TUMSAT-OACIS Repository - Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology (東京海洋大学)

Estimation of Wave Making Resistance by Wave

Analysis Ship Wave at Sea

journal or 東京商船大学研究報告. 自然科学

publication title
volume 52
page range 41-50
year 2001
URL http://id.nii.ac.jp/1342/00000556/
 (41)

Estimation of Wave Making Resistance by Wave Analysis Ship Wave at Sea

K.Minami and K.Shoji

Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine (Japan)

Abstract

This paper presented some estimation result of three-scale a model ship's wave making resistance based

on ordinary wave analysis. In this study, in order to estimate the actual ship wave making resistance,

actual ship experiment were carried out. Actual ship's wave measurement is difficult in actual sea because

other wave exist. We studied a method of estimation actual ship's wave making resistance applied the

Fourier transfer. Using the proposed method, estimated value of wave making resistance was very close

between actual ship result and model ship result. From this result, the ordinary wave analysis can be

estimated the actual ship wave resistance excepting other wave value from the recorded actual sea data

Introduction

Ship (navigation) wave is a characteristics physical phenomenon and this wave is

included some information related ship's forms. Therefore, many investigation and

study were performed for ship wave already. Qualitative ship wave was used for wave

resistance analyze. Nowadays, there are many study and investigation about the wave

making resistance. However, it was not performed that the systematical study of wave

making resistance with using different model scale a ship. Especially, the experiment of

actual ships navigation waves measurement and analysis is so rare [5], [6J. In this
reason, the recorded data at the real sea was included some non-linear factor. And it is

so difficult to analyze recorded data. However, if utilize of actual ship's navigation

waves data for wave making resistance, it will be make the advance for the study of

wave making resistance.

In this study, the purpose is the estimation of ship wave resistance

using different scale model ship's data included the actual ship data recorded in real sea.

For the purpose, we studied a method of separation ship wave and sea wave from actual

ship wave data. In this paper, we used and applied to Newman [1トSharma [2] method
that is so popular and ordinary method at analyzing wave resistance from a ship wave.
In order to the verification of this method, tank test data were carried out used model

ship. And we compared result actual test data result and tank tests data result.

^成13年9月28(3受付
(42)                        南 清和,庄司邦明

Method of Wave analyze

We indicate the coordinate system in Fig.l. The velocity potential ￠ is shown follow

equation in the coordinate system.

･ -警∬-(x-,y-,I-)dS
-β+osec2 eeK-c2e{z+zl) sin[iC｡sec2 6{(x -x')cos# + (y -y')s-d}]dd (1)
2

Here, KO iswave number, and 0 is the angle of wave analysis area.

For the estimation of wave making resistance, we used the method of wave

analyze Newman [1] - Sharma [2] method. This method is very popular method

(ordinary method) and some papers used this method [4], [5J.

In the Newman-Sharma method, equation (1) is transformed by Fourier transform

following equation.

･ -一警j￨{i^o)sin&pse(? oo)一鮒)cos航i?se<? do)]e^s^e- se<?doddo (2)

However, this formula was expanded by IKEHATA and NOZAWA [3] considering for
realistic calculation. Here, p was indicated the following formula.

p-(x-x'jcos60+(y-y'jsin60

Functions -P(OD) and Q(6{)) are amplitude function, which fund the Fourier Transfer
using measured ship navigation wave. Wave making resistance is indicated the
following formula

R=1叫dxj+¥dy) {szjr獲鴫dy (4)

Using (3) formulas, we carried out the ship wave making resistance using the follow
 実海域航走波を用いた船舶の造波抵抗推定 (43)

formula.

R -空J^{p2(O｡)+22(O｡)}sec30｡rfO｡ (5)
From this formula, wave一making resistance is obtained amplitude function. Amplitude

function is obtained from that analyzing by Fourier Transfer to the measured ship

navigation wave.

In the present method, it is so difficult to the actual ship s navigation wave

because measurement actual ship s data included sea wave. In this paper, we consider

the technique that remove from the recorded data except ship navigation wave.

Following formula is defined amplitude spectrum used by amplitude function

P(6>)and (2(0).

A(e)---^2(d)+Q2(e)}sec'e (6)
In this amplitude spectrum, we define a function A^yd) , which is amplitude spectrum
calculated from the data including ship navigation wave and sea wave. On the other

hand, we defined function A2(6) that is amplitude spectrum carried out using sea

wave data. Here, following formula was defined.

Aa(6)-Al(6)-A2(0) (7)

Namely, we perform a subtracted A2{6) from A^O), we obtained the value of the
ship navigation wave's amplitude spectrum ^(9). We appraised the result of value for
the technique.

Experiment

Towing tank test

In order to examine the reliability of the proposed method, we carried out

towing tank test and actual ship test. Towing tank test was performed in Tokyo

University of Mercantile Marine. On this experime叫model ship " SHIOJI MARU"

that is the training ship of Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine was used. This ship's
principal dimensions were shown Table 1 and we indicate the lines in Fig 2.
Experiment at Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine, outline figure of
(44)                       南 清和,庄司邦明

experiment installment and arrangement are shown in Fig.3. We measured total ship
Resistance and ship navigation wave in Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine's
towing tank. In order to measure SHIOJI MARU total resistance, we set a load cell,
which have 5kg capacity. As the motion of model, heave and pitch were free. However,
other motions were fixed. Wave height meatier was set 2 point in towing tank. One of
them, it was set on 2-meter point from ship navigation line. And other one, we set on
3.0-merter from ship navigation line. When we measure wave height, we used the 2-
type wave height meter. One of then, it is servo type and other one is capacitance type.
And we used two lengths SHIOJI MARU model ship that are 1.5m models and 2.7m
models. In experience, model speed is set from 0.345m/sec to 1.2m/sec at 1.5m models.

And as used 2.7m models, model ship speed is from 0.643m/sec to 1.2m/sec.

Actual ship experiment

We performed actual ship test. The experiment was done a dolphin near the Tokyo west
traffic route in KEIHIN harbor TOKYO part. We showed an experiment outline in Fig.
4. We set a wave height mater on this dolphin and recorded SHIOJI- MARU ship wave.
In this experiment, ship speed was recorded from E.M. log on SHIOJI-MARU. And the
distance that is between wave measuring point and ship was analyzed from ship s

course line used by GPS. We are shown ship speed and distance from ship and
measuring point in actual ship test in the Table 2. Regarding Weather condition in actual
test day (July 23r '1998), wind velocity was 4m/sec. On the other days, wind velocity
was 6 or 7 m/sec. There was not big swell in the experiment area

Result

Towing tank experiment (used model ship)

On the Fig.5, we indicated the result of experiment that is compare with estimated wave

resistance by the propose method. In this figure, abscissa is indicated wave resistance
coefficient. Resistance coefficient rw estimated by resistance measurements

experiment. Resistance coefficient Cw is obtained from wave analyzes. In this paper,

wave resistance coefficients are defined follow formula.

Cw,r - (9)
 実海域航走破を用いた船舶の造波抵抗推定                  (45)

And horizontal axis is FROUDE number (Fn). In this formula, R means a resistance and

P represent density of fluid and delta represent displacement. In the figure, the marks

of black circle and circle represent the non-dimension position of wave height meter (Y)

that is the divided the value of distance that is between ship navigation line and wave

height mater position by ship length. The marks of black circle indicated the result of Y

equal 0.5 and the mark of the circle indicated result of the Y equal 2.0. And the mark of

diamond shaped was represented the estimated wave resistance coefficient which is a

value from wave making resistance experiment by resistance experiment. The form

effect value coefficient that is K was 0.279. This value recorded from an experiment m

IHI towing tank. And solid line is the coefficient of wave resistance that recorded from

IHI towing tank.

In the Fig.6, we indicated some result of resistance experiment used by 2.7m

models. In this figure, the mark of square was represented the result from Yokohama

National University towing tank. Other marks are same definition in Fig.5. From Fig.5

and Fig.6, it is qualitative same that wave resistance wave analyze and resistance

experiment. Regarding to resistance coefficient, wave analyze value is lower than

resistance experiment. In this result, the past paper and experiment were recorded same

value and result [3], [4], [5]. About these results, we consider that different of present
method result and result from resistance result show a different of definition above

some value. The results of free running conditions were higher than the towing
conditions one. About this result, we consider that wave resistance affected some

experiment condition. But the results are nearly same value to resistance experiment.

Compare with model scale effect, we were shown a result of wave analyze
from every scale model in the Fig.7. In the figure, the mark of black circle is shown the
result of 1.5m models and the circle is shown 2.7m models result. And the diamond

shaped is shown 2.7m model results at free running condition. These results were

recorded from Y equal 0.5 positions.

The result of wave resistance analyze in the wave was indicated in the Fig.8. In

the figure, abscissa is the wave resistance coefficient (Cw) and horizontal axis is the

Froude number (Fn). From the figure, the mark of black circle indicated the result of

wave analyze from the data of irregular wave conditions and the mark of square

indicated the result of free running condition and the mark of circle indicated the result

of slight wave conditions. And we were shown the result of IHI tank experiment result

to compare other result. The experiment of measuring ship wave in the wave, we were

done five times. We used 2.7m models at this experiment. In the result, we could
recognize same result compared with wave conditions result and slight condition.
(46)                       南 清和,庄司邦明

However, Fn is 0.242 results are different from same condition data. In this result, we

investigated the amplitude spectrum value. We showed an amplitude spectrum in the

Fig.9. In this figure, abscissa is shown amplitude spectrum A( (9 ) and horizontal axis is
shown angle which show a propagation ship wave. In this figure, solid lines represent a

result at slight surface experiment and dot line and one point chain line represent the

result in irregular wave condition result. From these results, one point chain line is

shown sharp fluctuations. Wave resistance which is the result from wave analyze is able
to know integration amplitude spectrum. We consider that if aptitude spectrums suffer
sharp fluctuation, integration value (wave resistance) increase. In all result, we could

know a wave resistance used present method from the data included irregular wave

condition.

Actual ship experiment

We indicate the wave resistance that is a result from actual ship wave data used present
method in the Fig. 10. In this figure, we compared with actual ship result and model

ship (towing tank experiment) it. This figures definitions are same Fig.5. The mark of

double circle represents actual ship result. The result of experiment gave agreement

with the value that had been obtained by model ship experiment. From this result, our

present method was able to get wave resistance from the data included irregular wave
condition.

Conclusion

We performed a systematic study of wave making resistance estimation using three

different scale ship model. As one of these models, actual ship was used. In order to

analyze to wave making resistance from these models ship experimental data, ordinal

wave analyzing method (Newman - Sharma method) was adopted. The results may be
summarized as follows:

(l) We compared these results (experiment result of model and actual ship) as
coefficient of wave making resistance Cw. At the result, in qualitative, there values
were good agreement. However, when Cw compared with rw, it was lower than
about 50 or 60%.

(2) In the towing tank test, we measured ship navigation wave using two different scale

model ships. And we were obtained some good result used the present method. In

this result, sea wave and ship wave were separated by presented method.
 実海域航走波を用いた船舶の造波抵抗推定 (47)

(3) From actual ship experiments that were carried out verify the proposed method,

actual ship navigation waves that was included sea wave were measured. And we

were obtained some good result form proposed method. From the result, actual ship

wave making resistance was estimated from a data that removed the sea waves.

As problem for further investigating, additional experiment should be more to other

situation and condition using the present method.

Reference

【1] Newman, J.N∴ The Determination of Wave Resistance from Wave Measurement

along a Parallel Cut, International Seminar on Theoretical Wave Resistance, Ann

Arbor, Michigan(1963).
[2] Sharma, S.D.: A Comparison of the Calculated and Measured Free - Wave
Spectrum of an Inuid in Steady Motion, International Seminar on Theoretical Wave
Resistance, Ann Arbor, Michigan (1963).
[3] Ikehata, Nozawa: Determination of Wave-Making Resistance of a Ship by the
Method of Wave Analysis, Journal of Society of Navel Architects of Japan No.
121(1967)

[4] Tanaka, Yamazaki, et al: Some Application of the Wave Analysis on the
Geosim-Method and Their Actual Ship, Journal of Society of Navel Architects of
Japan No. 126(1969)
[5] Tanaka, Adachi,: Study on Wave Analysis by use of INUID Geosims : Journal of
Society of Navel Architects of Japan No.128(1970)
[6] Shiotani S. et al: Measurement and Simplified Estimation Methods of Ship Waves
due to Small Vessel, Techno-Ocean '96 International Symposium (1996)
[7] Study of Influence a Navigation Ship's Wave for Small Vessel (Completion Report),
Society of Prevention丘3r Sea Accident of Japan, 1994

2000. 1 1. 9

2" International Congress on Maritime Technological Innovation and Research にて発表

(48) 南 清和,庄司邦明

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実海域航走波を用いた船舶の造波抵抗推定                  (49)

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(50)                        南 清和,庄司邦明

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