe dillemr shgs of dc r@ivd aM cuftnr i3
Sivd ro rhedylus, whichbufs ourrb
caned.fte prper k d@d overa very finc
narnebl sheet, yhich b nried bcLse
$@l b rnothfl. Trie appioachiq eid ol ihe pper h mr(ed by a bmd rcd
line,whichindicabsth4 .heprld neens b tu chang.din shonrme onc paper
Dn nns for 30 ro 100houn deFMing oi $e $ed ai whichir h !*d.
Tbeadvaragesor e.bognphovu e.hmed 4c
> Pemaent 6ordiig en bemirhined *hich is upful ror .vidh!e.
' Rao of chdge of ihedeprhcanbeleencldly snd

ln ms of .he@s. rheEbosnph md $c ltigird Eaddt bolh {re pnvid€d b

Honi md indicrie rhedepL\of dc aabed.

ln an echosounJerrhesiytB is nh.:ng wirh enaii cdnstut sped.nd me

$ion win $il .akc pl,e shei 6e *ylus

 s rduced be.rnse&e nylur ha ro Emrin

0'ioncb.
0 - 100n.rc6

srie rhe Rme rcigrh of Fter i.\r covcA a rrry.r dupih,the erdtraiio's
beon. dosq dd ir bcloms Jifficulrro ud thedeptha.crately Pllsiig

f the srylB mo.orn kcpr lon*nr bul I r

ii fistrf 6. tour sensos ft
lo! oicd aound $c \ryrnshex dd s.y us is or iiS !r a conianr sp€sl. A
mrgnd mduntd on rhcbcll gcicE.ct lric luLs. wlicnn pNrs &e snsor, wlrich

rtn8c(0 b 100mere)is seled*, dresensor

whcnLleminimum I nNedrnd

on *crins lrlc highn nig. (100b 200nete^),diNqcns.rr is sd ntr

&livdilg drc aainni er d the ?
the papercorBpo.dsb 100n.tr6 sii.. th! spccdol rhei)1[ moror

masmghiehdmgs'difrtEnts

anro4 on!Ic,ch n& scale

.or.spoodr to sinilitr dilt{unc of dcpthi.c.

300.,100ncbs&soon.
 I

i--l

hosoundcdmininuDlaeescr|cwbei
phairy radriry n pmvidedso d[r she]lowdcprhsm nd Dised.
]n . 1in e.ho soundirssyeetu lbc Ra4ins rad Pbsine aftngemenb N
usedin conbinarionsuchsysh is ho*n a ph6ar sigin! on ffh sylems
nrremBe ,c.Levill noi beunifom ad maybeprovideds tbtlo{
0 t00ne.c6

200 400neh
400-300mtds&$on
rn $n .N die tuisnision rire b advacal ass. s ihe sp€edof ihe sqlus
motoiis changeddependinsupo. i\e nngc cbsen.
CONTROI-SOF ECHO SOUNIDER

rmgesalc selc.tnrl$ rheheltorihhknob

T]Edesned
'Ihe speedof th. p.p,jr c.n bc.oriro
> styh sp€d conaolAdjd$ned
'llre sp.edor rheeylus nobr .an bc djn$ed *ii\ i\is adjnsmmr.
> seNirivity or Giin CoidoLkioh
'ihe sftnFh or ihe sisnalc.i hc coi

'r|le rssnission line or ihe dnusb' or 6e shipsn hc djoe.d ddr dris

vhen lbis svibh is prcskd, ihe dftnt s'pptun b (ylus, *hi!h bumsou{
rhelolrins andr rnish line apptrs on ihepapq

ft. dcsirtdhNduer cm be *l*rcd vith drisknobie

Thebnlld.e of ihc panclsn beo

ZTRO trI,{R( AND DMUGHT SETTING
$rer a puls. is ransmii@J.pd or sigid is ciEn b stylusb pmda r nat
n rrc on rhepapa lnd drngrn s.t
z$ mdkins by drd paniculardtun
{tu1 depn\of wd* andno.undq keel.le*ame

lJ rhcsc.sniviry of d]e mpl ler is high,jus ancr l1l9do mrli.8 . n.mir

line alon! vnh seved nresulr dob rnd da\hesalper andthis is .allat cro$
Noi'e This is lausd $ pd of n\etmmited eHsy n pickedup dnedy b)
hnsducer ]n .ddiiio. uhen aemrion
bubbls mr .ho reuli ii cros noi* ff ihe inimsity ofrhe uo$ noisei hish.
it {ill compleely
amdirtration shdld be 1st ln'nediriely
grdnally so n\ri the *sk &hocs iclufriig rrcm d'e ileep wad shouldbe
Itrtcd wirh snrlciem cldry u n done{'bnilicilly by sweptlrin conrol
 vibrarioi @ss ai bubbtesi! th. warermd c.ho* crusedby drcse.n bubbtes

e l i t r s t . + 1 ! . n ,
appeds b4ruse thc aco'si. cnergy h$ ro
passdlr. rhmushttrn hyd or .herir bnbbt4. sonDline the.lcnsiryof
lhc ln
bubbtcsmdel rhc ship\ kd n s hjsh thd m pen.karion hkcs plxc.

dEslicandsnJdgn.fteniion of.ounc dc

t velociryorptupagarioi
in wrd
ThcJepthn olculnedhy 6e lomulr d = v.r/ 2 wheftv is dr vuftny or
rcouvi. wayei'r sciqdtr aid ! is rherin. inr*,rl fd rcousic vavesro r{vei
to mJ rio tbn rhe *abed ,rhe vetocityof aoB{ic wavc in sesrrcr r x
En,rhtuE of t6!c md satiiiryof:l.4rxis 1505hA* burror rrr calcudior
puao* ir is hlm as 1500n e. tlle velo.io, of acon$i. q e .ljaus
rf

srcEb dxig6 m bm|c(ture rd srlinirf i,raugn.e,no. on tbe vdocny or

r ' F d L re r F - e e Fl- H-lo)l

eqlal b rhd ror a rosdc puls m r.,vel rsice nrredisranceor rne nrgu
- o , , r , , o . . i F ' - , , J . D r h r 4 ' J r ^ , , . n . . , , e . X. u t ,
D- ".k-
p{iodi$ Ly.nd rdjnscn aspertu ioshdion ii de Dmul|
sivetr
Theed,o niy be rnNc.cd a Nnbf or ti,ns brrveei ihe kel hd dje scabed.
theEbysiving mulrinledeprbnsrks

h o e, an*i.e. n0._ 0
. , . e . d r o f t v r l l " l o b -t d r i . . 0 3 0 , n . i e . , . , h r4 e, \
f c 4 , - F 6 . ' d n od ? , , o o . o . d- o u
m ,i , r f$ooed;., e.c
rcho $hd{ mst be M€d 4 minmud rmse lcale cn ,/zJd! tacihy ir
'ftn
mr h rdnd wbm rwo triftduds 4 uicd onc rd @isfrissloi lod
othr for €eprion. Tbeflo canhedc@miiedby rhefomula
.= d' l (da;-/4)

Thi flor is itre dmsdds in shdlor de!6 and i3 ncsligiblc {hcn oDo
hnsdulr i $ed bsane the sam inBdue. is uscd for hnthn"on $d
Iwpdd of the soustic {av*.

- I

'a:+'j
t--".1f'.:'"''
--

t TheanalandDensilylaycs
thc dcisityofthewrb v:necvi.h G'npmtoredd s inity,*hich qjl bidto
rom dill*dnl Lry.6 1tn posible lu o.hos ro ftum fmm rhesuditceof Ihar
hyeft aoda lain. line will rpp.tn be
t zem line ndju$'ned eror
Irfie arc rdjrshent is iot conect,thedeprhEoRled vill ioL bc orte.r
the rominonrinrnsc. b b€ c i€d onl *iI be diffefd for erch ,nodel d
lre mpe..iyemnu't shoutd be.onn rd
Fono ic is gmdrl
mnhLi ss equipmeitii cflicientso&iis condftior.
> sqrus sr4d n b be che.kcdotrenad mnn b€ adjusEdas p{ rhemriuiL
Tt'e$ed of rhesrytnsnob n verf inponatub jndic{e rbeco!rc.. deph.
> PLiorro tcayinsdredry do.k, ir is
rharrhc] h.ye mr beennainreddd i
tadywhiteEjnsrhedryplpcr
> As pd d,ehdurljnnusbe lubn
> A4uncv mNr b. cheked with h line {he€!d rn opp.nu 4, da$
 CILA.PTERVI

DOPPLERLOG

GNNNRAL DESCRX'IION
Doppler log is bsld or DoPpler shifi in rEqucnly
neruEmnr lc rn|len ch se in fEluoly tcilcd {hd dt dhhre

ow:rds a Efleding pLn., .hetrthe rc.eival l]tlucnly

ir=n (.+v)/ (c-Yl
vh{c fr= deived ffquency
n = Frnsmittrdrrquei.r
. = Y.lo.ityor sonndin scrsricrrd
l:|.|o.iryofdrevessel
By mersori4 dreEcaivedf&dc..y (fr) & kno{ing 'h. Yal"eor hnsnrirrld
ftqnarcy (Ir)andy.ldiry orso!trdin serwder(c).ihc vedorrhc r.sJ !

A nasducer n fiied otr dr ship's

thc dnponen v cos € ol dt sl'if'

lb. Dopplershili andLrdtu..ived tuqEncy
r = r , ( . + v c o s- l L ! , C u \ - )

. .
 r , h .! r. d. d,,
i ' | 0 1 ' ' ' " ' a u ' )

flbed n rrq ('.e. ! ca our.

A.coid,n! ro rheBinomnt expairion,weh,vc
t/(t x)=r+r+x'+x'+ .(ii)
DirnringNne(hrdd defohindofof cqmroi (t) b),c, {.
scr
r= ]i(l+!cosd/c) r t_
0 vcos_/o
By trtinsrhefonnuI (i) io driscqeronrid
r r =n t l + z r C o s < / c
si@ y cos - << c. necledi'rC higher po$crs
r=11+2vficosd/c
h n=2vtrcos_/c...... Iiii)
v = c { f 1r ' ) / r n c o s a . . . .1 i v )

h pndne dir ihrp hassonev*nrl moriorandfte Dopphr shitr

!'ll hrv. r .ompok.r of rhis ve4jlal morton.ln rlh c^e

f I r i = 2 r n c o s d / ! + 2 v v n s i n /d.
fr r'= e y i. cosd * 2 v! n sr d ) / c ..(!,
crew EprcslnE rh.v.nicalmorton of rhesh,!
ionv*d d'E.!or rnd aDotherin rhe ri1 dndrioi ( ihe sime Dslr This
.n, t g uI i . n ,

i . . n r . n = 2 v r l c o sd / c + 2 v v 1 ts i . 0 / .
fr f1= t2 v fl co5c + 2 v! n sin d) / ! ... (!n
*lre! e frr is rherrcqlcncyHejvqr by rh. Iosr d rnnsdo.er
e coripone v cos d ri,h nesdtlc lsi
fi ief..rieunfi f!hrr LdlEdNi|b?
h " f r =- 2 v h c . s o / . + 2 v v
n i f t = l 2 v n c o s -+ 2 v v f r
 vI-
Itr romulx (vi) and(vn) vv trir l[E fie sne si.4 sire bdh drelopmd mrL

By nersulhg dre diteEnce bcNc

vehcrl component will cai.el ours
o & - f t ) . ( f r f t ) = { 2 v l i c o s d + ? w h s i nd ) / .
- ( 2 Y n c o so + ? v v I r s ' na ) / c
liJ ]i lii+lt = 2 ! a1Co\ ( I c + 2 vr rr sr o I c
+ 2 v h c o sa / c - 2 w f L S i n d/c

i.e. v = ! (rrr' ft. ) / a ft cos d . . .(viii)

'bus y ie sped or the slip .rn be crlcularedThe sp&'l oL thc srtrPd
dereminedbr thc aboveformrla r
rnd dnlr sin€ rhcd.h.e\ 3rcconing
botum trlck o. gmnndtmck.

100 mdc* leyoM rhis depth.fte elhoA ltum !h. s.rbdl hooriic vcry {crk
rnd thc srcngthis trotsuffl.ienrto .rlculrrc rh. DolPld shin

mres below rh.

tu $ sarer 1rcckrnd do* norrllow lbr :er r.{t dnn.

wh , ,he 'p o.-

berr4r 10 md 30 neEr bero{ lne keetmd thh doprhdep€ndson rrf drri

a|d spcanof vesel. Below .his Jelrh lhb Mrer is !i1l md heicDhcp N x
disrid spfiiion beNdi rherso tay{s of wad vhilb prodes rheclhoing
surfr.e of .he .co'sic *aves
e.hoirgs!dr.. ( acruurly liqnid.but$ongerrhrnmee.ho$ coni4 lql uc
dep x of over200,icc6. tre spee
.d flre $€igrh ot rhe e.ho.\ morcr€r
whc6q rheshipis otrborbn r!!k or on Mref i rk
ATIIWARTSHIf'S SPEtrI)
Dopplerlog on sooM tu.k diodecm pmvideathrdrhip,s sleedr:swc md
surdion n usedon rhcPonmd ndboa.d
sides.rlre hmiihjp speenis .al.u

'FIECT OF VARIOUS STIT' CONDITION AND SHIT TTOTION

Anyvenicar
Dovemnn vv \i[ h econpoE vvsincinrlredirqnnorme
icodn wrve, ! *urti,,g ji $ dor i. DoppleLslrifr

I arrosl d n$dL,!er ldt be givei by

l i ' f t = 2 ! r rc o sa / c + 2 v ! f t s i n0 / c
mdthddtheafthNdtrd!]LL|rggiEnb}
r i h = 2 v f r c . s o / c + 2 ! v i r s i nd / c
By 'nealriig rhe dif{ence beiwe
venicarcoDponeniwirl cdcd onrvhile rhehoihnrJ yi]l addi.e.
( r r f -r ' ) c r . n ) = ( 2 v f r c o s a + 2 v v f L s j n d l / c
, ( . 2 v f ( c o s €+ 2 w f r s i n - ) / .
lir i( ri:+tr = 2 v fr cos o / c + 2 vv n sin 0 / c
+ 2 v i t C o s( / c - 2 v y n s i nd / c
r.r r."= 4v0Cosd/.
rheErbre, v = (r|t rr,)cr4rrcosd
Therim of thevesel hasvery1cs .ff.cr on ror andafr sped andno rffecr on

vrren rimned 6y an gle B, fte foflId ranetucerwill hrumir d ai lns c

(d B) whlh rhealt trNduer lill 'nnsmn !' d dsrr (', + p) $ sholrtrii
igtrr '1andltle Dopph shii ltuqf

tr'.ft=2vfrcos(d P)/c
{hil. ftc Dopphr shiii liequen.ymeNutnci! by rherri rssducer p ill be
fr. i=-2!ftcns(0+P)/c
' r ' . o o q
J ' i . J
- r!ft tcd(cdF+si]'0tu11
+ c o ia c o rB - s i i a s i i Bl / .
= 2 v 1 ie c o s d c o s l l ) / !
= 4ynCosoCosll/c
v - orr,ft,)c / 4ftcs0cdlr

o r s ( a + F )= c d d c s F s i na s i nl i
md cs(d 0) = ccdccB+siidsio0
1l'd ok o_ .r g q dmrd.o,d i!,
\pe{ ndtrred .cdc' drdb, sntnlomr "h_e ft
!
v = ( r i r- 4 ) . / 4 f r c o s d
rreice Actu.tsped= tndi.riedspeed / cosB

Mr' ,edb.t-d"-!c-n.1
. an0qrgr d ,!-\o-E
,

rr- ri = 2vfrcsla+pJlc md
Li n=_2vfrc.,(a8)/c
'rhN frr rr! =
2 v fr r coq((+ F) + cos( a 0t /c
= 2 v f r t c o s a c o , 0s i i a s n 0 + c n s o c s 0
+ s i t r o s i0l t / c
= 2 r r . ( 2c o sd c o sb / c
=4vlicjsacsB/c
I = (hi rrr)c/ 4i!cosdcosB

viehtr6ro b) hed or doqn 6y,red

Mr mm r'm tmne! lodtr M/rpo Anoexr Regl3 i3 15% of

ship\
renerh.
Hem€lJ=Tr 1.5/100

md cosll = cos0 36,:0 9993374.

"i{uqrrr0. rdy€ed . otuo\.,he.,Mt.pd I to 99b3.
= 16.001639!\
 s,!rii@rrNibH&i!re 0
wc norie diat n\e differeic ir only in rheiind sd founh d{nd pl@s. lD
orhf words ft is ksrisible dirTqence.tn fd dik diflem.e nay ior be
indidcd on ihe displiy, noft d,edispliy shousonly up ro trvodsimir ptcs
NoE n\d chDce of dd dos noretred dE nhr$hhips speed.

Vhen rhevesel n pitchirg. .hc indic{ed spe.dwill flElu.re b€rwee.ruat

lpcql aDda valuelo*fl n\ei rhe&oal sped depending o he mgle at whi.h n
h piohii!. Fibhiry dos noteffed dhwarhhipsspesl.

Efiei of 1nron arhwdshipssperdwiLlbe .hesrft rs t[c clfsr of dnn oi rhc

Adual sp€ed(an\). iidi.ared sled (adj) / cos rni

'fhh
h iftsperive of the sideto which de rhip n Lsrd. Whm tu v€$or r
rolling, theindicaiedaihwdship spcddw l nuftab bdqeen $e mar spcen
sid lhc iidica€d lo*fl sFal {orkcd ourby rherbove fomula depeMingon
thesgle ol ol1. rir md rcllnu doesro. cflcd rbefoE ad rn spe{

t lmr io rsdu.d oncnhrio

Thetmducds shonldnakc a pedd agle or 600lilh mpst to lhc keet or
e^e rhesp*d n dicnedwi beina€trnb.
> Eror in oscilhbr lFqnmcy
'Ihe ftequ.icy gcneRied
by $e os
devidionin dr. fiequcicy *ill ftsuu in thespccnindicatedb.iig in md.
 > Ercr ln pmprgdtonvetmnyof rotrei! vxve

,, rn I ,n0, -
Enp{du vanrnn, I 'hemisd (i.c. a j*n(nce shose ,xtu. chan-qawrlr
Gmoldr9 f md d icr fte rtunsduce. dd .hri8e iD rllqLJ q re

," .r. .5"po,

i4ro.c/c.taN notu\cdincJcul{jnsv
t Enon dnero shiPs rnorilri

" l, r ir , . . , . n
" "c

Adud speed_jndicad sFed/ cos F

wr f' r , . r , i . ' -o

Acrudsp.ed = 15/co\ 10.

r e.Ac rr jpeed= t 5 23 kr

tu.rspEd (i.e.{rri.he ajgic of pirh is

Thedhlrnshrp spd.n.jjunesimpotrrn.c onlyat

rhercllni! is Fstiajbl.andbenccrh. xbolt tumd!

'I]le differerce nenr of conDrnon neouei.v

ii lne htlueilies rcjv.n by drc roN ;d ai tusdmB
I ii rhnwitibedjrcc0y
Ea.!€o ri tr,.
sFedofrhevesel

ll :' 'h '' r'"

sloppybotom. shere rhesidobb. w

-\

ftis e'or.diot be dlimMtd with rhc help of Jdtrs .onligurfin u'd to

rcd!.Drhh ercr dr bermolthr.$smited rcou$icvrlc is redrcd fiowevef
aminiiun hemvidrhof4ro 6on 'equned

]t is very i''pomrt ror my rirumc ro be crlrbratd .orcctly b.fot h.i'rg

tr$d r.d in r Doppld los thelalihntior hasro be donein lvo sbns
> Fnsuyrheah oi srle shouklb. sd.of€.dy aodIhisqn bc doDofd
ch{ked {ricieverrheshipis b.nriedn rjerryor d..!hor vhcdrhe\Eed

line rrkenro covq d rncrsnied rile n notn md $c so.edn calcdatedTbj\

drLdlatedsp€enmus 'mah ridr the displaycdftrding rnd in che of my
quicncnt.rnbe rdjuded on.e rh.sc
1d3cm heusedetredively
 Buiu - in . oneiion for d*larion

, = (l' fij 1 | /.1fr cosa

Ii' $d iboefornltr rhefidtr.. cos dnd tl. bc dimimrcdu) r;poal
qp€ oi trrdu.er 'nris h6du.er cor\G6 or 72 ete.b{ncdv. et.mdns
y. A sd of onlr,4 hnsduccB re sho\n in

.i.a-
-r'd..

cosd=Ac/A8...... .(i)
Ac = i df licu; R
rrjcP^=c/n .... . ... ..(jt)
'fherefoitAc=./fr
..... .....(r)
Ireile cos d= (c/n) / AB
of cTcosd=r'AE . . ... .(iv)
w e k n o {v, = ( l i r f i J . ? 4 n c o sd . . ( v )
snb"ituringrhevalueo{equ ioi (i!) ir eluation(y)
rveger.v= or, 1nrAB/ 4
'Iius hy usir8
rhe\eftnsdueB $
limn. ed r, J
 CIIAPTERVII

RATE OF TURNINDICATOR

GDNtrLALDESCRIPIION
Thede of hn indicatoris cquipned, whichindicrbs ihe iNrmLqrous fttc at
whi.h rheshipn hnins. rhi i;dicd ls redu,!\ 60 to ,00 pulsespenii;.
fom lhe *eerins Epearermd Eofr rhn infut it worksout d'e insmrDeousmte
ol ion. Thc dirl is usurlly nrred 0 b 60' tq ninut oi enhff sidei e poir
md sbrb@rdss shom io frctrE I A3 !d IMO pcdoi,isice shideJd,the dlsl
r. i,u 10o- n F.,a r"drelliomro
i n a n , l so t | " p e I n n ! ' 1

lt n w.ll kno{n frd rhat whcn tl

dnbe rouM dredc of a cn L. atr
Morovtr whendesigningtrtric sep
Eonnended murs hk iib considemtionthe f{ct tl dc ship w move
.o,sh r..'.re ! , ' k . ? h s , u ' . i o ' d E r ' h d r p E m nd- \'
o r J ' -; r k i o r n i o ' r l o e ' b l r \ h ' o e ' r ' ' e
!o!s.$eR L ofTurn Indiuior is veryusful equio cm.
ar pc. sor-As chlph v rsxrdron 12(tr)jft n nos ,na.ddoryror slrip:rbove
qn.o.r' . frt.,.-oF ,. 9a' i-.
"
o\. olim mi ^ed io ne

Th. uc .f rurnis bxscdon thefomula

R h rh. tudiuioI6e rumin nruticalniiles

ou^eofshipn ]\B md unalcouFeisnc,
0" 01r n the ele by rrhh rh. cou6c is dGfn. sin.e rheshiir I rErd
mud rheft. DE. rricdnrai.o ltons rherc D! i.e.d n siler bJ rh. fomL,tr
d=R.d rhef d isiindi$s ...(i)

Akod=v.lvh.rJ lhedisanc alonsn\em DE,

r h diesFNdol .hcshipin knos md

Sincepncficir mi on shipis in deg

r h h m ! , , r= F l ] . / 5 r . . . . ( r
I iit
 ncdae,lrfu q@tbr{t),

ArtutL tb qt d n484 at h. r\b tu c6yd ntu tutua to etk6 ht thht,

d=R0'rt7.1 .tuqldtd(ttn

ratupk 614c d.@'@L h. tus.tl .1!

No*rimr*eni.e..=d/r...........-___''_.. (v,)

substiutiig t[e krue or d hoh

ROI =
rheMrueorl non .qunioo(vn)in equadon
subsiitutins (viii), ft cet
ROT=57.rv€./60R€.
= 57.3v/60R
- 096v/R
= \ 'R d'gFpe nnu r {llr Fl
"
PLAXNING A CONSTAX1RADIUSTURN
'wrile
exeutins r ton Iheshiphd io tNel som dishn€ aloig d rni Therrc
is d,awnprtfeLably*idr Radaror vi$.ny mspic@s objcr es€ tr o iid
rhedishme to be pa*ed ton d,k poini asFdi$ R. hkiis itrro considenrion
rhaithessuhmt Rxle of furn is shievable
 'Ihe
initial ed nd.l co6a m mw dnvn bse ial io the
,mt4rpons eD 3ndE ftspe' ve, The .hr! $,ll
r,veL

I
I
\

.ofY. r+.m. ni
agnlr)mn!!- r r : j d , JM d t u , 1. . r . e q B d d B . , e r d . d " n
r e s p 4 L r d \I n ei d E r t . - o t r . . o r 4 . o . v e ) i e , h . o r d f t i
rcs!rbrRoris &hie\.rhe s,m ,F

P.^.'^*'
'Ite !tro lims MN rnd sT m dn*n paBll.l to inirial sd fiMl counes
relltr rr ,.. d..''i esrdror 1a oF ' fJ!
Th*e Mo litres{ill intmsr at poini O andtheN DE n dn*n vith Fdius R
ftom &is point. ftc iiirial md lin
Fitrh D dd E aPcdively rnd dre ship {ill hvel :rlonsrhe aE DE whic

pnhf] Lyduero theincnia of dE shi

ar r poifi erlid rhanr$c poiit from Nhich .hc ship h ieqrned to f'm Thi\
pointd vhish d,erheel is to beto!'redovtr is knoln s sheel overpoi llre
dishce betrcci the wheelover Coirr md rhe slnp om.nciig ns tum r

t Le.lrh l:.
'll:
' Dnphdncnt | "''
=-. +... :

,,-.-';...'."
>.'peoflhev.$e|'
PrANlrn\ctrrl(oNsTA\|RAn s fUR\
As shoM itr fisrE 5, r1'. shipis on herinidll conseAn md hr to {lb b i.w
odise Bc, eheF lhe r.ck or ilEratioi is 0r. n i! not po$ible Lr thc +'p to
bke a shd! tun al loid B md will etully aavel?ronethee DF, hen.edie
iun nn$ be plmnen,@onlingly.Thisis a.bievednsinssuitrblendius R fton
nhepolnt O, ulnch is ihe ccdrc of n\e rc DE. This poiit o conldhe a Lnd
ni*. ii {hich careit crn b. ssily mnioEd dunig $e tum or ii .ould be rn
imsinary toint Nd in this .rqe die pogr*s oI thc 3hi03lotrgthermr r to be
no.norcd by nxing theships positionwhilc lhc is execuii"sd'e m For the
shio b tum rlong thc m DE, RoT = v / R deAce per minureNhoddbc

Tlr. pe,Tedid a dnbcc b.Mee'

.alctrlatednsingrhe].mula
T = R (t- Cole ) + F sin€ in nruricrl mile
- .:, ,r"'
{h* T n ihc cqie|dicrnr dnhe or lhel ou coinr
'/,
R is rhendius of rhehn in iNlicrl mile
0 hthe msleolalG ioi ol couseatrd
 F dcpendson ry?emd sia of rhesbiphd
6 nlmarry blen 6 0.r naurilit mjte for snrl stups.
0.15nalrial niiD for rdse shipssnd
rd very ldge shipsir.ri eo ashighas0 2 mutical mte.

aN!r
ii'rutt-

lbisPo.beo ,!J oa

DNRIVATIONOf TORMUI-A

u DMO= 90.

rndMo=Rcoso...........................Ii)
we ,rsoknowdratFo = R
M!=EO MO
= R Rcoso
= RO cos6 ) ............. (ii)
..........
 DN peqxidicuk b KC m@.iig (C
'lis6d@ol D fsn lndncwcoutr.

i . e . D N = I G = R 1 rc o s0 )

u GHD= 90'
u I{DG= 0'
. n dG H = r S i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( i v )
d'e mw couiseb {h@1ov* p.enon
T =DN+CH
rlom .qnarionr(iii) and(iv), we
' r = R o - c b s o ) + F s i n o. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( veer
)

Duero .uftni md wiid 6c shipcouldhive drined eiiherro p.n o hrbofd

$d mry io. bc on rhcinitill couseline An. b thiscde to eisuft .h. run and
t d rhenew coune line. ihe wn€ ovq
poiir ha b be adjnied. To rhiek ihh r Liic p@llel to newcoufe is dawi
d'mushthe vheel over poiit C. refftd to a .he *heel over line. so tha! 6
sooi theshipF.hes dis ljnc lhc {h&1 nu$ b€ pft overasrtqnien. Theship
vill s6n tuming6 sdn $ n Eachs nrrerum line i.e. r l:n. dra*n ar poi D
w no{ tom 3to4 rhedored lines sd
ineasshownii iiguE 6
N'ONTTORINCTIID IUIIN
h d'. frs 'j, th. poi o is s . r o s d d n i s e j h e . \ t r h r eo f t u r {
.onsprluousrndif bDrhm f orivahb. hen dre oro
l)o fr4 b€Bn ijd lry
ThN io exedte a tun oit$d by the.
ry helplulcquipns| burin clrrid ca. rhc

rlm to mintrin ii x n, th{efoE, prudonlb cdy oDta fdw prxdi.. {umsin

on sone moden shipsihe aub pilo! i, ploid.d wi.h r nt or tui,i .ontoL d

reba rh. el overline position,thenewconnecrn be led b theaotopiloi.

Thc shic vill mw exe.uiethdM *ith i\e hetpot auiop'lot.the wheclbeing
:djulEd -odiig b drert or tum
ieadicd oi rhenev couaeauromhullr.

t Ihe tum cd D p€0lrnEd Dd

crlculrbd. Hencedr cx@uriotror th
t lhc lurn.m beeasilynodrored *hih n is bclig crctrii
t sin.dn\etumis prplaii.d, d'eu

> Evei if n\e ship hm dnfted to I

mendedsoihd on omPldioi of d'
PR!(iLIONS WEILTtsr\C l Hl RArLOl I LR l D|CArOR
fu!.tr1r iA rherre orrur s spr
mr sped Ner tttre!.

beLnmus be inmediralr @rcdrs

bm nid'numEquiEdb nliihin the' de ortom.
> rn the c^e of.onsst mdinsrun Ihe carlul vabh or rhc grcurd sFed
mud be minlaincd. so d'n as dre

> It is dw.ys srf. b oveEstinde thent ollufr mfigiidly rdid rhii trfitsr
eeimding i.. sime ir d,e shiptuns lasd n @rid b tnuc. rh. Rde of
Tun F hr rhatrtrtringro increaseihe R$ oa, trn d r L*ershge if \he h
iming slowlyd rheininrl *age.
 CIIAPTER1TII
AUTO PILOT

': -
l_-.:?"rl:r'r
c"'" 4 of.i.e,...,
i' ':i:l.-.::,::1. : ' :
:: " "

ll' a'' rIb-''h'

. by th",_isab. rh. d,ip."h*,h"!
"irh
ooratrd tun gro of nlgnehc compNs. dy diffcPnce bcr{eei rhe .vo MIl
'l'i:t"'"'-
olgF dd r - lhq

- - c 1- l l : 4 "1'!dd

rf o ,. -g be n s,Llt. ..

-, '
. , t dr , . , , . "i , d . , " . b | . rhd
"n

SEIPLIFIED 3I-OCK DI-{CILAr\'

':i"1'*- a. * '
" ',.' ""'-
--": t9 ,, ,tdsa - np, rJ,
.s": u,..,,.,p,
"
"lT-:-lr::1"1',.d.ry-f,,b..qfn.r
o , J . o . u o , h eo , r
q\irh tr3..e i- sion"r.,rF
1l:,..:cj :*'
EsurBirenor!!on trom he.erheloihrk
'rhh eror
risnils n ftd b n\eercr mtLific. whnh dso ge6 tocdbacksgnak
r ooiirionrnditsnoven$r. Theouiput.f

ot.dts rhendder. Ir'e de'nobr hxs rwo nnftsi.e. 4tIdr!(u and Fceiver
;;:,' , ," p* r
Ttdc will b€ no otrrpnri.oin d,ecoilol mir rhen tlle d]ff.rflc ber{eenrhe
crcnl ol rhendder asutrs
DNTATISOF COMROL Uj{TT
In oder io 'nai iin rhoship\ .or
be providedwnb d.b Flrding rhe
$etr liie h is @hl.v!db) etedmnic.imi( nnh ihe hetpof rherolt.yirg
.otuoh, rhi.h foms lhc hed oI ihe .on. ol uiit

PRO?ORTIONAL CON1ROL
The effecr on sbenn! *hen ody p
otrionalro rh. ofi coune enn from rh.
.ou$ to s@. lnd thesrnp*in o$nlareotr eirh.r sideor nr rtqoirn co6e
 Wneoiire sbipha goneoff @ne io port fiom lh.
fiem 2, m emr oc.ua dd helmhls ro hersd b
sors b bnns$e shipbrck o he*t.ohe.

.Y,
,r:
. b 5 r ! ' r h -i . r . | - , n ! i - L i s m o . r d t h - d l ! ,
sil bf md. p d ,h. !b.D 3pt o.
oebo. e 'tdmin\hDbg!m "
r!r',cLri.i nq ,,,
"^s.. ipb,*h.,

DFRIVAII\L'O\IROI

: ] l ] : " " " . , ro hd ' 'si hoo 5g ' 0. a'l 0. g. '{' a| n"o , d
s. -irh 5! F,ul
mhr d*@ases md a. poini A, tho ndder vill rtun ro nidship posloD as
An iderl combinarionol boih prot

'rher ft carain dus duc .o desictrpmmden ol lhe sllli(q +rc or die

!u!1.Ellolcl! pqn!l!! lltsrs !ns!!4cdrsqw1)lF b irr!!!!$!!LqL
-r 1;h aLLe..
Puryose.Thc ruddd Ned to cored the
.onn. v noN bc lbour rhispemmeni helminsud ol.hc $turl midshipi e

The ourput or rh$e thrcc cortmh

obhinrd divs rhe ndd*. thcrby mitrhidng the slrip on Ihe st ous.
tlcn.c thk rypeor rutopilotis al!o tfc
COI{TROI;! ON TTItr PANEL
Fono*ins rE thc .nical conrok ind nhestliDs ol lhsc Nnltols h sore'rcd
by n\emmonevc ng.lnnccfttcs oi theshipin hq pto*nr dGpl*neiL tiri

uropilor synm md come b bc iud l\

t ruddcrbbc dscdt .n8d d'esLishre{

mount ol dcvlatioitum rhesr connr.Th. hjghdrheserlis.thellsef the
rdder anglc uscdto cor6t r .oLtrsedeviationaid rhis n.y resux ri ove.
corrcditrg.contuily if rhcsdliig i
cou^edevidion d rhe:hipwiLLbkc!lore rine to Etu'trbrhe ser.onise.
Hcic. die rnirc hasto be optimnmso th( rhcshipqtrl.k y dtrfls ro rhc \cr
 r h , , . 1" . i .

ceicilLry dre itrdtlr tdd ounr.r nddn sdrrs {uk j; rmd.n sd har
fri! rill d.0.i(lon.rli orhar b
lhsLhemllftDdde|odfu|mNM!dop'nd|y'

Tr,. 5.hrs of rhc)r1vcorr.l depel

:, r " " '

Thr.oild n usrn trh.n dr \hip t bau Jnren off.our b! qos rnd\

Rtrddcrangrensedshoddbe D{ !fictrm !J olf selrtrtsirin

The sricldof tlE dip de€rriii$ e

sped, as erfediv. i: rh. nddi i
d|ric. hsu' sFd ;r be rdl

. o i '

uk hdm or 10. oi y, rh$atue of 10. villb! specii&r$ dr iudderlrn r,o

nts alrn ir achvdedjf fie slripd.yirLesi.m rhest colrseby, p,qo!oulo

rimir.lhichn fed o rheequipnsr. Thr tihn i\ sM|y d d.l,!u3 tr me

r n o r u t i k e l y n J c l i a E n o m $ e s e r . o u nlcn . r l n w e a & t r L h i s l i n t r ( L o 1 v d
1 ' ' . " ! ' . c ' "
u u e t \ L h /, r m , r ! , r

' . . d i i ! . i - r , d d ' , -
 di''etbe'jghlvisiotrorfieotriceit,l

t Alrhough rs pd |rns.rph Ll or Pe'fo"nmce sradad Lriddo*i by rMO.

ch.igo ovq fro rut natu to m[ul sbtrira or vhc vc6x n po$ibru d
my rudder.ngl.. n is a goodtn dc o .hnec ron lubmdic ro manftl or
vicc yeN whenth. ruddcrh hjdshlt dictr ii .4d of cmergenciAvhd, ir
mry 6echang.n ovcrariy $sLc
t Rg8ubych..k thdrolowins
r'tue$tudpcd.crhsyi.horhedddrrhemrserftn.d.r
. 1]]ese(ingofthc.orto\fte.|timun sdrdju(irq$6d.

rjror a iitread ,naNar$eedq shouldbe Nrd ti rheshh ov.rdomusthc

> Mdnhanlc shoud bd.rlcd.rt rs $c.ific ni $c fr.nual

> Dunrs feNy s*thtr.onditions

In ca* of modd shipson$ru.cd oi or ar@rl Scptcrbor 1934dd above

de on rhe autopirorirer wnh drc hclp or

p is aliemaringcou6eby I |rgc lnsls virh

rh. herpor coisdnrde of turnr*h,tue, thevft e of coi*sr Eb of run ro
be uscdis fcd b .he auropilorwnh the help of thh .0 6l whm ihe drip
HchB lhe lbcel overpoiit on rhedis
aurorilotdd rh. rhjp uill er.uf n\
usiry rhoco$6nt de of tum md h
$e rddq limit is elle.ive sd if !\e
desnedvalueof re of tun cannotb€
 CIIAPTER IX

ELECTRONIC C}LA.RTSDISPLAY
AND INFORMATION SYSTEM

GEMRAL DESCRI?TION
'rhc .hd
is onc ol Lhcbsic ulutcmenb ol a navigaror d as soor a\ .ro
rhjik ih.d vlsrlon. chd is rirs thingrharcomesio his nind. Arthouchrhc
r cn3ri.ir Hydtu8ndi. o]:nrlrion (rHo) !.s founded in te2t ritb die
bah tn tu bnig $o!L thclrcfusl po$i6h unitomir)n rll narnar.hsh
andrebLedpublicarions,{heimdrdizrion of prp{ chds camerhou o,,lv in
sin.aioN, vhnh wer. .o bc usd on td
chd omdrdrois D€c1i.6 and rrqni.omnr

s (R H c) rde late. enabrhli.d (r do c

'e'nenr rof ex.hilse of rptuJuqlon ol

Dhptar ond lnforharion

SysGfrs.fhc clcctonic lhd by i6ell is m imrle ol paperchM dnplryed.r l

ir offcs lquin advanug$oler p

eledoDicchd nowin (helom ol ICDIS beoms a powednlnaugdoml aid

ThcICDIS hs beenderelq,ed t suchameed'atir.mnotrb.uscdNrb .

for hilhly ln4rded N.vildion.l Syllms (l N S).Todry lcDls r .rpableor
$ship,lPlmrednde,pcilfnIthldj

shile r p{er char hrs 1000do. p€, sqnar inch.however |cDrs otft^
consid{ible bencfits,!iz. irs {rudrur d.u aLLows rhcpo$ibilily of rc..$ni!
dehiled intondion fm emh obj
oD' monitoringcatr b. c.tricd our lrom I
si.glcliir (h!r r.o oi ! disthy lnh scd$ld !c.re rnd Rxdtuioredi.. in
rddnionro ownship\ Cosnni db ry xlongvnh poririonol d orhershrpsaid
thenmovcmen{ in ftlarion tu fixedobrea.
The hasicEq*ement of navigatioi h ior ro rclr on singleposiion nxiq

Rada pnvide d,e ssotrd posirrorflxri8 syncm. By ov{lrying the R'dr, /

ARPApntufe.rhe.o,nnfinoiot olhs'riluc in $e aea in fetdior.wi shiD
dd d|t. nred objeds sivis rd'o ou5idvmrrse. roday mDrs conbin.l
D! rundionr ftnging rroD positioi fixiig
rd chadiig ro tudlr. hk aid 3d 'oom mo.ibnns.
IDV{NTACNS OI trCDIS OI'ER CONVEI.ITTONALIAFER CNARTS
lfi.l.d mann' rh& n\e papelchrd rltr
mvigsto'.n do rhdslfrillrjob on rheECDISind io ficr moieth$ wr,d hs
d.. o I.p.. ih.. lluri .l.o-
"po
cs b. do'e w hourrlreindulcemeor

ositionwith cqiot b ns Ptinnd rmk

t rvhen lhe RaddARPA $irh ic lcDls, rage6

t rI.wo posirionlixi.! sliem & rvailable.rhe discrpm.y b.Lwm rhe

nr syienr cm be idc ified bJ rhe

e! dnedy wirhrhehetpof Floppy/cD

ilc EcDrs iretf wirhouttler iis ro orhq
puhllsdos slicc mo$ ol lhc inforn{ion RluiFd for pa$rBcflanni.! wiil
bdrvlil.blc on dr ECDISirselfr s
rii3. vlnousahms.m b. setaid irlny
J)lrmedh impeded, rhearm wiLL@dvrEd
nonibrd in a moE disciplinednnrcr.
si"aorhermvis ioMldlh h lho available onrhelcDls.
j; Aryns cs he scrivlrd b afta.l rh. drenrionof rheoow if .i* .heship
dnf6 beionJ c{rain linfu rinn rhe prannedtu k s wen r {hen
shit enbN cndd iPs.

diflecnt lcgsot rhevoyase

inErfr.€d *idi dielcDrs

t wirh rial maneuveringbeingdom otr EcDIs, avrilabirq of sr rcom otr
rhene{ con!se.rtr bemd y chcckcn.
Tr,erboverkt k ior eihlu$ivc & in
or rl'e oow is nu.h Fduccnandhe c.n corcenrarernr oi orherNpeds or
mvisnioi. Hoirvq he shouldnor developrn easysoing or ldnalgic a[rude.

tetr.e ern6 idgtigcnceerc will becoir

cvidenirnd thisshoddmke rheoffi.ef Dorcvieilad

ord ii Ra{tr o. v@.or tomrs. rn Rdcr

formel the rifonmtion k $ond ii pidruF elcmenr(pixett, d.h pixel h.ti8 !
'niinre conpoicm of fiu .hd imisins tth a detned olou md bilhh6s
lcv.l. Pixelsto11owiandrd comluter articeft $d m .omrlly dilned ir
r defived hy iddo or digihl sxmi,rg

b a trcsinile chd. Thr r rrso refetredto as nsd .rid disphy sysem

lRcDs). In this sysEm,rhe chd
rhecbd. rnfoodioi cri only bc dde! in
m RrdrrARPA. cPS ercce b€ ovfflrid

ln ve.or to.nrl d& is held as i senesof innrdion for dcfinin! and

d wins a runicuk chad fedrF. Th

oftas ihe rbiti4, b layfi i omarion ?Id

ibiliry a ro iifonr{iotr should be
j rhevuiouschrniiromirio. G iored A
depdN.deprr,coibu6, cabl.s & pipe lines. coen|ic
idm s & sei ]uks j oator of sa hdJ.
cr. nc a[ sbFd m d ferenrlayeF rid
€qunc,n.n6.f rheus as *en 6 orlier
.m be ovcnaid. consid{able effofr f
nquircd b onpile .id chek .hc d!r. lor vecror ch
mosmins, whtre m n n rtlative\ easyor n\e Bref chrn vcc.or ch.ns .E

hin gcncft.cdby thr nen\od n .rrrd s

El@tonicNrvigni.n chn (lNc)
COMPAR]SIONSETWEENRASTERAND VECTOR CTURTS

t Th! cnfie clrt is $oEd n odcsingle I'rfomarionis soredh La).n and

layu md rhe'€forelifoid,lion soEd hen.ccm b€dnplayeds.tcdiyery
lannorb€dnplayal seiccdvet).
> cuioniTdionn noiposible. chd ca bedesisndb perihe

> Dned.opyof c{cr.hrn

clutbring of .hd crn bc ayoided
> rnlomarioncD only berddcd.

lnhosatior for noE intbrnatiotr

seam]es crErts no! po$ibte sernnes ctEn is I unr

GPS.R.dd ARPA infori*ri.i, chr
lomrons eic cd be oredrid

herd qi h ioL posi6le. iadudiog beadu0 i ! po$rbte.

Dnptry fgsn{dion n frqq.
$fery dcprhs,
enGdngTss er s?irl, deths.enleringTss crc.
atrn h P.$ible.
> sme sy,nbohandlotou^ asrMr symbolsrM co om .s pef tHo

> Seleollhedr .amorb! chmeed tu.h ch.n.d bevieLvcd

on
dtrcMr scrtes.
Zoomingfac iry is mt |o$rbtc. zoon,jns
frciliryis po$ible.
cha0d .nJ sinlle to produce, colly rid.ime onsumiigro

wnh €.er rMo {psoval{ondutde

> MemoryFln med G higher Conp{niivery res menoryf

 witb d.vdopncnr ot ENc.
cha* willbcrh!$d onr

Dun.8 ook lhad / Eview, rll rhe

.hds will be oi diffcrcit s.dc.
Sime chd ir a sinsle lay{, no Lo$ of m inlbrmation laytr h

CtrNtrRATIONOr ECDIS
rhe Elsao.ic Nav'gd'on clff (ENc) n re dahbaseshtrdrrdftd {r 'o
sued by the hydmsf{hh oflicc lids Llre
ld.honry or $c goven'neri Tljh ENc hesro be ii vc.tor lomat sincerhtr
fdma. n noLsultrble for ECDIS pnip\es sd is modifiln wi(h rddition or
updaB andolhd dM ro forfr sy!.ms Elc.h.i. Nrli!,lion chan 6ENc) as
'rhis
shownin fi8uEI h.lnivde.i
The SENC mry xlso .ontrn rddit

th. neds or rhemdiel, n\e'ebygiv

h pdlagc.rid laking rprr rhe ned b rcfe' ro othr llblicdions. when r
chd is iltu dnphyen on ECDISthc iitdndion i[hows is rhd avtlrble or

spe.ilic requneNnb orro e plmning md nonnoing bNd on themrq rypc

hiso*nchanbydnplayineolnyghded
ddg- 'h_iF 6in nf!. ,oo' rh. i r![) HU rJb, ur q.. i d-trL

dessiin! rhe.hM rohisrquirnma.

while ds,snhs lhechd b hir re$
rrycis of inromarion,hoaevertheE n a minimumtevclof sE]rC jnblnarion:
which csior b€ deleiedtmn rhe .hd rnd rhis level n rctned rs l)hphJ
a6e. IlE u*r nui ftmenb.. rhar$n iifolmrioi h nol srfictdt fo. sate
n'vigatid ftis infdnaliu n usua|y ljmt!:t b cor$tine 0r$ waor,
n'di.ati!6 ornol&d mds wdrdmeen rh depdx.rillicrourus !yro, \,
bi' ! b"r9t I
wi\h rbe SENC is tiBi disrLa)'en,nr rddilioo ro djc $ove dirptry barr
''|i'iof||orUL
r o1 s 9 . ,o . b o . d
, r r i F . o, " l J ,dnt-., ,
hibGn md relrided &as, .hd sc.te
bourdanc, ind indicatioi of cadior4 nores.
Additionaly folto*ing i|lomrdo, which i dso rvaitabte otr rtr sENc crn rre

obs, ENC edition dab, td con{uqr q4!,

seodelc &rum, msmric vaddion, srsriclte md pl&c nrmes.

;,i*
Tr'ft * @nrin spsial fts. rhich rheEcDrs shoulddor4r ed providNx
vsual / audibleal!'ns if rh6c &$ m mpededduin! pdsrge ptrmiiS ind
nonitorins. TheE &c hfic sepmtion 4ns, rdlic rcuiins sher,e uu$!,!
or rund abou.j hmc routing sbenc prequrionry 3ft4 .wo vry .afl.
ronds, dcer water muts, Honmeidld trillrc lmeq tNhre r.1ltc zoie.
ftimy. ririced ma crutiotr rrca, offshde soducrioi are, mas ro h.
rvoidsd.niliray prdne m4 sclplde landingmq subndine rrnsn hm i..
rc4 chmel nshing, srouid, fishing pmhibiredjptpclinereaj caos {!a.
anchongecq amhongetohi6ned, dtrnping eronnd.slo gruld druds!
reA crso Mnshcmci! :rer, indnernionrrer rid speci?Iyprotectedarch.
STAN'DARDISATIONO[ EI-ECTROMC CII{RTS
sd.d*dization of electonic chrfrs v$ x vdy omplei pnhlch one si'gle
trdioi cov{ingftas orrcsnoiibih} or
diffcrd hydrcsnphic need for shblhhin! Rerioml
Eleclsnic chrd Drb B6e (R!,CDB)amse,lerding ro I norwo* of natioml

TheRFICDBhadto 1aydo"n
j; dresond.rd lomar of chd featurcs
t fonmr fo. ex.hnec of darabeMeenhydmenpli. olfi€s dd
> fomt fof updati,,gl.gioilt andship\ drh br*.

spei:iized job r''d theEsurrhs b b€ r legd eledroric .hd. r\s tu h rheerd

pfvisiomr nedomai.esandrdsrn 1939.rn 1992,6elHo hrd devetopd

@hiicll shdlrds md spe.ircationsi
nhicl,3rcb beusedin coijun.rionxrh
317 (re) $d adopted,'hq.rrr-

' Pmvhioml S0olficltions lor chd contentdd dispky or ECDts S52

t Reponor thc IHO (COl) workinssotrp on updati'rg$c clermnic cltr

> Povniomlcolor md \ynbolspecifi.diois rorECD|S S 52App2

> clo$xry ofECDISrel.Edrems s52Appl
Arty dsbnn misdloml .h&. nor medins rhe landrfds 3, iaid do*n nr
(3lr) L9 of lee5
c$lmioi !1sodadfies thd EcDIs *idr adequaEbrkDp dransemenimaybe
 ln 1993. rhe tMo rdopEd amcndneiB (rf Tl / ourJ
-Dc(mrer b rhe

I ',ii.:-:.:l,1f^'" , . m n d ih- T" i - n ,ne, .ik. o,.

ori,.,. ,o,tr.q

> Rour planning,nd noinonns

'3inr ,r.'!o ro

-. _
" . . 4 xoudi " .'6',
::'l
!:n i.u, ' i, b-.
: : : : : : ' t , 1-' "o n \ . . , ! ,&.r.,d.ob ff..,\
:l:"1,,j. I,f ir.., -

' 1' . :' ),r-

' v-d chd3 cm be intumsaE

l.--llY l "''' lb'r ,'ne.D.r! rB:r rqi,,d

oeBr\ ft nr!.enrr ir\ n€nirry

' -'
: :. , p:,: ,. " . d . . o ' f l r , d ; , - 1 r o t i , - ,u,g ih- ,r,ti" .,"F rL

r \'l 'r)"0 'i

rid Iner'&r. p e&ingon,hedrnt,, ar be.oftded
Posiriorof lie ship.an bo diErly plokn md .onrinuo8ly noinored trom
riy posirion nxinssyiemlikeGPs,DcPs,LoRANc .tu Iindn4p€.n
e ship noves. Any rrilurd ol rusnron
fixins s)'sem is indicatedby almr
$ spddric! rhentheposftiontuine ch
Positiotrfliiis .m aho bc dorc by Radd ,nd lor this pr4ose a nred objed
h rdemiredhd &qui'ud b) rhc A

Ar olrlo. h prcvidcdtor firing 6e poritionby t*o diEarentsysEns so sd

posjtionfmn my oneof therso sys

o5siblcandhr $r puDosevs.s
syi,boh 3dd.orour.onbii,dos arcSvsn
\,irc .ro '.! !o . -1sf-
priorcibdngdirilalrEh dc Dd even

.rtr be ameidedwhiLedi. nr*lgc h il ptosc$.

rhe olou ofihe dispky cs he rdju
'rh. wdwoinl
trnldi for .heracn! tuu6 or tu anyoth* ,orte plamtd .ri
b. disphycd6 lnd trhcnruquncd
'rhe iifonmtiotr non ARPAcri
b. sll.n po* on ihe drn Dd therby
.ntlc.L'ndiocuyr ind an.hdinsslc canbe plrnnedro OecisiotrT,;

Sjic rhc SENCis d.ligid oo thc bsn oI en.in scrle,dtoLrndr\

d+ridiigor lhcsr.xr vhichsuauyis donc,ilrhechd n nsedr aml!
not .ompdi6c ro thc slalc of dlrisn. a yi$ vming n siv.i oi di.
'fl'e feiuft
or ?nomh rho lo$lbLc on thc ECDls. Unlike dr msritJii,g
glas.on zmm vc !!n scr{( r cen
*hich rrF noi av.ilibleo. rheno

De\istriig .f oni chrft h p.siblr vh.rby ur(lesiEdir bmation is rakeI

or| thc rhan i.d hmlc c]ursing of inlomarior n avoidede e ir mmcsof
cD be hketr off lnc disPtiy. simitdy
deoh mtrbus a'd deprhsbeyd'd I cetui" stccificd minimumdepdrcrl
ll rhcdcp$! canbe bler off rherhd.
cbs can [ke rsry deprtNaborc ]0
 n'.hs. bur a lishins bod wirh a dtun of onty 2 !o 3 neds w be mo\
bLd$'gned ro $e rquicfrenb of rhe!s{.
> Mos of dreabole feabrs {c norpo*tht. on msd toimt .f .bds. !!i!e
rholghnd sp-ificrny maniorednrftlolorion(A) 317/ 1995ofrMo. only
tu ECDrSsin.e ihey *ouq 0u{ ne
Rqu'En.nrsr lriddoM in rhis{sotutionThn did io. go wer lrh lre
D 'n r ' t m r f :
.h-lvo,h..,ir

An) eledmrjc chtft systenq,hrh doesioL Imr rhcrMo spe.tnca6o'scrnnor

,Dt. i lln
r|eolic{'onsofIMOaspefaoturionm (A)3lr/tqr5.andasrhended

Fguf:l showsI smll ponionor.he EcDJs picruf ror sing4{rc a?l

innnaiedhcrovrlris.Tric ta!tudesd longrtude

j.g.0f l]. L5 N rid 103.
50.33rE respecrirely
is obhiil.drim cps. Thjsposiijoiis indicacoon me
p
d[,r a1 rheE drc singleamr hcd indi.acs drecoune $e.rcd i.e. 069:].
{hilc rhedorbrearo* herdifdtc(s drecouBemrde:roodi.e 055.5ootr jc

i, 'd'rr;p.,ot. I
Oi LheItghthdd sidebeldr lne ship\ posirior,rtc ome ai(r !!!sq nHoe
Soodmd !.crcd G 'idi.a.cd. Ttie sllnJ drifr I ven rs $e dep$ d. dso
displrycd.Ar dreborom nghr lml comerlEC1OR rrXED neri\ hat s
u.,, -, tm n,rn
dLrgo.al mee s dnphyedoi rhecRT rid t:30,0oois rhesoLcofusq,&
ictr .rn be slc.rd bY dirT{e { ! s !!
A H I - { D .R O I t r . / , O O \ t- . -.,n ' .!on
B, ,o , r, tr , I

nsu ru'trephmm! is dm8 Bv slediig ARIA n8nq all rhea.qujrd k.g.6

*r $parnpo$d on theEcDls md rrc Imked At, A2 et . as sb.*n jn ng I
u b n - , r . r s ! r b h t e , k s ,' p q ,
'" d ore h !.0 , '-b onn i,,r ,
hc ca m. moddyd'. lhd r pn his FqiEnenrs !g coilider ttr. lhd
romdion aE dispr4;d n rh. ^_ m$
 atiotr.such6 imo ol ihe placesrnd depth
ittbc!ho{i in fisuF 5

c.necrion oi Flopry or cD to updatedie

Th*e {ould br rv*l$. ro rh! nivilfor ody D pon:
n ofid.i..s r. mrnn{s ror prperchr'h
s ir frilirib on tine chd .ore.rotr by
di'€dry i,re.fr.iis d'e EcDrs equipnHt wirh sM rc comu.icarion sy$em
rhci rh. thrpis on heryoyige.Tre later
corccrionsIn. p.p{ chrns/EcDls r
enb.otre€dm ally*mvhd'hesbipisMiring'
,tcaved by llte NrYri tucifr rti b.

,m.y dd c be flhlrd Nridi tuqlnql

rc ,€raiied md cdi b0 dcl.red b), nie
c nc n. toigf rcqnnsd
PICTURX!! TH ICDIS
IMEGRATION OF RADAR/ARPA

Tl'e advanbg6 or overl"Jinsrhe Radr/ RP,\ ptcl!.e on rtu ECDrs rc

or.meir & drendr ol louAccrc .atr

t Althou8h$c R&h/ARPApi.rur h ovsldd onths ljcDls. theposirioMl

inpd ol lheovn shiprotr{i.us rocomefmm GPs/DoPs,urles mr eri.r

ihat it c be dirrftnrla. fnrn chd

e rc.o'ded ard {orcd so rha( I crn b.

rticrcd & rctLrycd xs lid trhc( rcquinn. Thae Eords cm be nsedf.,
invalig{ion a hinins puaoY\
 P?
; EHE EI
EE
E]FIE
EIJIE
:$q E

i,
E E
EIE]B
"tel'
* j i
9E

i: l, i; :' :
' a. :.
i'

,i.
r0

14:r- ."1t"
i";lJ '? ,*-
q,! t
;, i \. t:' i

I .,\"/
:,t {'. .a. i
, ' )

i.i'
i '
'1.i.
:rG,, , ' . ,
( ,

" :
- : i
;r.
i"l";t
'(::
i ,r.
.'-.'.1'. '
...i;
$-:
irs a?lli:
 .::I*il!'E
igjggi!;!i
t. ;.
'.
il
\ .1 1' .Jl

.I,t,

. i
"i,'
 figq ::E
Elplplmr
" :;R
g u
EHEIE
t ij-r-..]
F t
tt't']
,",t5'i.l
.f"'
: , {

l 'l
 CE{PTER X
INTEGRATEDSYSTEMS

'Ite d rdrphbiliiy or hish pold hi.o . troc$on i. d'3

rdvrnccfr.it
mlrincindusnfhasMdethglon
ftsliry. Auro,uti. contol sy$qis 6
*iihin limit have b€cn ii .xkbNe
{atdr t*pins ofi4r b hrve d,e ovd,ll contol of the ship\ ropulsion
slnen, in addition b die mvisationul ontuk. Ite clisili.arioi socichcs
dsicned a ditfeor cl6s ro fiB me ol ship\ viz. Unnn.cd Machn'cr)

DtrVELOPMI]NTSOI INTEGT{{I ED NAI-IGATION SYSMMS

widi d,eadvmcmentii 8CDISrn
Idegnred Nrig!.ioi conrol (INs) ha aciuilly conc iib citucnc Aldrongh
tnb aDdFsearh m stiu pnssq if ple*nl iidi.arioi3 b go by. d'e INS
will be nrd on boeJdmch L$er thd the so.tar4 .an lbink srJou.i4
implemenhiio. The systemprcniss iryrursnedt in navigldonll sarciy.
I shjP\ opdson s I tuis|ort uM i'
buliry. ThelNs *in helpn Enu.iig rl'. rdoL of hu'm ercr in caNilires
The h.in tatn€ shi.b h|vc u1.ibul€d in nNkiDgrheINs a rcarfty ,rc
> Thc developmmbor EcDls whi
in .helield or nicm
t Tte developmcn. orGPScrpableofconrinuouslyptuvidinghighlys.u rc

t 'I]rc &lvdcenent orRadr hasodARPAsysbms{irh crpabililes like lral

With th@ r'cilitiG it brdde f6il e to intudnce m INs rhich t sprblr

> ContinnouslyFe*ntins thesbipt 0ositiotron Eledooic NavisriionchtnN

' e l d o . o r e ' o o m r " i l d b h ; ob ' l ' t l s n r d n e l s ' d P , d r " - ' o
supenfpo*d (i e. mD$) and
)i Automaticprcg@61e ship\ shnis canbl
> Antondicmunealentiminaed de wnhp1M.n hact ad

Tte INs retrded as ao impotu! pat ot full ship automtion sysEn with
inbf&e heinsptuvidcdfor dah eichsse

INT'EGR{TED BRIDCtr SYSTEMS(IBS)

IBS is basically..ombidion ofINS aDdoihd 8hfu boardslscms. almedat
ireaing s.fc and eriicient lruaglmnt of rhc shil' reduii8 work lord,
prcvidins enralisd co.nol md r btack box ie d.h reddi4 lor l.tr
aMrysis.Ir shouldbc crprble or b.ing ol beingopented6y N'iuhly qualificn
 7
I
.E
g

ci
2
i4
Th. IaS shduldindndethefollo*ing (my lwd s Fr rMO)

> badins, dischtrSingdd dgo codol aDd

TXrssysbm will ilso be b6ed on nodulessd g@any ftjlE of ay om

nodrlre shouldnor alfd rhe tun.lioniDgof othtr hodules.utc$ ihey ar
depodmi on rhejnfomrion pnvid.d by rhisdefectivemodure.
the eluipnent shourdb€ usa fiiendly, glvjnSplmps b rheusers e! wnen
'qn1ad. Ar,lm shourdbe polided b indjce dy m?rnrdionin! ad shdtd
be gEdedro jndicrb tle oder ofprioriry. cereBlly visud ed {dible ilms
e pnvidal sd audihleso* off essoons achowledge4whirevisu.l alrn
otinues tin dr naltunclidiq ; Hiincd.
'lhe
baic dilfedc be.q@ntNs sd l3s is ihrt rNs is a combinalionof
naviS.tdd dda md sysetu idemnnect rl b etrnsc safe md erfi.idr
novemci. ot tle sbip,*hft6 IBS iDreuniecb vaious on\ft syjens dorg
*ith rheINs b inftde L\e afficihcy in ov*dl msagenent oi.he ship.ti
fiis smk dr. INs is sp{inc in il@ *hne I3s b6 a mor seidarise!

vidc aolurion Msc.6a (6?), ldopred in D@'96, n\e IMO hs issued

rtomn.ndlrioN of lerromameshdrds tor IBS aDdstodmb e advisedro
 CIIAPTERXI
GYROCOMPASS
GENERAI-INTRODUCTIONIXD PRINCIPLE
Th. tundion of gytucdnpss eqnipnent
di€doml Efeencs wnh repet b he gsgnphic nonn ftis dircdim?r
avig.rion N ren s fd orherequinmht
pilot,Rad.i ECDISeb.
T]la nuclensof rheet toompas equipMt is m elshi.rrv diiren Ctmsope
*hich hs I heaw -.I bdd@d uh@t sdnnjngar a hien EE, abo'e 20.000
(RPM) md hs iie.dom or nove.mr r free
out fts spimins *h (A), ia vdjcil ms
(B) lid its honzoibl .xtu (C) s rho*n in 6s!re 1

ai dre cente of gsri.y is r! the poinr of

fte ronoxins prcFnis or srmlope plry m inpotutr. rolc in .heopaarionof

t Gytosopic India or Risidiq, in spie ad

It is lhd popcry ar a sJro$op. vhich
spu itrespdi'e or my mvelrHr md b Esist my foc hdin8 b ton ib

Trje propenyol ejrcsop,c ineniais

winhi.t be ar m dgle to rhe hdizonral
brirgingmespponing bse to thehoizonralpdsitionassbom in nsuE 3. The
origiml diEtim of thegjrc ane is not albrn dlhoug! thesuppdins haseis

It is rhemsrnr displac€mnlof rbespindis of the$ftsFpe whe! a brque is

appliedto rbeslcdpe. Hdc. whena 6rqE h oppli.d b fi spindis lho
resrntinsnovelrHr xill bein ! di@.ion arriglr angl. b .heappliedbqoe, the
mgle b€iDgmsuEn in ihedidion of lholpidningah@L
'Ihe pmp€nyof pltesid is illuh@d in
fuw 4 vhi.h showsi\d whd i
fore T is rypfienb sdn axh tu rop.it dos not moveii !h. dncclionof tho
eppuedfoc bd mks d {shl msre
vbnh drespin'.is *i pe*s sill d.rcdd on 6e lolowing f&bs
> Dircrion of L\espinof LIre*hel
> Tnep.int d vhich dE rore is ap
> Tr'edirt.tjon in uhjch rheloc is applied
toEe T n aplnedfrom bp andthednccdo of rhespimingwheeln do.krhe.
the foEe is apFdandytdsd by 90'in lho dietion of spin or ihe *heel d
$m nade clle.iv., hcice d'e spid dis {ill pd*s loe&ds P as shownn

Heic. whs n\e rofe n appliedvenically, rhe pEssion wi eke plre

hodbnblly. ff nhcsme forceis amli.d rrcn boron sd rh. splnor .he{hel
'' Mh ed.lo.I!

simniny vhfl .h. fd.. k rppliedhoiz

venicallys sbowtritr figure5
N^e -Tre di,slffe. emt,ftoD or be ft*Jo I btrg i, , dEq oI
{ rmo h sppM rorq@is givd in ftae 6a tud 68
 IIIOVETTINT OT EARTIIIS SURIIACE
-tu \ in," o rc"
"

':':":

l
f ii s it3,l. i
-' , ': .,
:""

l"r' o "
- in-L.nD.

'Iic
moremerrof rhesFinais ti JiHdoi ot ziNd n .aftd rs dm.
Therureor ii]l md &irr n givenby rheiomul.
Tilting = 15'Coslditodexsinezin
Dnftidg= 15 Si^.latitode perninub oftim
Asoning thc eJrc *is is iniirlly p
vc knop it will ble ore sid*.l day !o conplereon. revolnilo. b ttun to
sme positioopoinrinsE$!$dds, $e pdn tcd by L\aNoril md of n\e spin
dis of a iioe gyrcs@peplcd in Nonn h&ud€ ininily *1 pointin8 in
f,d|ards sho-i i" figE 3.

'4"
,i

coonderihe Sytusopeat poin A p

L\e ddh to6.ei rclariely the gynscopedh will inciea. in tih & ddft rid
fonowlhc cure A, B, c md D. Ar B thedrifi will bc zrc and8yo {ill no{
only lilr As the $rdr continus to bute, lhc dnf. vill ioF bc jn oCp.site
dncdiotr rill p.iot c when rilt i3 ftdifrun Fom herc oismls the tilt k
rdocitrg rnd d point D, the drili agdi b-ores Erss,irs b m'npleie n\e

A gFoscopcplred on n\e eitMtor *iih ih ,xis pointing Eddvxrds w,rl

expsienccoily tih sd no cbace in uimulh, whilc a 8ys$opc th..d { .hc
pol$ wjrh irs uis pointingEdtwardswill cxtensc. only ddft sd no tih ff
lhc gymsopeis plcd oo i\e pol6 vnh .h. sis poinringNordieny.$et vill
br tro dlt ad dnri wirh therodioi of the srth. bui li will e ibh rtuotsLe
efied {irh fts dis poinliig towrls .
GR{WTYCONTNOL N CrRO
rheoIjT0r_6.enlc e

f!- p&r r- L.o

. " : . " i i l , , r . 9 r^ , . " r n f dr . . ! . n . . . , ,

1. ,;ii*
l!:r!!|
F.@;/ i ].=l
Tre pdh ol suchr synsope as ra€d by ifs Nonh end*hen dreeyLosopeis
pla.edin sone Nd.h lattud. will be s shou s figEl r. Simildy ir rhegyo
$ope is ph.ed ii someSouthlatitudq rhepatht@d by n\ Ndh md vill be
4 shosn in figuc 12 rnd vhetr pkcedotr equabrh wil bc d shownin tigure

-=

.-i+ ,7
l"--

/\\ i \,"
u\ s=hi
t s"-1- "7 r"=nh""

r"* r

[.. r/
MAKNG GYRO NORT1I SEEKING
T V b , F 4 d e e

reg)m,dfturbed i'm!,,Rtomb
'r
li:,joT q. r \Ju d exe in-,,ed.f.riln u an. nftio,r oi,il
r o d M D d e, q , 4 o . 1.h,.m,r o!,
: : - - 1 j : . 1 1 . ' :T . 1r _o t r i . o b r r u o d . c { n h

I n eo r n f m r , ! r ! r d o n s$ e x L i
\' d r h r D d ' o , - , r . P - di .
l',-'iTl," "
\ . :, ' o I ,.. d-ab, Drp,j , tit+,--
r,. p,,A i-, tr
"_.d-D, "
 Tr'. mount ol otrserii SC.n] nrk xlv Gyo equipmedis 3lm d sno{i rn
risE 1,1dd tne ftce or ihe Nonh endor dredn win nov bc b sowtr rtr
nsre 15,fimlty sediDgdoM in rh. nendim. 11r bakup of roft ri he r*o
dn4iios is d shownin frluF 16.wj$ Ef@ne ro fr$ie 15,rheamptitud.of
erh ccillarion n rducdl b lBi of dre previousdcindiotr md rhereby
Esultingin rheu.is tnat\ senlingdoM in ihe 'ncri'tian.

e -^- *^n

t\
A gym6mpa$ lla.crl or ! shipwill behNea.d s.tle down6 cxplaii!:l ahove
Nhile rhcshipis sbtiomry However*hetr rh. slripis novine. .hc cous. and
p!o' . \,nBF6'

bdruse rheeiih mhb nom west ro Ed. and rhemovemeniof the sbip in
Ear wei dnecdononly adds or sdblEct lroh cfrh\ rurdional spEd.

ybe'Tinnonbedyliliisstheey[b
pHss rowardsw6r and rhcaby $.nc, war of rhedoddim. sinildy on
souL\erlycou.e i! *il | *aLc Es. or $. ndidlai 1 hc snor will increhe *irh

"if'
wnn deEnce b nsuE 17,ov is rhe.onponentof shipkcoufe md spccdii
ent n'renovment or diih ii uiir (in..

whenov equtlsb zetu,rh. gro.o

Itljen ship is movirg dndirs conponot in nonhedydiEtiotr is ov dr
Fsulbr ol ov andoE is oR, rhsgyd ompas $in stde 90' rwry rmn oR
i.E.oN , bcingwcs or nsndiai oN. Ite egle N'oN *ill dep€ or oR md
rhisii @ depends oi @npoici. Ov i.c.omponentof ship.oure sd sted
 M'DN '-dROMC NANdAIOI ^s

s 'dly $ e " h ' dl a s o u e ' h e u o * r v

J*,r- ''tt p^' t r"ori n'dguls a bflc ' \ n\ "
" "rll.

t Couse 0d spad or rhe ship

> l-atituL sincahiPjrerihe latiiu(le, snulld &e dht btadmd speedand
hs@gHeleffddslnp\sp*d

ORLATITTIDEERROR
DAMPTNC
fki ul.bt!.0q'' d'
tnc,"o bmp
.-.:* tui '; " . i p onoruoll o B g' or
"L

,r.s'."q.ni"", ,e* tumr'n'''o!bie ed'o'h 'n 1

""
'Ihe ldor of lditudc md speedcon'dion 'd be *orked od in r m'hendtrd
de
i truk ad *t on dE gtro equipnmt latitodedd sp€edsot'ng so rhn
sylo.ompds ses in mdidiai