Orthographic and Perspective projections

Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Lec5 - Projections

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis

Arun Shal U B
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Govt. Engineering College Kozhikode

February 11, 2020

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Outline

Orthographic and Perspective projections

Reconstruction of 3-D objects

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Projections

I In computer graphics, a 3D object is viewed on a 2D screen.

I The projection transforms a 3D object onto the 2D screen.
I Projections can be primarily classified as
I Perspective projections (Lines of sight commence from a single
point)
I Closest to what a human eye visualizes.
I Difficult to construct
I Difficult to obtain realistic dimensions of the object
I Parallel projections (lines of sights are parallel)
I Less realistic
I Easier to draw.
I Easier to communicate the actual dimensions

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Orthographic and Perspective Projections

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Projections

I Multi-view orthographic projections (top view, front view, ..

etc.) provide two-dimensional views of the object, and many
such views are required to obtain its comprehensive
three-dimensional appreciation.
I This method is more popular in engineering as multi-view
projections give true dimensions without much further
calculations.
I They provide an accurate description for manufacturing and
construction.

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Projections - types

Figure: Classification of projections using a cube

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections
 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection

I Consider a point P (x,

y, z) on the object
and E as the
observer’s eye located
at (0, 0, –w) on the
z-axis.
I 4PP ∗ P 0 and 4EP ∗ O
are similar, hence
|EP ∗ | |OE | w
∗
= 0
=
|PP | |PP | z
Figure: Perspective projection of P on the
x-y plane −−→∗  w  −−∗→
EP = P P
z

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection

−−→∗
OP = x ∗ iˆ + y ∗ jˆ + z ∗ k̂
−−→∗ −→ −−→∗
OP = OE + EP

−−→∗ w 
OP = −w k̂ + (x − x ∗ )iˆ
w  z
+ (y − y ∗ )jˆ
z  
w
+ (z − z ∗ )k̂
z

wx
Figure: Perspective projection of P x∗ =
z +w
on the x-y plane wy
∗
y =
z +w
∗
z =0
ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections
 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection

 ∗   wx  
   
x x  1 0 0
 
0  x
 z wy
+w
  
 
 
 
 ∗
    y 
  
 
y 0 1 0 0 y
  
P∗ = = z +w ≡ 0 = 
0 0 0 0 0  z
0  z
     
    
1

 
1   + 1 0 0 1 1

 
  

1 w w

 
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
Pers =
0

0 0 0
1
0 0 w 1
P ∗ = Pers P

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection

Similarly, for the view point E(-w,0,0)

 
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
Pers = 
0 0

1 0
1
w 0 0 1

And, for the view point E(0,-w,0)

 
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Pers = 
0 0

1 0
0 w1 0 1

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection- Example

A line P1 P2 has coordinates P1 (4, 4, 10) and P2 (8, 2, 4) and the

observer’s eye Ez is located at (0, 0, −4). Find the perspective
projection of the line on the x-y plane.

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection- Example

A line P1 P2 has coordinates P1 (4, 4, 10) and P2 (8, 2, 4) and the

observer’s eye Ez is located at (0, 0, −4). Find the perspective
projection of the line on the x-y plane.
Solution:
Any point P on a given line can be written in the parametric form

P = (1 − u)P1 + uP2
     

 4 
 8
 
 4(1 + u) 

4 2 2(2 − u)
     
P = (1 − u) +u =

10  4  2(5 − 3u)
  
   
1 1 1
  

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection- Example

A line P1 P2 has coordinates P1 (4, 4, 10) and P2 (8, 2, 4) and the

observer’s eye Ez is located at (0, 0, −4). Find the perspective
projection of the line on the x-y plane.
Solution: Contd..

P ∗ = Pers P

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection- Example

A line P1 P2 has coordinates P1 (4, 4, 10) and P2 (8, 2, 4) and the

observer’s eye Ez is located at (0, 0, −4). Find the perspective
projection of the line on the x-y plane.
Solution: Contd..

P ∗ = Pers P

      8(1+u) 
1 0 0 0   4(1 + u) 
 
4(1 + u)



 7−3u 


4(2−u)
0 1 0 0  2(2 − u) = 2(2 − u) ≡
     
P∗ = 

7−3u
0 0 0 0  2(5 − 3u)   0   0 
 
 7−3u    
0 0 14 1 1
  
1
 
2

When u = 0, P1∗ = 87 87 0 and when u = 1, P2∗ = 4 1 0

 

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Geometry of Perspective Projection- Example

A line P1 P2 has coordinates P1 (4, 4, 10) and P2 (8, 2, 4) and the

observer’s eye Ez is located at (0, 0, −4). Find the perspective
projection of the line on the x-y plane.
Solution: Contd..

 
8 8
P1∗ = 0
7 7
P2∗ = 4 1 0


ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Orthographic Projections

I Orthographic projections have been universally adopted for

engineering drawings, especially for machine parts.
I They are simplest among parallel projections and are popular
in all manufacturing industries because they accurately depict
the true size and shape of a planar-faced object.
I In an orthographic projection, the projectors are perpendicular
to the view plane.
I Multi-view projections are a set of orthographic images, usually
on the coordinate planes, generated with direction of
projections perpendicular to different faces of the object.
I Two schemes in wide use in orthographic projections are: (a)
the first angle and (b) the third angle projections.

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Orthographic Projections

The following transformation matrices obtain parallel projections on

the x-y, y-z and z-x planes.
     
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Prxy =  0 0 0 0 , Pryz = 0 0
   , Przx =  
1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections
 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Orthographic Projections

Figure: An object’s orthographic projections in first angle

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Orthographic Projections

Figure: Three orthographic views in third angle

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Reconstruction of 3-D objects

I 3D reconstruction from multiple images is the creation of
three-dimensional models from a set of images.
I It is the reverse process of obtaining 2D images from 3D
scenes.
I The essence of an image is a projection from a 3D scene onto
a 2D plane, during which process the depth is lost.
I The 3D point corresponding to a specific image point is
constrained to be on the line of sight.
I From a single image, it is impossible to determine which point
on this line corresponds to the image point.
I If two images are available, then the position of a 3D point
can be found as the intersection of the two projection rays.
I The key for this process is the relations between multiple views
which convey the information that corresponding sets of points
must contain some structure.
ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections
 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Reconstruction of 3-D objects

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections

 Orthographic and Perspective projections
Reconstruction of 3-D objects

Thank You...

ME308 Computer Aided Design & Analysis Lec5 - Projections