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CE6701 – STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
AND EARTHQUKE ENGINEERING
UNIT I
THEORY OF VIBRATIONS
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CONTENTS
No TITLE
TECHNICAL TERMS
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
1.3 TYPES AND SOURCES OF DYNAMIC LOADS
1.4 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF A DYNAMIC
PROBLEMS
1.5 METHODOLOGY FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
1.6 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL VIBRATION
QUESTION BANK
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TECHNICAL TERMS
1. Mass: Mass is obtained by dividing the weight on body by the acceleration of gravity.
Unit of mass is given in kilograms (kgs)
2. Stiffness: It is defined as the force required producing unit deformation. It is an
elastic property that describes the level of resisting force that results when a body
undergoes change in length.
3. Natural Period: It is defined as the time required to complete one cycle of free
vibration
4. Natural frequency: When no external force acts on the system after giving it an
initial displacement, the body vibrates. These vibrations are called free vibration and
their frequency is natural frequency
5. Simple Harmonic Motion: The motion of a body to and fro about fixed point is
called simple harmonic motion (SHM)
6. Amplitude: The maximum displacement or deformation of a vibrating system from
its mean position is called as amplitude.
7. Mode of Vibration: The structure possesses as many natural frequencies as it has the
degree of freedom. For each frequency the structure has its own way of vibration is
known as mode of vibration
8. Fundamental mode of vibration: The fundamental mode of vibration of a structure
is the mode having the lowest natural frequency.
9. Resonance: When the frequency of external force is equal to or matches with one of
the natural frequencies of the vibrating system, the amplitude of vibration becomes
excessively large. This phenomenon is called resonance.
10. Free Vibration: Free vibration is a vibration in which energy is neither added to nor
removed from the vibrating system. It will just keep vibrating forever at the same
amplitude. Except from some superconducting electronic oscillators, or possibly the
motion of an electron in its orbit about an atomic nucleus, there are no free vibrations
in nature. They are all damped to some extent.
11. Forced Vibration: Forced vibration is one in which energy is added to the vibrating
system, as for example in a clockwork mechanism where the energy stored in a spring
is transferred a bit at a time to the vibrating element.
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I BASICS OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS
1.1 Introduction to Structural Dynamics
Structural analysis is mainly concerned with finding out the behaviour of a structure
when subjected to some action. This action can be in the form of load due to the weight of
things such as people, furniture, wind, snow, etc. or some other kind of excitation such as an
earthquake, shaking of the ground due to a blast nearby, etc. In essence all these loads are
dynamic, including the self-weight of the structure because at some point in time these loads
were not there. The distinction is made between the dynamic and the static analysis on the
basis of whether the applied action has enough acceleration in comparison to the structure's
natural frequency. If a load is applied sufficiently slowly, the inertia forces (Newton's second
law of motion) can be ignored and the analysis can be simplified as static analysis. Structural
dynamics, therefore, is a type of structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structures
subjected to dynamic (actions having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic loads include
people, wind, waves, traffic, earthquakes, and blasts. Any structure can be subject to dynamic
loading. Dynamic analysis can be used to find dynamic displacements, time history, and
modal analysis.
A dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces developed by a structure when it is
excited by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly (e.g., wind blasts, explosion,
earthquake).
A static load is one which varies very slowly. A dynamic load is one which changes with
time fairly quickly in comparison to the structure's natural frequency. If it changes slowly, the
structure's response may be determined with static analysis, but if it varies quickly (relative to
the structure's ability to respond), the response must be determined with a dynamic analysis.
Dynamic analysis for simple structures can be carried out manually, but for complex
structures finite element analysis can be used to calculate the mode shapes and frequencies.
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1.2 Importance of Structural Dynamics
The importance of Structural Dynamics is to find the behaviour of a structure when

subjected to some action. This can be done by means of dynamics loads or vibration.
Vibration is the motion of a particle or a body or a system of concentrated bodies having been
displaced from a position of equilibrium, appearing as oscillation.
Vibration is the study of repetitive motion of objects relative to a stationery frame of

reference or equilibrium position. The system tends to return to its original equilibrium
position under the action of restoring forces.
Concept of Vibration
All bodies having mass and elasticity are capable to vibrate. The mass is inherent in
the body and elasticity cause relative motion among its parts. When body particles are
displaced application of external force, the internal forces in the form of elastic energy
present in the body, try to bring it to its original position. At equilibrium position, the whole
of the elastic energy is converted into kinetic energy and the body continuous to move in the
opposite direction because of it. The whole of the kinetic energy is again converted into
elastic due to which the body returns to the equilibrium position.
1.3 Types and Source of Dynamic Loading
Dynamics is concerned with the study of forces and motions, which are time
dependent; Dynamics is simply defined as time varying.
When a structure is subjected to dynamic loading, it starts vibration. During vibration,

the structure develop significant number of inertia forces and also significant and also amount
of mechanical energy is stored as kinetic energy.
Analysis of structural response to a dynamic loading can be done by the following two
different approaches.
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Fig. 1.1 structural response of a system
(i) Deterministic Analysis

(ii) Non- Deterministic Analysis
Deterministic analysis in which the structural response i.e displacement, acceleration,

velocity, stress etc., are completely known precisely the as a function of time. Hence this
method requires perfect control over all the variables that influence the properties and
loading. This method is also called as prescribed dynamic loading.
Non-Deterministic Analysis in which the time variation of vibration is not completely known.
It provides only statistical information about the response from the statistically defined
loading. This method is also known as random dynamic loading.
Types of Prescribed loading
a. Periodic Loading
i. Sinusoidal Loading
ii. Stepped Loading
iii. Complex Variation Loading
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Fig 1.2 Periodic loading
Non- Periodic Loading
In which the loading does not exhibit the same time variation successively, ie it may
be either short duration or long duration impulsive loadings.
Fig 1.3 Non- Periodic Loading
1.4 Distinguish Features of Dynamic problem
Various natural and manmade sources may influence the dynamic effect in structure.
The most common types and causes are
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a. Initial condition
b. Applied forces
c. Support condition
a. Initial Condition: Initial condition such as velocity and displacement produce

dynamic effect in the system.
Example. Consider a lift moving up or down with an initial velocity. When the lift
is suddenly stopped, the cabin begin to vibrate up and down since it possess initial
velocity.
b. Applied Forces: Sometimes vibration in the system is produced due to the
application of external forces.
Example: A building subjected to bomb blast or wind forces
c. Support motion: Structures are often subjected to vibration due to the influence of
support motion.
Example: Earthquake motion
1.5 Method of Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a
building (or non-building) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural
design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit in regions where
earthquakes are prevalent.
Equivalent Static Analysis
This approach defines a series of forces acting on a building to represent the effect of
earthquake ground motion, typically defined by a seismic design response spectrum. It
assumes that the building responds in its fundamental mode. For this to be true, the building
must be low-rise and must not twist significantly when the ground moves. The response is
read from a design response spectrum, given the natural frequency of the building (either
calculated or defined by the building code). The applicability of this method is extended in
many building codes by applying factors to account for higher buildings with some higher
modes, and for low levels of twisting. To account for effects due to "yielding" of the
structure, many codes apply modification factors that reduce the design forces (e.g. force
reduction factors).
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Response Spectrum Analysis
This approach permits the multiple modes of response of a building to be taken into account
(in the frequency domain). This is required in many building codes for all except for very
simple or very complex structures. The response of a structure can be defined as a
combination of many special shapes (modes) that in a vibrating string correspond to the
"harmonics". Computer analysis can be used to determine these modes for a structure. For
each mode, a response is read from the design spectrum, based on the modal frequency and
the modal mass, and they are then combined to provide an estimate of the total response of
the structure. in this we have to calculate the magnitude of forces in all directions i.e. X, Y &
Z and then see the effects on the building.. Combination methods include the following:
 absolute - peak values are added together

 square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS)
 complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on SRSS
for closely spaced modes
The result of a response spectrum analysis using the response spectrum from a ground motion
is typically different from that which would be calculated directly from a linear dynamic
analysis using that ground motion directly, since phase information is lost in the process of
generating the response spectrum.
In cases where structures are either too irregular, too tall or of significance to a community in
disaster response, the response spectrum approach is no longer appropriate, and more
complex analysis is often required, such as non-linear static or dynamic analysis.
Linear Dynamic Analysis
Static procedures are appropriate when higher mode effects are not significant. This is
generally true for short, regular buildings. Therefore, for tall buildings, buildings with
torsional irregularities, or non-orthogonal systems, a dynamic procedure is required. In the
linear dynamic procedure, the building is modelled as a multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF)
system with a linear elastic stiffness matrix and an equivalent viscous damping matrix.
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The seismic input is modelled using either modal spectral analysis or time history analysis
but in both cases, the corresponding internal forces and displacements are determined using
linear elastic analysis. The advantage of these linear dynamic procedures with respect to
linear static procedures is that higher modes can be considered. However, they are based on
linear elastic response and hence the applicability decreases with increasing nonlinear
behaviour, which is approximated by global force reduction factors.
In linear dynamic analysis, the response of the structure to ground motion is calculated in the
time domain, and all phase information is therefore maintained. Only linear properties are
assumed. The analytical method can use modal decomposition as a means of reducing the
degrees of freedom in the analysis.
Nonlinear Static Analysis
In general, linear procedures are applicable when the structure is expected to remain nearly
elastic for the level of ground motion or when the design results in nearly uniform
distribution of nonlinear response throughout the structure. As the performance objective of
the structure implies greater inelastic demands, the uncertainty with linear procedures
increases to a point that requires a high level of conservatism in demand assumptions and
acceptability criteria to avoid unintended performance. Therefore, procedures incorporating
inelastic analysis can reduce the uncertainty and conservatism.
This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a

structural model that includes non-linear properties (such as steel yield), and the total force is
plotted against a reference displacement to define a capacity curve. This can then be
combined with a demand curve (typically in the form of an acceleration-displacement
response spectrum (ADRS)). This essentially reduces the problem to a single degree of
freedom (SDOF) system.
Nonlinear static procedures use equivalent SDOF structural models and represent seismic
ground motion with response spectra. Story drifts and component actions are related
subsequently to the global demand parameter by the pushover or capacity curves that are the
basis of the non-linear static procedures.
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Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis
Nonlinear dynamic analysis utilizes the combination of ground motion records with a detailed
structural model, therefore is capable of producing results with relatively low uncertainty. In
nonlinear dynamic analyses, the detailed structural model subjected to a ground-motion
record produces estimates of component deformations for each degree of freedom in the
model and the modal responses are combined using schemes such as the square-root-sum-of-
squares.
In non-linear dynamic analysis, the non-linear properties of the structure are considered as
part of a time domain analysis. This approach is the most rigorous, and is required by some
building codes for buildings of unusual configuration or of special importance. However, the
calculated response can be very sensitive to the characteristics of the individual ground
motion used as seismic input; therefore, several analyses are required using different ground
motion records to achieve a reliable estimation of the probabilistic distribution of structural
response. Since the properties of the seismic response depend on the intensity, or severity, of
the seismic shaking, a comprehensive assessment calls for numerous nonlinear dynamic
analyses at various levels of intensity to represent different possible earthquake scenarios.
This has led to the emergence of methods like the Incremental Dynamic Analysis
1.6 Types of Structural Vibration
The following are the different types of vibrations in a structural dynamic problem.
a. Free and Forced Vibration
Free vibration is a vibration in which energy is neither added to nor removed from the
vibrating system. It will just keep vibrating forever at the same amplitude. Except from some
superconducting electronic oscillators, or possibly the motion of an electron in its orbit about
an atomic nucleus, there are no free vibrations in nature. They are all damped to some extent.
Forced vibration is one in which energy is added to the vibrating system, as for example
in a clockwork mechanism where the energy stored in a spring is transferred a bit at a time to
the vibrating element. The amplitude of a forced, undamped vibration would increase over
time until the mechanism was destroyed. The amplitude of a forced, damped vibration will
settle to some value where the energy loss per cycle is exactly balanced by the energy gained.
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b. Damped and Undamped Vibration
Damped vibration is one in which there is an energy loss from the vibrating system. This
loss may be in the form of mechanical friction, as at the pivot of a pendulum for example,
or in the form of turbulence as the vibrating system distrubs its surroundings. The
amplitude of a damped vibration will eventually decay to zero.
Undamped vibration suffers no energy loss. Lightly damped vibrations have slight energy
loss which may or may not be negligible, depending on the nature of the observation of
the vibrator. The inertial forces in these systems are large compared to the drag or friction
forces. Heavily damped vibrations suffer high energy losses. They are characterized by
drag or friction forces large compared to the inertial forces of the system. A critically
damped system is one which moves from an initial displacement to the equilibrium state
without overshoot, in minimum time. For example a simple pendulum suspended in a
container of light oil might just drop from an elevated starting point to hang straight down
without ever swinging up on the opposite side. An over damped system behaves like a
critically damped system except that it takes longer to reach equilibrium. For example a
simple pendulum suspended in a container of honey would probably be over damped.

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squares.
1.6 Types of Structural Vibration
The following are the different types of vibrations in a structural dynamic problem.
a. Free and Forced Vibration
Free vibration is a vibration in which energy is neither added to nor removed from the
vibrating system. It will just keep vibrating forever at the same amplitude. Except from some
superconducting electronic oscillators, or possibly the motion of an electron in its orbit about
an atomic nucleus, there are no free vibrations in nature. They are all damped to some extent.
Forced vibration is one in which energy is added to the vibrating system, as for example
in a clockwork mechanism where the energy stored in a spring is transferred a bit at a time to
the vibrating element. The amplitude of a forced, undamped vibration would increase over
time until the mechanism was destroyed. The amplitude of a forced, damped vibration will
settle to some value where the energy loss per cycle is exactly balanced by the energy gained.
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b. Damped and Undamped Vibration
Damped vibration is one in which there is an energy loss from the vibrating system. This
loss may be in the form of mechanical friction, as at the pivot of a pendulum for example,
or in the form of turbulence as the vibrating system distrubs its surroundings. The
amplitude of a damped vibration will eventually decay to zero.
Undamped vibration suffers no energy loss. Lightly damped vibrations have slight energy
loss which may or may not be negligible, depending on the nature of the observation of
the vibrator. The inertial forces in these systems are large compared to the drag or friction
forces. Heavily damped vibrations suffer high energy losses. They are characterized by
drag or friction forces large compared to the inertial forces of the system. A critically
damped system is one which moves from an initial displacement to the equilibrium state
without overshoot, in minimum time. For example a simple pendulum suspended in a
container of light oil might just drop from an elevated starting point to hang straight down
without ever swinging up on the opposite side. An over damped system behaves like a
critically damped system except that it takes longer to reach equilibrium. For example a
simple pendulum suspended in a container of honey would probably be over damped.
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QUESTION BANK
2 Marks
1. Define: Degrees of freedom.

2. Define: Natural frequency.
3. Define: Natural Period.
4. Define: Simple Harmonic Motion.
5. Define: Viscous damping.
6. Distinguish between lumped and distributed system.
7. Explain D'Alembert's principle.
8. List the different types of vibrations.
9. State the measurements of DPC in MKS and SI units
10. What are the consequences of vibrations?
11. What are the different types of damping?
12. What are the different types of estimates?
13. What do you mean by critically-damped system?
14. What do you mean by over-damped system?
15. What is the difference between free and forced vibrations?
16. What is the difference between static and dynamic problems?
PART B (16 Marks)
1. A harmonic motion has a time period of 0.2sec and amplitude of 0.4cm. Find the
maximum velocity and acceleration.
2. A one kg mass is suspended by a spring having a stiffness of 0.6 N/mm. Determine
the natural frequency and static deflection.
3. A harmonic motion has a maximum velocity of 6m/sec and it has a frequency of 12
cycles per sec. Determine its amplitude, period and maximum acceleration.
4. A vertical cable 3m long has a cross sectional area of 4cm2 supports a weight of
50kN. What will be the natural period and natural frequency of the system? Take E =
2.1 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
5. Compare the differences between coulomb and viscous damping.
6. Calculate effective stiffness for two springs (k,k) in a) parallel b) series
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EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES
UNIT II
SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
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CONTENTS
NO. TITLE
TECHNICAL TERMS
2.1 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
2.2 LINEAR SYSTEMS: EQUATION OF MOTION
2.3 COMPONENTS OF VIBRATION SYSTEM
2.4 NATURAL FREQUENCY
2.5 VISCOUS DAMPING
2.6 RESPONSE TO UNDAMPED & DAMPED FREE
AND FORCED VIBRATION
2.7 RESPONSE TO SUPPORT MOTION
2.8 PRINCIPLE OF ACCELEROMETERS AND
DISPLACEMENT METERS.
2.9 TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM- EQUATIONS OF
MOTION AND
2.10 EIGEN VALUE PROBLEM
2.11 FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE, FORCED
VIBRATION RESPONSE TO HARMONIC
EXCITATION
2.12 MODEL ANALYSIS
QUESTION BANK
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TECHNICAL TERMS
 Damping: Damping is the resistance to the motion of a vibrating body. The vibrations
associated with this resistance are known as damped vibration.
 Resonance: When the frequency of external force is equal to or matches with one of the
natural frequencies of the vibrating system, the amplitude of vibration becomes
excessively large. This phenomenon is called resonance.
 Free vibration: The vibration which persists in a structure after the force causing the
motion has been removed is known as free vibration.
 Forced vibration: The vibration which is maintained in a structure by steady periodic
force acting on the structure is known as forced vibration.
 Damped vibration: When a damper or damping element is attached to the vibratory
system, the motion of the system will be opposed by it and the energy of the system will
be dissipated in friction is known as damped vibration.
 Un-damped vibration: The vibration generated by the system having no damping
element is known as un damped vibration.
 Free response: The motion due to initial condition is generally known as free response.
 Forced response: When the motion is due to applied forces is known as forced response.
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II SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
2.1 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
The simplest vibratory system can be described by a single mass connected to a spring (and
possibly a dashpot). The mass is allowed to travel only along the spring elongation direction.
Such systems are called Single Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) systems and are shown in the
following figure,
Fig 2.1 Single degree of freedom with damper
2.2 EQUATION OF MOTION
SDOF vibration can be analyzed by Newton's second law of motion, F = m*a. The analysis can
be easily visualized with the aid of a free body diagram,
Fig 2.2 Free body Diagram
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The resulting equation of motion is a second order, non-homogeneous, ordinary differential

equation:
with the initial conditions,
The solution to the general SDOF equation of motion is shown in the damped SDOF discussion.
Free vibration (no external force) of a single degree-of-freedom system with viscous damping
can be illustrated as,
Fig 2.3 Free Vibration
Damping that produces a damping force proportional to the mass's velocity is commonly referred
to as "viscous damping", and is denoted graphically by a dashpot.
For an unforced damped SDOF system, the general equation of motion becomes,
with the initial conditions,
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This equation of motion is a second order, homogeneous, ordinary differential equation (ODE).
If all parameters (mass, spring stiffness and viscous damping) are constants, the ODE becomes a
linear ODE with constant coefficients and can be solved by the Characteristic Equation method.
The characteristic equation for this problem is,
which determines the 2 independent roots for the damped vibration problem? The roots to the
characteristic equation fall into one of the following 3 cases:
1.
If < 0, the system is termed underdamped. The roots of the characteristic
equation are complex conjugates, corresponding to oscillatory motion with an
exponential decay in amplitude.
2.
If = 0, the system is termed critically-damped. The roots of the characteristic
equation are repeated, corresponding to simple decaying motion with at most one
overshoot of the system's resting position.
3.
If > 0, the system is termed overdamped. The roots of the characteristic
equation are purely real and distinct, corresponding to simple exponentially decaying
motion.
To simplify the solutions coming up, we define the critical damping cc, the damping ratio , and
the damped vibration frequency d as,
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where the natural frequency of the system n is given by,
Note that d will equal n when the damping of the system is zero (i.e. undamped). The time
solutions for the free SDOF system are presented below for each of the three case scenarios.
Underdamped Systems
When < 0 (equivalent to < 1 or < ), the characteristic equation has a pair of
complex conjugate roots. The displacement solution for this kind of system is,
An alternate but equivalent solution is given by,
The displacement plot of an underdamped system would appear as,
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Fig 2.4 Time Period Acceleration
Note that the displacement amplitude decays exponentially (i.e. the natural logarithm of the
amplitude ratio for any two displacements separated in time by a constant ratio is a constant;
long-winded!),
Where is the period of the damped vibration?
Critically-Damped Systems
When = 0 (equivalent to = 1 or = ), the characteristic equation has repeated

real roots. The displacement solution for this kind of system is,
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The critical damping factor cc can be interpreted as the minimum damping those results in non-
periodic motion (i.e. simple decay).
The displacement plot of a critically-damped system with positive initial displacement and
velocity would appear as,
Fig 2.5 Time Period acceleration of critically damped system
The displacement decays to a negligible level after one natural period, Tn. Note that if the initial
velocity v0 is negative while the initial displacement x0 is positive, there will exist one overshoot
of the resting position in the displacement plot.
Overdamped Systems
When > 0 (equivalent to > 1 or > ), the characteristic equation has two distinct
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real roots. The displacement solution for this kind of system is,
The displacement plot of an overdamped system would appear as,
Fig 2.6 Displacement plot for Overdamped system
The motion of an overdamped system is non-periodic, regardless of the initial conditions. The
larger the damping, the longer the time to decay from an initial disturbance.
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If the system is heavily damped, , the displacement solution takes the approximate form,
2.3 COMPONENTS OF VIBRATION SYSTEM

Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time is called vibration or oscillation.
The swinging of a pendulum and the motion of a plucked string are typical examples of
vibration. The theory of vibration deals with the study of oscillatory motion of bodies and forces
associated with them.
Fig 2.7 Simple Pendulum

Elementary Parts of Vibrating system
• A means of storing potential energy (spring or elasticity)
• A means of storing kinetic energy (Mass or inertia)
• A means by which energy is gradually lost (damper)
The forces acting on the systems are
• Disturbing forces
• Restoring force
• Inertia force
• Damping force
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2.3.1Simple Harmonic Motion
In the diagram a simple harmonic oscillator, comprising a mass attached to one end of a spring,
is shown. The other end of the spring is connected to a rigid support such as a wall. If the system
is left at rest at the equilibrium position then there is no net force acting on the mass. However, if
the mass is displaced from the equilibrium position, a restoring elastic force which obeys
Hooke's law is exerted by the spring.
Mathematically, the restoring force F is given by
where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring (in SI units: N), k is the spring
constant (N·m−1), and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position (in m).
For any simple harmonic oscillator:
 When the system is displaced from its equilibrium position, a restoring force which
resembles Hooke's law tends to restore the system to equilibrium.
Once the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position, it experiences a net restoring force. As
a result, it accelerates and starts going back to the equilibrium position. When the mass moves
closer to the equilibrium position, the restoring force decreases. At the equilibrium position, the
net restoring force vanishes. However, at x = 0, the mass has momentum because of the impulse
that the restoring force has imparted. Therefore, the mass continues past the equilibrium position,
compressing the spring. A net restoring force then tends to slow it down, until its velocity
vanishes, whereby it will attempt to reach equilibrium position again.
As long as the system has no energy loss, the mass will continue to oscillate. Thus, simple
harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion.
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2.3.2 Dynamics of simple harmonic motion
For one-dimensional simple harmonic motion, the equation of motion, which is a second-order
linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients, could be obtained by means of
Newton's second law and Hooke's law.
where m is the inertial mass of the oscillating body, x is its displacement from the equilibrium (or
mean) position, and k is the spring constant.
Therefore,
Solving the differential equation above, a solution which is a sinusoidal function is obtained.
Where
In the solution, c1 and c2 are two constants determined by the initial conditions, and the origin is
set to be the equilibrium position.[A] Each of these constants carries a physical meaning of the
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motion: A is the amplitude (maximum displacement from the equilibrium position), ω = 2πf is
the angular frequency, and φ is the phase.[B]
Using the techniques of differential calculus, the velocity and acceleration as a function of time
can be found:
Acceleration can also be expressed as a function of displacement:
Then since ω = 2πf,
and since T = 1/f where T is the time period,
These equations demonstrate that the simple harmonic motion is isochronous (the period and
frequency are independent of the amplitude and the initial phase of the motion).
2.3.2 Energy of simple harmonic motion
The kinetic energy K of the system at time t is
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and the potential energy is
The total mechanical energy of the system therefore has the constant value
Derivation of Time Period through Energy Method Total Energy of SHM = constant
2.4 NATURAL FREQUENCY
The natural frequency of vibration is ω =√ (k/m) in radians per second

The time period is the time taken for one cycle is T = 2Π/ω
The frequency of vibration f = 1/ T = ω/2Π
2.5 VISCOUS DAMPING
When the system is made to vibrate in a surrounding viscous medium that is under the
control of highly viscous fluid, the damping is called viscous damping. This type of damping is
achieved by means of hydraulic dash pot
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Fig 2.7 Viscous Dampers
If such force is also proportional to the velocity, as for a simple mechanical viscous damper
(dashpot), the force may be related to the velocity by
where c is the damping coefficient, given in units of newton-seconds per meter.
2.5.1 Equation of motion for Viscous Damping
Fig 2.8 Forced Vibrations with Dampers
An ideal mass–spring–damper system with mass m, spring constant k and viscous damper of
damping coefficient c is subject to an oscillatory force
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and a damping force
The values can be in any consistent system of units; for example, in SI units, m in kilograms, k in
newton’s per meter, and c in newton-seconds per meter or kilograms per second.
Treating the mass as a free body and applying Newton's second law, the total force Ftot on the
body is
Where a is the acceleration of the mass and x is the displacement of the mass relative to a fixed
point of reference.
Since Ftot = Fs + Fd,
This differential equation may be rearranged into
The following parameters are then defined:
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The first parameter, ω0, is called the (undamped) natural frequency of the system. The second
parameter, ζ, is called the damping ratio. The natural frequency represents an angular frequency,
expressed in radians per second. The damping ratio is a dimensionless quantity.
The differential equation now becomes
Continuing, we can solve the equation by assuming a solution x such that:
Where the parameter γ (gamma) is, in general, a complex number.
Substituting this assumed solution back into the differential equation gives
which is the characteristic equation.
Solving the characteristic equation will give two roots, γ+ and γ−. The solution to the differential
equation is thus [1]
Where A and B is determined by the initial conditions of the system:
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2.6 RESPONSE TO UNDAMPED AND DAMPED FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION
2.6.1 Free Vibration of Un damped structures
We will examine the case when there is no damping on the SDOF system
Respectively, where i = _1. Using these roots and by using Euler’s equation we get the general
solution:
Where A and B are constants to be obtained from the initial conditions of the system
and so:
Where U0 and U0 are the initial displacement and velocity of the system respectively.
The natural frequency of the system is got from
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2.6.2 Free Vibration of damped Structures
Figure shows a single degree-of-freedom system with a viscous damper. The differential
equation of motion of mass m, corresponding to Equation for the undamped system, is
Fig 2.9 Free Vibration with Dampers
mx¨ + cx˙ + kx = 0
The form of the solution of this equation depends upon whether the damping coefficient is equal
to, greater than, or less than the critical damping coefficient Cc:
Cc = 2√km = 2mωn
The ratio ζ = c/cc is defined as the fraction of critical damping.
If the damping of the system is less than critical, ζ < 1; then the solution
When ζ 1, the solution
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2.8 PRINCIPLES OF ACCELEROMETER AND DISPLACEMENT METER
An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration. The proper acceleration

measured by an accelerometer is not necessarily the coordinate acceleration (rate of change of
velocity). For example, an accelerometer at rest of the surface of the earth will measure an
acceleration g= 9.81 m/s2 straight upwards, due to its weight. By contrast, accelerometers in free
fall or at rest in outer space will measure zero. Another term for the type of acceleration that
accelerometers can measure is g-force acceleration.
Accelerometers have multiple applications in industry and science. Highly sensitive

accelerometers are components of inertial navigation systems for aircraft and missiles.
Accelerometers are used to detect and monitor vibration in rotating machinery. Accelerometers
are used in tablet computers and digital cameras so that images on screens are always displayed
upright.
Single- and multi-axis models of accelerometer are available to detect magnitude and direction
of the proper acceleration (or g-force), as a vector quantity, and can be used to sense orientation
(because direction of weight changes), coordinate acceleration (so long as it produces g-force or
a change in g-force), vibration, shock, and falling in a resistive medium (a case where the proper
acceleration changes, since it starts at zero, then increases). Micro machined accelerometers are
increasingly present in portable electronic devices and video game controllers, to detect the
position of the device or provide for game input.
Pairs of accelerometers extended over a region of space can be used to detect differences
(gradients) in the proper accelerations of frames of references associated with those points. These
devices are called gravity gradiometers, as they measure gradients in the gravitational field. Such
pairs of accelerometers in theory may also be able to detect gravitational waves.
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Fig 2.10 Accelerometers
An accelerometer measures proper acceleration, which is the acceleration it experiences relative

to free-fall and is the acceleration felt by people and objects. Put another way, at any point in
space time the equivalence principle guarantees the existence of a local inertial frame, and an
accelerometer measures the acceleration relative to that frame.[1] Such accelerations are
popularly measured in terms of g-force.
An accelerometer at rest relative to the Earth's surface will indicate approximately 1 g upwards,
because any point on the Earth's surface is accelerating upwards relative to the local inertial
frame (the frame of a freely falling object near the surface). To obtain the acceleration due to
motion with respect to the Earth, this "gravity offset" must be subtracted and corrections for
effects caused by the Earth's rotation relative to the inertial frame.
[2]
The reason for the appearance of a gravitational offset is Einstein's equivalence principle,
which states that the effects of gravity on an object are indistinguishable from acceleration.
When held fixed in a gravitational field by, for example, applying a ground reaction force or an
equivalent upward thrust, the reference frame for an accelerometer (its own casing) accelerates
upwards with respect to a free-falling reference frame. The effects of this acceleration are
indistinguishable from any other acceleration experienced by the instrument, so that an
accelerometer cannot detect the difference between sitting in a rocket on the launch pad, and
being in the same rocket in deep space while it uses its engines to accelerate at 1 g. For similar
reasons, an accelerometer will read zero during any type of free fall. This includes use in a
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coasting spaceship in deep space far from any mass, a spaceship orbiting the Earth, an airplane in
a parabolic "zero-g" arc, or any free-fall in vacuum. Another example is free-fall at a sufficiently
high altitude that atmospheric effects can be neglected.
However this does not include a (non-free) fall in which air resistance produces drag forces that
reduce the acceleration, until constant terminal velocity is reached. At terminal velocity the
accelerometer will indicate 1 g acceleration upwards. For the same reason a skydiver, upon
reaching terminal velocity, does not feel as though he or she were in "free-fall", but rather
experiences a feeling similar to being supported (at 1 g) on a "bed" of up rushing air.
Acceleration is quantified in the SI unit metres per second per second (m/s2), in the kgs unit gal
(Gal), or popularly in terms of g-force (g).
For the practical purpose of finding the acceleration of objects with respect to the Earth, such as
for use in an inertial navigation system, knowledge of local gravity is required. This can be
[3]
obtained either by calibrating the device at rest, or from a known model of gravity at the
approximate current position.
2.9 TWO DEGREES OF FREEDOM- EQUATIONS OF MOTION AND EIGEN VALUE

PROBLEM
The system which requires two independent coordinates to describe the motion
completely is called as two degree of freedom system.
Fig 2.11 Free Vibration on TDOF
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UNDAMPED FREE AND FORCED VIBRATION OF TDOF
Fig 2.12 Free Vibration on TDOF
The equations of motions are
The spring forces are proportional to their extensions
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Substituting, rearranging
and rewriting into the matrix form
+ =
we finally get
where [M],[k]are mass and stiffness matrices respectively. These equations are linear and
homogeneous of the second order and their solutions can be assumed in the form
Substituting into the equations of motion and 'dividing out by the sine function' we get
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This is a set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations in C1 and C2, which have a nontrivial
solution only if the determinant of the coefficient vanishes, that is
= 0.
This is called the characteristic - or the - frequency equation of the system from which the values
of natural frequencies can be determined. Solving the frequency equation we get
(5.170)
= .
The natural frequencies, also called Eigen frequencies, can be found by Mat lab both analytically
and numerically.
Generally, the Eigen frequencies of a mechanical system with n degrees of freedom described by
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could be found assuming
Substituting the assumed vibrations into the equation of motion we get a so-called generalized
eigenvalue problem
that could be transformed into a standard eigenvalue problem
The particular integrals, describing the steady-state response of the system, could be assumed in
the form
Substituting into the equations of motion we get
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= .
The amplitudes are
2.11 FREE VIBRATION RESPONSE, FORCED VIBRATION RESPONSE TO

HARMONIC EXCITATION
Fig 2.13 Free Vibration on TDOF and its free body diagram
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The equations can be written in matrix form as:
Where [m], [c] and [k] are mass, damping and stiffness matrices, respectively and x (t) and F (t)
are called the displacement and force vectors, respectively which are given by:
It can be seen that the matrices [m], [c] and [k] are all 2x2 matrices whose elements are the
known masses, damping coefficient, and stiffness of the system, respectively.
Further, these matrices can be seen to be symmetric, so that:
Forced Vibration due to Harmonic excitation
Fig 2.14 Free body Diagram
The equation of motion is
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As soon as the harmonic force is applied there will be a transient response coupled with the
forced response. The transient part is the one which dies out after some time.
Steady state excitation frequency ω.
Hence neglecting the transient response, we have
Substituting this in the equation of motion we get A and B as
The response equation can also be written as
2.12 MODAL ANALYSIS
Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of structures under vibrational excitation.
Modal analysis is the field of measuring and analysing the dynamic response of structures and or
fluids when excited by an input. Examples would include measuring the vibration of a car's body
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when it is attached to an electromagnetic shaker, or the noise pattern in a room when excited by a
loudspeaker.
Modern day modal testing systems are composed of transducers (typically accelerometers and
load cells), or non-contact via a Laser vibrometer, an analog-to-digital converter frontend (to
digitize analog instrumentation signals) and a host PC (personal computer) to view the data and
analyze it.
Classically this was done with a SIMO (single-input, multiple-output) approach, that is, one
excitation point, and then the response is measured at many other points. In the past a hammer
survey, using a fixed accelerometer and a roving hammer as excitation, gave a MISO (multiple-
input, single-output) analysis, which is mathematically identical to SIMO, due to the principle of
reciprocity. In recent years MIMO (multi-input, multiple-output) has become more practical,
where partial coherence analysis identifies which part of the response comes from which
excitation source.
Typical excitation signals can be classed as impulse, broadband, swept sine, chirp, and possibly
others. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages.
The analysis of the signals typically relies on Fourier analysis. The resulting transfer function
will show one or more resonances, whose characteristic mass, frequency and damping can be
estimated from the measurements.
The animated display of the mode shape is very useful to NVH (noise, vibration, and harshness)
engineers.
The results can also be used to correlate with finite element analysis normal mode solutions.
The free vibration response of an MDOF system consists of coupled differential

equations with respect to mass, stiffness and damping. Solution of the coupled equations is a
complicated problem because it has dependent variables. To simply the response of system
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The coupled differential equations must be transformed to independent or uncoupled equations

which contain only one dependent variable. This process of uncoupling the coupled differential
equations is called decoupling of equation. Thus the modal superposition is used to uncouple the
coupled differential equations by means of transformation of coordinates which incorporates the
orthogonally principles of mode shapes.
Deflected shape Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
Fig 2.14 Mode shapes
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QUESTION BANK
2 Marks
1. Define Eigen values in dynamic problem

2. Define Mode shape?
3. Define Natural Frequencies?
4. Define resonant frequency?
5. Define Simple harmonic motion?
6. Explain about principal coordinates
7. Explain mode shape and its significance
8. Explain the significance of mode superposition technique
9. Free Vibration is an Eigen value problem-Justify
10. How is frequency affected in the free vibration of a shear frame?
11. State dynamic decoupling
12. State normal modes of vibration
13. What is Mode Superposition?
14. What is a shear frame?
15. What is impulsive force?
16. What is meant by orthogonally of normal modes?
17. What is model analysis?
18. What is rigid body mode?
19. What is the advantage of mode superposition method?
20. Why we have to go for matrix iteration method?
PART B (16 Marks)
1. Explain the orthogonality of normal modes and ortho normalization of eigenvectors

2. Find the free vibration response of a system with K1=30 K2=5, m1=10 m2=1.
3. Explain expansion theorem and its useful ness in extracting the response of MDOF system.
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4. Explain the procedure involved in mode superposition method.

5. Explain dynamics of Two degree of freedom system
6. Explain the vibration analysis of MDOF system
7. Find the steady-state response of a system with m1 and m2=m, k11=2k,k12=-k,k21=-k and
k22=2k.Mass m1 is subjected to cosine force of amplitude P10
8. For a 3DOF with m1=2000Kg, m2=2000Kg, m3=1500Kg and K1, K2 and K3=40000KN/m.
Find the response at the top floor.
9. In a MDOF system, the damping matrix is coupled. Explain the procedure adopted in
numerical integration method to uncouple the damping matrix.
10. Find the steady-state response of a system with m1 and m2=m, k11=2k,k12=-k,k21=-k and
k22=2k.Mass m1 is subjected to cosine force of amplitude P10
11. For a 3DOF with m1=2000Kg, m2=2000Kg, m3=1500Kg and K1,K2 and K3=40000KN/m.
Find the response at the top floor
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3.1 ELEMENT OF ENGINEERING SEISMOLOGY
Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves
through the Earth or through other planet-like bodies. The field also includes studies of
earthquake effects, such as tsunamis as well as diverse seismic sources such as volcanic,
tectonic, oceanic, atmospheric, and artificial processes (such as explosions). A related field
that uses geology to infer information regarding past earthquakes is pale seismology. A
recording of earth motion as a function of time is called a seismogram. A seismologist is a
scientist who does research in seismology.
3.1.1 Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden

release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismic or
seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced
over a period of time.
Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is
the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for
the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by
national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also
referred to as the Richter scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of
validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and
magnitude 7 and over potentially causes serious damage over larger areas, depending on their
depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9,
although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of
magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of October
2012), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is
measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to
structures it causes, all else being equal.[1]
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At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes

displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the
seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger
landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event —
whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are
caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is
called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the
hypocenter.
3.1.2 Plate Tectonics
The convective flows of Mantle material cause the Crust and some portion of the Mantle, to
slide on the hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earth’s mass takes place in pieces called
Tectonic Plates. The surface of the Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many
smaller ones. These plates move in different directions and at different speeds from those of
the neighboring ones. Sometimes, the plate in the front is slower; then, the plate behind it
comes and collides (and mountains are formed). On the other hand, sometimes two plates
move away from one another (and rifts are created). In another case, two plates move side-
by-side, along the same direction or in opposite directions. These three types of inter-plate
interactions are the convergent, divergent and transform boundaries , respectively. The
convergent boundary has a peculiarity (like at the Himalayas) that sometimes neither of the
colliding plates wants to sink. The relative movement of these plate boundaries varies across
the Earth; on an average, it is of the order of a couple to tens of centimeters per year.
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Fig 1.1 Types of inter plate boundaries
3.2 INDIAN SEISMICITY

3.2.1 Importance of Seismic Design Codes
Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause forces and deformations in structures. Structures
need to be designed to withstand such forces and deformations. Seismic codes help to
improve the behaviour of structures so that they may withstand the earthquake effects without
significant loss of life and property. Countries around the world have procedures outlined in
seismic codes to help design engineers in the planning, designing, detailing and constructing
of structures. An earthquake-resistant building has four virtues in it, namely:
(a) Good Structural Configuration:
Its size, shape and structural system carrying loads are such that they ensure a direct and
smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.
(b) Lateral Strength:
The maximum lateral (horizontal) force that it can resist is such that the damage induced
in it does not result in collapse.
(c) Adequate Stiffness:
Its lateral load resisting system is such that the earthquake-induced deformations in
it do not damage its contents under low-to moderate shaking.
(d) Good Ductility:
Its capacity to undergo large deformations under severe earthquake shaking even after
yielding, is improved by favourable design and detailing strategies. Seismic codes cover
all these aspects.
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3.2.1 Indian Codes

Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or country. They take into account the local
seismology, accepted level of seismic risk, building typologies, and materials and methods
used in construction. Further, they are indicative of the level of progress a country has made
in the field of earthquake engineering.
The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS 1893, was published in 1962. Today, the
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has the following seismic codes:
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of
Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant Design and
Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Earthen
Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low
Strength Masonry Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic Forces
IS 13935, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Repair and Seismic Strengthening of
Buildings
The regulations in these standards do not ensure that structures suffer no damage during
earthquake of all magnitudes. But, to the extent possible, they ensure that structures are able
to respond to earthquake shakings of moderate intensities without structural damage and of
heavy intensities without total collapse.
IS 1893
IS 1893 is the main code that provides the seismic zone map and specifies seismic design
force. This force depends on the mass and seismic coefficient of the structure; the latter in
turn depends on properties like seismic zone in which structure lies, importance of the
structure, its stiffness, the soil on which it rests, and its ductility. For example, a building in
Bhuj will have 2.25 times the seismic design force of an identical building in Bombay.
Similarly, the seismic coefficient for a single-storey building may have 2.5 times that of a 15-
storey building.
Ind
ia
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In India, reinforced concrete structures are designed and detailed as per the Indian Code IS 456
(2002). However, structures located in high seismic regions require ductile design and
detailing. Provisions for the ductile detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete frame and shear
wall structures are specified in IS 13920 (1993). After the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, this code
has been made mandatory for all structures in zones III, IV and V. Similar provisions for seismic
design and ductile detailing of steel structures are not yet available in the Indian codes.
3.3 FAULTS AND SEISMIC WAVES
Most earthquakes in the world occur along the boundaries of the tectonic plates as described
above and are called Inter-plate Earthquakes (e.g., 1897 Assam (India) earthquake). A
number of earthquakes also occur within the plate itself but away from the plate boundaries
(e.g., 1993 Latur (India) earthquake); these are called Intra-plate Earthquakes. Here, a
tectonic plate breaks in between. In both types of earthquakes, the slip generated at the fault
during earthquakes is along both vertical and horizontal directions (called Dip Slip) and
lateral directions (called Strike Slip) with one of them dominating sometimes.
Fig 1.3 Types of faults

3.3.1 Seismic Waves
Large strain energy released during an earthquake travels as seismic waves in all directions
through the Earth’s layers, reflecting and refracting at each interface. These waves are of two
types - body waves and surface waves; the latter are restricted to near the Earth’s surface.
Body waves consist of Primary Waves (P-waves) and Secondary Waves (Swaves), and
surface waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh waves. Under P-waves, material particles
undergo extensional and compressional strains along direction of energy transmission, but
under S-waves, oscillate at right angles to it. Love waves cause surface motions similar to
that by S-waves, but with no vertical component. Rayleigh wave makes a material particle
oscillate in an elliptic path in the vertical plane (with horizontal motion along direction of
energytransmission).
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Fig 1.4 Surface Waves

P-waves are fastest, followed in sequence by S-, Love and Rayleigh waves. For
example, in granites, P and S-waves have speeds ~4.8 km/sec and ~3.0km/sec, respectively.
S-waves do not travel through liquids. S-waves in association with effects of Love waves
cause maximum damage to structures by their racking motion on the surface in both vertical
and horizontal directions. When P- and S-waves reach the Earth's surface, most of their
energy is reflected
back. Some of this energy is returned back to the surface by reflections at different layers of
soil and rock. Shaking is more severe (about twice as much) at the Earth's surface than at
substantial depths. This is often the basis for designing structures buried underground for
smaller levels of acceleration than those above the ground.
Fig 1.5 Types of waves

3.4 EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY AND MAGNITUDE
3.4.1 Intensity
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual shaking at a location during an earthquake, and
is assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are many intensity scales. Two commonly
used ones are the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale and the MSK Scale. Both scales
are quite similar and range from I (least perceptive) to XII (most severe). The intensity scales
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are based on three features of shaking – perception by people and animals, performance of
buildings, and changes to natural surroundings. The distribution of intensity at different
places during an earthquake is shown graphically using isoseismics, lines joining places with
equal seismic intensity.
Fig 1.6 Intensity of Earthquake

3.4.2 Magnitude
Magnitude is a quantitative measure of the actual size of the earthquake. Professor
Charles Richter noticed that (a) at the same distance, seismograms (records of earthquake
ground vibration) of larger earthquakes have bigger wave amplitude than those of smaller
earthquakes; and (b) for a given earthquake, seismograms at farther distances have smaller
wave amplitude than those at close distances. These prompted him to propose the now
commonly used magnitude scale, the Richter scale. It is obtained from the seismograms and
accounts for the dependence of waveform amplitude on epicentral distance. This scale is also
called Local Magnitude scale. There are other magnitude scales, like the Body Wave
Magnitude, Surface Wave Magnitude and Wave Energy Magnitude. These numerical
magnitude scales have no upper and lower limits; the magnitude of a very small earthquake
Can be zero or even negative. An increase in magnitude (M) by 1.0 implies 10 times higher
waveform amplitude and about 31 time’s higher energy released. For instance, energy
released
in a M7.7 earthquake is about 31 times that released in a M6.7 earthquake, and is about 1000
(≈31×31) times that released in a M5.7 earthquake. Most of the energy only a small fraction
of it (fortunately) goes into the seismic waves that travel to large distances causing shaking of
the ground en-route and hence damage to structures. (Did you know? The energy released by
a M6.3 earthquake is equivalent to that released by the 1945 Atom Bomb dropped on
Hiroshima!!) Earthquakes are often classified into different groups based on their size.
Annual average number of earthquakes across the Earth in each of these groups is also shown
in the table; it indicates that on an average one Great Earthquake occurs each year.
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Table 1.1 Magnitude of Earthquake
3.5 EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION

Shaking of ground on the Earth’s surface is a net consequence of motions caused by
seismic waves generated by energy release at each material point within the three-
dimensional volume that ruptures at the fault. These waves arrive at various instants of time,
have different amplitudes and carry different levels of energy. Thus, the motion at any site on
Ground is random in nature with its amplitude and direction varying randomly with time.
Large earthquakes at great distances can produce weak motions that may not damage
structures or even be felt by humans. But, sensitive instruments can record these. This makes
it possible to locate distant earthquakes. However, from engineering viewpoint, strong
motions that can possibly damage structures are of interest. This can happen with earthquakes
in the vicinity or even with large earthquakes at reasonable medium to large distances.
Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions
The motion of the ground can be described in terms of displacement, velocity or
acceleration. The variation of ground acceleration with time recorded at a point on ground
during an earthquake is called an accelerogram. The nature of accelerogram may vary
depending on energy released at source, type of slip at fault rupture, geology along the travel
path from fault rupture to the Earth’s surface, and local soil. They carry distinct information
regarding ground shaking; peak amplitude, duration of strong shaking, frequency content
(e.g., amplitude of shaking associated with each frequency) and energy content (i.e., energy
carried by ground shaking at each frequency) are often used to distinguish them.
Peak amplitude (peak ground acceleration, PGA) is physically intuitive. For instance,
a horizontal PGA value of 0.6g (= 0.6 times the acceleration due to gravity) suggests that the
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movement of the ground can cause a maximum horizontal force on a rigid structure equal to
60% of its weight. In a rigid structure, all points in it move with the ground by the same
amount, and hence experience the same maximum acceleration of PGA. Horizontal PGA
values greater than 1.0g were recorded during the 1994 Northridge Earthquake in USA.
Usually, strong ground motions carry significant energy associated with shaking of
frequencies in the range 0.03-30Hz (i.e., cycles per sec).
Fig 1.7 Peak Ground Acceleration

3.5.1 Measuring Instrument
The instrument that measures earthquake shaking, a seismograph, has three
components – the sensor, the recorder and the timer. The principle on which it works is
simple and is explicitly reflected in the early seismograph– a pen attached at the tip of an
oscillating simple pendulum (a mass hung by a string from a support) marks on a chart paper
that is held on a drum rotating at a constant speed. A magnet around the string provides
required damping to control the amplitude of oscillations. The pendulum mass, string, magnet
and support together constitute the sensor; the drum, pen and chart paper constitutes the
recorder; and the motor that rotates the drum at constant speed forms the timer.
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Fig 1.8 Seismographs

One such instrument is required in each of the two orthogonal horizontal directions.
Of course, for measuring vertical oscillations, the string pendulum is replaced with a spring
pendulum oscillating about a fulcrum. Some instruments do not have a timer device (i.e., the
drum holding the chart paper does not rotate). Such instruments provide only the maximum
extent (or scope) of motion during the earthquake; for this reason they are called seism
scopes. The analog instruments have evolved over time, but today, digital instruments using
modern computer technology are more commonly used. The digital instrument records the
ground motion on the memory of the microprocessor that is in-built in the instrument.
3.6 BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURES IN THE PAST EARTHQUAKES

3.6.1 The Indian subcontinent
The Himalayan frontal arc is one of the seismically active regions of the world. The
peninsular shield of India has generated some remarkable earthquakes. The Latur earthquake
in the heart of the Indian shield is considered as a typical SCR earthquake. The largest
earthquake induced by an artificial reservoir occurred at Koyna, Maharashtra. The 1819 Runn
of Kutch earthquake (M ~ 8.0) is one of the largest interpolate events that produced a surface
scarp about 100 km long.
3.6.2 Seismicity of the Himalaya

The Himalayan mountain range is the dramatic outcome of the collision of Indian and
Eurasian plates, some 40 million years ago. The Indian plate is still penetrating deeper at an
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estimated rate of about 5 cm/year. The Himalayan collision zone has been marked by intense
seismic activity. Four great earthquakes (1897 Assam, 1905 Kangra; 1934 Bihar-Nepal and
1950 Assam) occurred here in a short span of 53 years.
The frequent moderate earthquakes and the infrequent great earthquakes suggest that episodic
slippage is continuing.
These ongoing processes also imply that future great earthquakes can be expected in
the enraptured parts of the Himalayan front. Major uncertainties remain regarding the
recurrence interval of great earthquakes. The Latur (Killari), Maharashtra, earthquake of
September 30, 1993 is the most devastating SCR earthquake in the world.Its epicentre was
located in a region considered to be aseismic this earthquake occurred in the typical rural
setting of India. The severity of the destruction was compounded by the nature of village
settlements. While most of the engineered structures survived the earthquake, the non-
engineered ones were totally damaged.
Over 10,000 lives were lost in this earthquake and several villages were destroyed.
With a magnitude 6.3 and focal depth less than 10 km, this earthquake is similar to other
moderate events in the Australian and Canadian shields.
It is suggested that the repeat time of moderate SCR earthquakes are of the order of
hundreds of thousands of years. The recurrence interval at Latur may also be of the same
order, and the recorded human history may not document any previous earthquakes. Thus, we
have very little information about the earthquake history of such regions and the earthquakes
occur as a total surprise.
This event led to several studies, giving a new perspective to seismic hazard
assessment in the peninsular India. It also led to strengthening of the seismic network,
upgrading several existing facilities
3.6.3 Uttarkashi earthquake
The 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake (M 6.5) which occurred in the Tehri region in Gharwal
Himalaya shook the north-central India. This earthquake, a moderate one, attracted a lot of
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attention due to its proximity to the high Tehri dam. This is among the recent earthquakes
that have been instrumentally recorded and studied. This event killed many people and
damaged completely or partially about 48,000 houses. Geologists believe that this earthquake
occurred because of a slippage along the Main Central Thrust (MCT), a major tectonic
boundary, which also divides lesser Himalayan terrain in the south from the snow
clad mountains in the north.
3.6.4 Induced seismicity at Koyna
Seismicity associated with the Shivaji Sagar Lake formed by the Koyna dam is considered to
be a classic example of earthquake activity triggered by reservoirs. Over hundred cases of
reservoir induced seismicity have been reported from all over the world. Koyna is among the
four cases that have generated earthquakes of magnitude >6.0. An earthquake of magnitude
6.3 (1967) and many of magnitude >5.0, have occurred at Koyna.
Seismicity at Koyna shows remarkable correlations with the filling cycles in the reservoir. It
is believed that the pore pressure changes induced by the reservoir reduce the strength of the
rocks leading to failure along a major fault zone in the vicinity of the dam.
3.6.5 Jabalpur earthquake
An earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred on May 22,1997 in the Jabalpur area, Madhya
Pradesh The first major earthquake in peninsular India to be recorded by the newly installed
broadband digital stations in the shield region This earthquake which caused widespread
devastation in and around Jabalpur left 48 people dead and many injured and homeless.
The earthquake generated a great deal of data that helped to understand the response of
various types of structures, offering valuable guidelines in the design and construction of
earthquake resistant structures. The spatial association of the Jabalpur earthquake with the
Narmada-Son lineament has triggered a lot of interest from the seismic tectonic point of
view.
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1. Compare intensity and magnitude of an earthquake

2. Define accelerogram
3. Define epi-centre
4. Define Hypocentre and epicentral distance
5. Define Island Arc
6. Define Isoseismal line
7. Define seismogram
8. Define Seismology
9. Define soil amplification
10. Define sub-duction zone and rift zone
11. Define transitional ground motion
12. Difference between focus and epicenter
13. Differentiate magnitude and intensity of earthquake
14. Distinguish between compressional waves and shear waves.
15. Draw a neat sketch of a seismogram and name the parts
16. Explain briefly the recent earthquake at japan
17. Explain Continental drift Theory
18. Explain elastic rebound theory
19. Explain seismogram
20. Explain seismograph
21. Explain Spectral Acceleration
22. Explain tectonic plate theory
23. Explain the nature of secondary waves
24. List the type of waves
25. What are the respective scales to represent the magnitude and intensity of earthquake
16 Marks
1. Explain briefly the recent earthquake at japan

2. Explain Seismic Zoning of India
3. What are the factors affecting ground motion
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4. Explain the soil structure interaction effects

5. "The taller the building, the less will be the lateral forces to earthquake". Can
you substantiate this statement from the codal provisions?
6. Describe in detail elastic rebound theory
7. Explain the working of Seismograph and seismogram
8. Comment on some disastrous earthquake that occurred in India
9. Explain briefly about the design of earthquake resistant structures, and explain
how you will estimate the seismic loading.
10. Describe in detail tectonic plate theory
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4.2 Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree freedom systems having
certain period and damping, during earthquake ground motion. The maximum response is plotted
against the undamped natural period and for various damping values, and can be expressed in
terms of maximum absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or maximum relative
displacement.
4.3 Response History Analysis
It is an analysis of the dynamic response of the structure at each increment of time, when its base
is subjected to a specific ground motion time history. The response of a structure to ground
vibrations is a faction of the nature of foundation soil; materials, form, size and mode of
construction of structures; and the duration and characteristics of ground motion.
This standard specifies design forces for structures standing on rocks or soils which do not settle
liquefy or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations.
Free Vibration Analysis
Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire building shall be performed as per the
established methods of mechanics using the appropriate masses and elastic stiffness of the
structural system, to obtain natural periods (T) and mode shapes (ϕ) of those of its modes of
vibration that need to be considered.
Mode to be considered
The number of modes to be used in the analysis should be such that the sum of total of
modal masses of all modes considered is at least 90 percent of the total seismic mass and missing
mass correction beyond 33 percent. If the modes with the natural frequency beyond 33 Hz are to
be considered, modal combination shall be carried out only for modes up to 33 Hz. The effect of
higher modes shall be included by considering missing mass correction following well
established procedures.
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4.4 IS code provision for the determination of lateral loads

Buildings with regular or nominally irregular plan configurations may be modeled as a system of
masses lumped at the floor levels with each mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral
displacement in the direction under consideration. In such cases, the following expressions shall
hold in the computation of the various quantities.
4.4.1 Modal Mass: The modal mass Mk of mode k is given by
Where
g = acceleration due to gravity
ϕik = Mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k, and
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i
4.4.2 Modal Participation Factors
Design lateral force at each floor in each mode

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Ak = design horizontal acceleration spectrum value
4.5 Modal Analysis
The free vibration response of an MDOF system consists of coupled differential

equations with respect to mass, stiffness and damping. Solution of the coupled equations is a
complicated problem because it has dependent variables. To simply the response of system
The coupled differential equations must be transformed to independent or uncoupled equations
which contain only one dependent variable. This process of uncoupling the coupled differential
equations is called decoupling of equation. Thus the modal superposition is used to uncouple the
coupled differential equations by means of transformation of coordinates which incorporates the
orthogonally principles of mode shapes.
Fig 4.3 Deflected shape Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3
4.6 Soil Liquefaction
Liquefaction is one of the most important and complex problem in earthquake

engineering. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced
by earthquake shaking and other rapid loading.
4.6.1 Types of Liquefaction
 Flow Liquefaction
 Cyclic Mobility
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Flow Liquefaction: Flow Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the static equilibrium is

destroyed by static and dynamic loads in a soil deposits with low residual strength. Residual
strength is the strength of a liquefied soil. It occurs with static shear stresses in the soil exceed
the shear strength of the liquefied soil. This will cause large deformations in the soil.
Cyclic mobility is a liquefaction phenomenon, triggered by cyclic loading, occurring in soil

deposits with static shear stresses lower than the soil strength. Deformations due to cyclic
mobility develop incrementally because of static and dynamic stresses that exist during an earth
quake. Lateral spreading, a common result of cyclic mobility, can occur on gentle sloping and on
flat ground close to rivers and lakes.
4.6.2 Effects of Liquefaction
Typical effects in liquefaction includes
1. Loss of bearing strength

2. Lateral spreading
3. Sand boils
4. Flow failures
5. Ground osculation
6. Flotation
7. Settlement
4.6.3 Methods to reduce Liquefactions
1. Avoid liquefaction – susceptible soils

2. Build liquefaction – resistant structures
3. Shallow foundation aspects
4. Deep foundation aspects
5. Improve the soil
6. Drainage techniques
7. Verification improvements
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4.6.3 Factors Controlling Liquefaction
1. Site condition: The site that is close to the epicenter of fault rupture of a major earth
quake. A site that has a ground water table close to ground surface.
2. Soil type most susceptible to liquefaction for given site conditions: Sand that has a
uniform gradation and rounded particles, very loose density state, recently deposited with
no cementation between soil grains, and no prior preloading or seismic shaking.
4.7 Soil Structure interaction effects
The soil-structure interaction refers to the effects of the supporting foundation medium on
the motion of structure. The soil-structure interaction may not be considered in the seismic
analysis for structures supported on rock or rock-like material.
Under horizontal shaking of the ground, horizontal inertia forces are generated at level of the
Mass of the structure (usually situated at the floor levels). These lateral inertia forces are
transferred by the floor slab to the walls or columns, to the foundations, and finally to the soil
system underneath. So, each of these structural elements (floor slabs, walls, columns, and
foundations) and the connections between them must be designed to safely transfer these inertia
forces through them.
Fig 4.4 Soil Structure Interaction

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squares.
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PART-A
1. Explain ‘strong column weak –beam’ design method
2. Define design response spectra
3. Define ductility
4. Define floor response spectra
5. Define liquefaction of soil
6. Define liquefaction of soils
7. Define peak ground acceleration.
8. Define response spectra
9. Differentiate between isolation mode and structural mode of base isolation system.
10. Explain how the building configuration should be planned to minimize torsion and
stress concentration due to seismic forces
11. Explain the ‘strong-column weak beam’ design method
12. How to reduce the earthquake effects on buildings
13. Importance of ductility - Explain
14. Significance of site specific response spectra
15. What is meant by floating column?
16. What is the significance of response spectrum? List out the types.
17. List the requirements and analysis for soil susceptible to liquefaction.
18. Describe briefly design spectra.
16 Marks
1. Describe the effects of liquefaction of soil and methods used to improve the soil
2. Explain in detail the mitigating effects of earthquake on structural elements
3. Explain the importance of ductility in earthquake resistant design of RC buildings.
4. Explain with an example where you require site specific response spectrum
5. List and discuss on the soil properties that lead to liquefaction
6. What are the factors affecting ductility?
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7. Discuss the dynamic properties needed in the analysis and design of a

structure subjected to seismic loads.
8. A four storied single bay building frame is of reinforced concrete situated in Zone
IV
.the height between floors is 3m.Total height of the building is 12m.The dead load
and live loads are lumped at the respective floor levels. The soil below the
foundation is hard rock. It is a hospital building. Determine the total base shear
and the
equivalent lateral loads at the various floor levels, using the empirical method of IS
1893(Part –I). Stiffness of each column in I, II, III, IV floors is 500kN/m, 400kN/m,
300kN/m, 300kN/m respectively. The seismic weight of I, II, III,IV floors are
80kN,80kN,40kN,40kN respectively
9. Describe in detail the various methods adopted to avoid liquefaction in cohesion
less soil Explain brief the concept of response spectrum with sketches.
10. Explain in detail the construction of response spectra
11. How will you construct response system for a given ground motion.
12. Explain the concept of response spectrum.
13. Give the importance of ductility in RC structures and various methods of
introducing ductility in RC structures
14. What are the irregularities to be avoided during the design of building for
earthquake resistant and narrate the importance of ductility in earthquake?
15. Write a note on the different methods of introducing ductility into RC structures?
16. Write briefly the earthquake damage on geotechnical aspects.
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इंटरनेट मानक
Disclosure to Promote the Right To Information

Whereas the Parliament of India has set out to provide a practical regime of right to
information for citizens to secure access to information under the control of public authorities,
in order to promote transparency and accountability in the working of every public authority,
and whereas the attached publication of the Bureau of Indian Standards is of particular interest
to the public, particularly disadvantaged communities and those engaged in the pursuit of
education and knowledge, the attached public safety standard is made available to promote the
timely dissemination of this information in an accurate manner to the public.
“जान1 का अ+धकार, जी1 का अ+धकार” “प0रा1 को छोड न' 5 तरफ”

Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan Jawaharlal Nehru
“The Right to Information, The Right to Live” “Step Out From the Old to the New”
IS 13920 (1993): Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete

structures subjected to seismic forces - Code of practice
[CED 39: Earthquake Engineering]
“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”
“!ान एक ऐसा खजाना > जो कभी च0राया नहB जा सकता ह”

है”
ह
Bhartṛhari—Nītiśatakam
“Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen”
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IS 13920 : 1993
(Reaffirmed 2003)
Indian Standard
DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO
SEISMIC FORCES -CODE OF PRACTICE
(Third Reprint NOVEMBER 1996)
UDC 69*059*25 ( 026 ) : 624-042-7
@J BIS 1993
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO
NEW DELHJ llOOO2 .
November 1993 Price Group 7

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Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
IS 4326 : 1976 Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings’
while covering certain special features for the design and construction of earthquake resistant
buildings included some details for achieving ductility in reinforced concrete buildings. With a
view to keep abreast of the rapid developments and extensive research that has been carried out
in the field of earthquake resistant design of reinforced concrete structures, the technical
committee decided to cover provisions for the earthquake resistant design and detailing of
reinforced concrete structures separately.
This code incorporates a number of important provisions hitherto not covered in IS 4326 : 1976.
The major thrust in the formulation of this standard is one of the following lines:
a) As a result of the experience gained from the performance, in recent earthquakes, of
reinforced concrete structures that were designed and detailed as per IS 4326 : 1976, many
deficiencies thus identified have been corrected in this code.
h) Provisions on detailing of beams and columns have been revised with an aim of providing
them with adequate toughness and ductility so as to make them capable of undergoing
extensive inelastic deformations and dissipating seismic energy in a stable manner.
c) Specifications on a seismic design and detailing of reinforced concrete shear walls have been
included.
The other significant changes incorporated in this code are as follows:
a) Material specifications are indicated for lateral force resisting elements of frames.
b) Geometric constraints are imposed on the cross section for tlexural members. Provisions
on minimum and maximum reinforcement have been revised. The requirements for
detailing of longitudinal reinforcement in beams at joint faces, splices, and anchorage
requirements are made more explicit. Provision are also included for calculation of design
shear force and for detailing of transverse reinforcement in beams.
c) For members subjected to axial load and flexure, the dimensional constraints have been
imposed on the cross section. Provisions are included for detailing of lap splices and for
the calculation of design shear force. A comprehensive set of requirements is included on
the provision of special confining reinforcement in those regions of a column that are.
expected to undergo cyclic inelastic deformations during a severe earthquake.
d) Provisions have been included for estimating the shear strength and flexural strength of
shear wall sections. Provisions are also given for detailing of reinforcement in the wall
web, boundary elements, coupling beams, around openings, at construction joints, and for
the development, splicing and anchorage of reinforcement.
Whilst the common methods of design and construction have been covered in this code, special
systems of design and construction of any plain or reinforced concrete structure not covered by
this code may be permitted on production of satisfactory evidence regarding their adequacy for
seismic performance by analysis or tests or both.
The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this s’tandard has taken into consi-
deration the view of manufacturers, users, engineers, architects, builders and technologists and
has related the standard to the practices followed in the country in this field. Due weightage has
also been given to the need for international co-ordination among standards prevailing in
different seismic regions of the world.
In the formulation of this standard, assistance has been derived from the following publications:
i) AC1 318-89/318R-89, Building code requirements for reinforced concrete and
commentary, published by American Concrete Institute.
ii) ATC-11. Seismic resistance of reinforced concrete shear walls and frame joints :
Implications of recent research for design engineers, published by Applied
Technology Council, USA.
iii) CAN3-A23. 3-M84, 1984, Design of concrete structures for buildings, Canadian
Standards Association. .
iv) SEADC, 1980, Recommended lateral force requirements and commentary, published by
Structural Engineers Association of California, USA
The composition of the technical committees responsible for formulating this standard is given
in Annex A.
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IS 13920 : 1993
Indian Standard
DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO
SEISMICFORCES -CODEOFPRACTICE
1 SCOPE 3 TERMINOLOGY
1.1 This standard covers the requirements for 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the
designing and detailing of monolithic reinfor- following definitions shall apply.
ced concrete buildings so as to give them ade-
quate toughness and ductility to resist severe 3.1 Boundary Elements
earthquake shocks without collapse. Portions along the edges of a shear wall that
1.1.1 Provisions of this code shall be adopted are strengthened by longitudinal and transverse
in all reinforced concrete structures which reinforcement. They tiay have the same thick-
satisfy one of the following four conditions. ness as that of the wall web.
3.2 Crosstie
a) The structure is located in seismic zone
IV or V; Is a continuous bar having a 135” hook with a
IO-diameter extension ( but not < 75 mm)
b) The structure is located in seismic zone at each end. The hooks shall engage peripheral
III and has the importance factor (I ) longitudinal bars.
greater than 1.0;
3.3 Curvature Ductility
cl The structure is located in seismic zone
III and is an industrial structure; and Is the ratio of’ curvature at the ultimate strength
of the section to the curvature at first yield of
4 The structure is located in seismic zone tension steel in the section.
III and is more than 5 storey high.
NOTE - The definition of seismic zone and impor- 3.4 Heap
tance factor are given in IS 1893 : 1984. Is a closed stirrup having a 135” hook with a
1.1.2 The provisions for reinforced concrete lo-diameter extension ( but not < 75 mm )
construction given herein apply specifically to at each end, that is embedded in the confined
monolithic reinforced concrete construction. core of the section. It may also be made of
Precast and/or prestressed concrete members two pieces of reinforcement; a U-stirrup with a
may be used only if they can provide the same 135” hook and a lo-diameter extension (but not
level of ductility as that of a monolithic rein- < 75 mm ) at each end, embedded in the
forced concrete construction during or after confined core and a crosstie.
an earthquake. 3.5 Lateral Force Resisting System
2 REFERENCES Is that part of the structural system which
2.1 The Indian Standards listed below are resists the forces induced by earthquake.
necessary adjunct to this standard: 3.6 Shear Wall
IS No. Title A wall that is primarily designed to resist lateral
456 : 1978 Code of practice for plain and forces in its own plane.
reinforced concrete ( third 3.7 Sbell Concrete
revision )
Concrete that is not confined by transverse
1786 : 1985 Specification for high strength .reinforcement, is also called concrete cover.
deformed steel bars and wires
for concrete reinforcement 3.8 Space Frame
( t&d revision )
A three dimensional structural system composed
1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake design of interconnected members, without shea’r or
of structures (fourth revision ) bearing walls, so as to function as a complete
1
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IS 13920 : 1993
self-contained unit with or without the aid of Mu - factored design moment on entire
horizontal diaphragms or floor bracing systems. wall section \
3.8.1 Vertical Load Carrying Space Frame MAh - hogging moment of resistance of
“9 llrn beam at end A
A space frame designed to carry all vertical
loads. MAs - sagging moment of resistance of
“9 lim beam at end A
3.8.2 nloment Resisting Space Frame hogging moment of resistance of
A vertical load carrying space frame in which MIh*lm - beam at end B
the members and joints are capable of resisting sagging moment of resistance of
MB” -
forces primarily by flexure. u, Ilm beam at end B
M”L - moment of resistance of beam
4 SYMBOLS
“9 IIrn framing into column from the left
For the purpose of this standard, the following bR - moment of resistance of beam
letter symbols shall have the meaning indicated M
u, Hul framing into column frcm the right
against each; where other symbols are used, they
are explained at the appropriate place. All MU” - flexural strength of wall web
dimensions are in mm, loads in Newton and P” - factored axial load
stresses in MPa ( N/sq mm ) unless otherwise s - pitch of spiral or spacing hoops
speciried.
sv - vertical spacing of horizontal rein-
43 - gross cross sectional area of column, forcement in web
wall
1, - thickness of wall web
Ah - horizontal reinforcement area within D+L - shear at end A of beam due to dead
spacing S, V
a and live loads with a partial factor
4
dk - area of concrete core of column of safety of 1.2 on loads
ASd - reinforcement along each diagonal
of coupling beam shear at end B of beam due to dead
‘,DcL - and live loads with a partial factor
A sh - area of cross section of bar forming of safety of 1.2 on loads
spiral or hoop
Vj - shear resistance at a joint
A st - area of uniformly distributed verti-
cal reinforcement Vu - factored shear force
A” - vertical reinforcement at a joint V”, - shear force to be resisted by rein-
CW, - centre to centre distance between forcement
boundary elements - depth of neutral axis from extreme
&I, X:
D - overail depth of beam compression fibre
a - inclination of diagonal reinforce-
Dk - diameter of column core measured
to the outside of spiral or hoop ment in coupling beam
d -_ eiffective depth of member P - vertical reinforcement ratio
dw - effective depth of wall section PC - compression reinforcement ratio in
- a beam
E9 elastic modulus of steel
Pmax - maximum tension reinforcement
fck - characteristic compressive strength ratio for a beam
of concrete cube
minimum tension reinforcement
fY - yield stress of steel Pmlo -
ratio for a beam
h - longer dimension of rectangular
742 - shear strength of concrete
confining hoop measured to its
outer face %nax -
maximum permissible shear stress
- storey height in section
- clear span of beam nominal shear stress
- length of member over which 5 GENERAL SPECIFICATION
special confining reinforcement is
.to be provided 5.1 The design and cczstruction of reinforced
concrete buildings sha.11be governed by the pro-
- horizontal length of wall visions of IS 456 : 1978, except as modified by
- clear span of coupling beam the provisions of this code.
2
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IS13920:1993
r
5.2 For all buildings which are more than 3 Ld +lOdb
storeys in height, the minimum grade of concrete
shall preferably be M20 ( fCk = 20 MPa ).
5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe 415 ( see
IS 1786 : 1985 ) or less only shall be used.
6 FLEXURAL MEMBERS
6.1 General
These requirements apply to frame members a
resisting earthquake induced forces and designed z
to resist flexure. These members shall satisfy ‘; I
the following requirements. ‘c:
6.1.1 The factored axial stress on the member -I L,, = DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
L
under earthquake loading shall not exceed IN TENSION
0.1 fck. db = BAR DIAMETER
--I-!-+-
6.1.2 The member shall preferably have a
width-to-depth ratio of more than 0.3.
FIG. 1 ANCHORAGE OF BEAM BARS IN AN
6.1.3 The width of the member shall not be less EXTERNAL JOINT
than 200 mm.
6.1.4 The depth D of the member shall prefer- 6.2.6 The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only
ably be not more than l/4 of the clear span. if hoops are provided over the entire splice
length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm (see
6.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Fig. 2 ). The lap length shall not be less than
the bar development length in tension. Lap
6.2.1 a) The top as well as bottom reinforce- splices shall not be provided (a) within a joint,
ment shall consist of at least two bars tb) within a distance of 2d from joint face, and
throughout the member length. (c) within a quarter lengh of the member where
b) The tension steel ratio on any face, at flexural yielding may generally occur under the
effect of earthquake forces. Not more than
-- not be less than 50 percent of the bars
any section, shall
shall be spliced at one
&in = 0.24 ,/fc&,; where fck andf, section.
are in MPa.
6.2.2 The maximum steel ratio on any face
at any section, shall not exceed pmax = 0.025.
6.2.3 The positive steel at a joint face must be

at least equal to half the negative steel at that
face.
6.2.4 The steel provided at each of the top and
bottom face of the member at anv section along
its length shall be at least equal to one-fourth of
the maximum negative moment steel provided
at the face of either joint. It may be clarified
that redistribution of moments permitted in
IS 456 :I978 ( clause 36.1 ) will be used only for t_d = DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
vertical load moments and not for lateral load IN TENSION
moments. db = BAR DIAMETER
6.2.5 In an external
joint, both the top and the
bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with FtG. 2 LAP, SPLICE IN BEAM
anchorage length, beyond the inner face of the
column, equal to the development length in 6.2.7 Use of welded splices and mechanical
tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus connect,ions may also be made, as per 25.2.5.2
the allowance for 90 degree bend(.s ). ( see of IS 456 : 1978. However, not more than half
Fig. 1 ). In an internal joint, both face bars the reinforcement shall be spliced at a section
of the beam shall be taken continuously through where flexural yielding may take place. The
the column. location of splices shall be governed by 62.6.
.
3
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IS 13920 : 1993
6.3 Web Reinforcement 6.3.2 The minimum diameter of the bar form-
ing a hoop shall be 6 mm. However, in beams
6.3.1 Web reinforcement shall consist of verti- with clear span exceeding 5 m, the minimum
cal hoops. A vertical hoop is a closed stirrup bar diameter shall be 8 mm.
having a 13.5” hook with a 10 diameter exten-
sion ( but not < 75 mm ) at each end that is 6.3.3 The shear force to be resisted by the ver-
embedded in the confined core ( see Fig. 3a ). tical hoops shall be the maximum of :
In compelling circumstances, it may also be
made up of two pieces of reinforcement; a
U-stirrup with a 135” hook and a 10 diameter a) calculated factored shear force as per
extension ( but not c 75 mm ) at each end, analysis, and
embedded in the confined core and a crosstie
( see Fig. 3b ). A crosstie is a bar having a b) shear force due to formation of plastic
135” hook with a 10 diameter extension ( but hinges at both ends of the beam plus the
not < 75 mm ) at each end. The hooks shall factored gravity load on the span. This
engage peripheral longitudinal bars. is given by ( see Fig. 4 ):
i) for sway to right:
1
V,, YC Vi+‘ e 1’4 M uAslim
_-._z- f M: hlim
_‘_--
C L
and Vu,b - VF’ ‘ + 1.41:

Mt,*ii, -I- *G,” ‘iim
LAB * 1, and
ii) for sway to left:

V“,(I = vD+L + 1.4 [ M$h,i;t M::ii, ]
B
and V,,b =VisL~ 1’4 M?,?i, + ME,‘ii,

,
c L *II I
whereMt,*li,, Mthfi, and M,BI:t,,,, Mfh,i, are the sagging and hogging moments of resistance
of the beam section at ends A and B,‘respectively. These are to be calculated as per IS 456 : 1978.
LAB is clear span of beam. Vt+L and VE*L are the shears at ends A and B, respectively, due to
ver’tical loads with a partial safety factor of 1.2 on loads. The design shear at end A shall be
the larger of the two values of Vu,r, computed above. Similarly, the design shear at end B shall
be the larger of the two values of Vu,b computed above.
I 1 ,
L HOOP U-STIRRUP -/
(aI I b)
Fib. 3 BEAMWEB RE~NFORCBMBNX
4
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1s 13920 : 1993
” WL= vi+L = 1.2 to+ L)

a 2
1
4 Bh
V = vi+L -1.4 Mu,lim +Mu,lim
AS
u,a
I CAB
Bh
D+L+, .4 Mu,Iim + MuJim
v
t
t u. b = ‘b,
V LAB I
u,a “u,b
tSWAYG,GtiT)
1
Ah Bs
Ah Rii D+L+l.4 Mu,tim + Mu,iim
M u,lim Mu, lim vu,a ‘Va
LAB
Ah Bs
t
vu.a
t vu,b = vb D+L_,.4
Mu, lim +Mu,lim
LAI3 I
Vu,b
.
(SWAY TD LEFT)
FIN. 4 CALCULATIONOF DESIGNSHEARFORCEFOR BEAM

7.1.2 The minimum dimension of the member
6.3.4 The contribution of bent up bars and shall not be less than 200 mm. However, in
inclined hoops to shear resistance of the section frames which have beams with centre to centre
shall not be considered. span exceeding 5 m or columns of unsupported
6.3.5 The spacing of hoops over a length of 2d length exceeding 4 m, the shortest dimension of
at either end of a beam shall not exceed ( a ) the column shall not be less than 300 mm.
d/4, and (b) 8 times the diameter of the smallest 7.1.3 The ratio of the shortest cross sectional
longitudinal bar; however, it need not be less dimension to the perpendicular dimension shall
than 100 mm ( see Fig. 5 ). The first hoop shall preferably not be less than 0.4.
be at a distance not exceeding’ 50 mm from the
joint face. Vertical hoops at the same spacing 7.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement
as above, shall also be provided over a length
equal to 2d on either side of a section where 7.2.1 Lap splices shall be provided only in the
flexural yielding may occur under the effect of central half of the member length. It should be
earthquake forces. Elsewhere, the beam shall proportioned as a tension splice. Hoops shall be
have vertical hoops at a spacing not exceeding provided over the entire splice length at spacing
d/2. not exceeding 150 mm centre to centre. Not
more than 50 percent of the bars shall be
7 COLUMNS AND FRAME MEMBERS SUB- spliced at one section.
JECTED TO BENDING AND AXIAL LOAD 7.2.2 Any area of a column that extends more
7.1 General
than 100 mm beyond the confined core due to
architectural requirements, shall be detailed in
7.1.1 These requirements apply to frame mem- the following manner. In case the contribution
bers which have a factored axial stress in of this area to strength has been considered,
excess of O-1 fck under the effect of earthquake then it will have the minimum longitudinal and
forces. transverse reinforcement as per this code,
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IS 13920: 1993
MIN ZBARS FOR FULL LENGTH

ALONG TOP AND BOTTOM FACE
AS 3 Q MIN. Bd
ASS QEtAx.Bd
II
1
HOOP SPACING ,
‘HOOP SPACING
s dl‘ AND 8db
B = BREADTH OF BEAM
db= DIAMETER OF LONGITUDINAL

BAR
FIG. 5 BEAM REINFORCEMENT
Rowever, if this area has been treated as non- 7.3.2 The parallel legs of rectangular hoops
structural, the minimum reinforcement require- shall be spaced not more than 300 mm centre
ments shall be governed by IS 456 : 1978 to centre. If the length of any side of the hoop
provisions minimum longitudinal and transverse exceeds 300 mm, a crosstie shall be provided
reinforcement, as per IS 456 : 1978 ( see Fig. 6 ). ( Fig. 7B ). Alternatively, a pair of overlapping
hoops may be provided within the columm ( see
MINIMUM LONGITUDINAL Fig. 7C ). The hooks shall engage peripheral
longitudinal bars.
K AND .TRANSVERSE STEEL
\\AS PER IS 456 ; 1978 7.3.3 The spacing of hoops shall not exceed
half the least lateral dimension of the column,
except where special confining reinforcement is
provided, as per 7.4.
7.3.4 The design shear force for columns shall
be the maximum of:
a) calculated factored shear force as per
analysis, and
b) a factored shear force given by
I- J
FIG. 6 REINFORCEMENTREQUIREMENTFOR
COLUMNWITH MORE THAN 100 mm
PROJECTIONBEYONDCOW where M,b‘,i, and M,bRlim are moment of
resistance, of opposite sign, of beams framing
into the column from opposite faces ( see
7.3 Transverse Reinforcement Fig. 8 ); and h,t is the storey height. The beam
moment capacity is to be calculated as per
7.3.1 Transverse reinforcement for circular
IS 456 : 1978.
columns shall consist of spiral or circular hoops.
In rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may 7.4 Special Confining Reinforcement
be used. A rectangular hoop is a closed stirrup,
having a 135” hook _with a 10 diamee;; extension This requirement shall be met with, unless a
( but not < 75 mm ) at each that IS larger amount of transverse reinforcement is
embedded in the confined core ( see iig 7A ). required from shear strength considerations.
.
6
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IS 13920: 1993
h,2309 mm
PROVIDE A CROSSTlE
il~4 300mim
h SHALL BE LARGER OF
h, AND B,
h SHALL BE LARGER OF tic AND Bc
7A SINGLE HOOP
7B 3fNGLE HOOP WITH‘ A
CROSSTIE
h,>JOOmm
10 d (375mm)
,rCROSSflE (EC s 306 m ml
h SHALL BE LARGER OF h), AND B,
7C OVERLAPPING HOOPS WITH A CRCSSTIE
FIG. 7 TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT
IN COLUMN
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IS 13920 : 1993
7.4.1 Special confining reinforcement shall be

provided over a length I, from each joint face,
towards midspan, and on either side of any
section, where flexural yielding may occur
under the effect of earthquake forces ( see
Fig. 9. ). The length (lo* shall not be less than
( a ) larger lateral dimension of the member at
the section where yielding occurs, ( b ) l/6 of
clear span of the member, and ( c ) 450 mm.
7.4.2 When a column terminates into a footing
or mat, special confining reinforcement shall
extend at least 300 mm into the footing or mat
( see Fig. 10 ).
7.4.3 When the calculated point of contra-

flexure, under the effect of gravity and earth-
quake loads, is not within the middle half of
the member clear height, special confining v,
reinforcement shall be provided over the full
height of the column.
7.4.4 Columns supporting reactions from dis-
continued stiff members, such as walls, shall
be provided with special confining reinforce- %t
ment over their full height ( see Fig. I1 ). This
reinforcement shall also be placed above the
discontinuity for at least the development
.
length of the largest longitudinal bar in the +I
column. Where the column is supported on a
wall, this reinforcement shall be provided over -vu
the full height of the column; it shall also be
provided below the discontinuity for the same hlbk
development length. vu : 1.4 u.lim ’ ‘ubRlim
,
7.4.5 Special confining reinforcement shall be ( hst 1

provided over the full height of a column which
has significant variation in stiffness along its FIG. 8 CALCULATION OF DESIGN SHEAR
height. This variation in stiffness may result FORCB POR tiLUMN
--I: - SPECIAL CONFINING REINFORCEMENT
AS PER 7-4.1
TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT
AS PER 7-3-3 I-
SPLICE_
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IS ,13920 : 1993
SHE AR WALL
DEVELOPMENT
LENGTH OF 1
L ONGI TUDINAL
BAR
FIG. 11 SPECIAL
CONFINING
RBINFORCHMENT
REQUIREMENT
FORCOLUMNS
UNDER
DISCONTINUED
WALLS
due to the presence of bracing, a mezzanine

floor or a R.C.C. wall on either side of the Ak = area of the concrete core =$ DI
column that extends only over a part of the
column height ( see Fig. 12 ). Example : Consider a column of diameter 300
mm. Let the grade of concrete be M20, and
7.4.6 The spacing of hoops used as special that of steel Fe 415, for longitudinal and
confining reinforcement shall not exceed l/4 of confining reinforcement. The spacing of circu-
minimum member dimension but need not be lar hoops, S, shall not exceed the smaller of
less than 75 mm nor more than 100 mm. ( a ) l/4 of minimum member dimension =
l/4 x 300 = 75 mm, and ( b ) 100 mm. There-
7.4.7 The area of cross section, Ash, of the bar
fore, S = 75 mm. Assuming 40 mm clear cover
forming circular hoops or spiral, to be used as
special confining reinforcement, shall not be to the longitudinal .reinforcement and circular
hoops of diameter 8 mm, DL = 300-2 x 40 +
less than
2 x 8 = 236 mm. Thus, the area of cross
section of the bar forming circular hoop works
Ash = 0.09 SD+[$- 1.0) out to be 47.28 mm*. This is less than the cross
where sectional area of 8 mm bar ( 50-27 mm* ). Thus.
circular hoops of diameter ‘8 mm at a’spacing
A gh = area of the bar cross section, of 75 mm centre to centre will be adequate.
S = pitch of spiral or spacing of hoops,
7.4.8 The area of cross section, Agh, of the bar
DB: - diameter of core measured to the f orming rectangular hoop, to be used as special
outside of the spiral or hoop, confining reinforcement shall not be less than
fCL = characteristic compressive strength
of concrete cube, A gh s 0.18 Sh jik Ag
~&?O]
fY = yield stress of steel ( of circular
hoop or spiral ), where
Ag = gross area of the column cross h = longer dimension of the rectangular
section, and confining hoop measured to its outer
.
10
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TS 13920 : l!J93
SPACE FOR UNSUPPORTED SHEAR

t- VENTILATORS LENGTH OF COLUMN \ FAIL’JRE
PANEL/R C WALL
(I), 2). (3) and (4) relatively stiff columns - They attract parge seismic shear force.
FIG. 12 COLUMNSWITH VARYINGSTIFFNESS

face. It shall not exceed 300 mm ( see either a pair of overlapping hoops or a single
Fig. 7 ), and hoop with crossties, in both directions, will have
to be provided. Thus, the dimension ‘h’.will
AB: = area .of confined concrete core in the b&FJarrr z:(i) 59012 = 295 mm, and (ii)
rectangular hoop measured to its out- . The spacmg of hoops, $,
side dimensions. shall not exceed the smaller of (a) l/4 of mini-
mum member dimensions = l/4 x 500 = 125
NOTE : The dimension 4’ of the hoop could be
reduced by introducin crossties, as shown in Fig. IB. mm, and (b) 100 mm. Thus, S = 100 mm. The
In this case, Ak shal !! be measured as the overall area of cross section of the bar forming rect-
core area, regardless of the hoop arrangement. The angular hoop works out to be 64.47 mm*. This
hooks of crossties shall engage peripheral longitu- is less than the area of cross section of 10 mm
dinal bars. bar ( 78.54 mm* ). Thus, 10 mm diameter rect-
Example : Consider a column of 650 mm x angular hoops at 100 mm c/c will be adequate.
500 mm. Let the grade of concrete be M20 Similar calculations indicate that, as an alter-
and that of steel Fe 415,. for the longitudinal native, one could also provide 8 mm diameter
and coufining reinforcement. Assuming clear rectangular hoops at 70 mm c/c.
cover of 40 mm to the longitudinal reinforce-
ment and rectacgular hoops of diameter 10 mm, 8 JOINTS OF FRAMES
the size of the core is 590 mm x 440 mm. As 8.1 The special confining reinforcement as
both these dimensions are greater than 300 mm, required at the end of column shall be provided
.
11
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IS 13920 : 1993
through the joint as well, unless the joint is 9.2.2 The design shear strength of concrete, Q,
confined as specified by 8.2. shall be calculated as per Table 13 of IS 456 :
1978.
8.2 A joint which has beams framing into all
vertical faces of it and where each beam width 9.2.3 The nominal shear stress in the wall, rv,
is at least 3/4 of the column width, may be shall not exceed Q, maX, as per Table 14 of
provided with half the special confining reinfor- IS 456 : 1978.
cement required at the end of the column. The
spacing of hoops shall not exceed 150 mm. 9.2.4 When Tv is less than 7Fcshear reinforce-
ment shall be provided in accordance with 9.1.4
9 SHEAR WALLS 9.1.5 and 9.1.7.
9.1 General Requirements
9.2.5 When Tv is greater than Q, the area
9.1.1 The requirements of this section apply to of horizontal shear reinforcement, At,, to be
the shear walls, which are part of the lateral provided within a vertical spacing. S,, is given
force resisting system of the structure. by
9.1.2 The thickness of any part of the wall shall V = @87fyA,4v
preferably, not be less than 150 mm. US &
9.1.3 The effective flange width, to be used in where Vus = ( Vu - 7c tw dw ), is the shear force
the design of flanged wall sections, shall be to be resisted by the horizontal reinforcement.
assumed to extend beyond the face of the web However, the amount of horizontal reinforce-
for a distance which shall be the smaller of (a) ment provided shall not be less than the mini-
half the distance to an adjacent shear wall web, mum, as per 9.1.4.
and (b) l/IO th of the total wall height.
9.2.6 The vertical reinforcement, that is
9.1.4 Shear walls shall be provided with reinfor- uniformly distributed in the wall, shall not be
cement in the longitudinal and transverse less than the horizontal reinforcement calcul-
-directions in the plane of the wall. The minimum ated as per 9.2.5.
reinforcement ratio shall be 0.002 5 of the gross
area in each direction. This reinforcement shall 9.3 Flexural Strength
be distributed uniformly across the cross section 9.3.1 The moment of resistance, MUv, of the
of the wall. wall section may be calculated as for columns
9.1.5 If the factored shear stress in the wall subjected to combined bending and axial load
exceeds 0.25 dfz or if the wall thickness as per IS 456 : 1978. The moment of resistance
exceeds 200 mm, reinforcement shall be provided of slender ,rectangular shear wa!l section with
in two curtains, each having bars running in the uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement is
longitudinal and transverse directions in the given in Annex A.
plane of the wall. 9.3.2 The cracked flexural strength of the wall
9 1.6 The diameter of the bars to be used in any section should be greater than its untracked
part of the wall shall not exceed l/lOth of the flexural strength.
thickness of that part.
9.3.3 In walls that do not have boundary
9.1.7 The maximum spacing of reinforcement in elements, vertical reieforcement shall be con-
either direction shall not exceed the smaller of centrated at the ends of the wall. Each con-
I&, 3 tw, and 450 mm; where Zwis the horizon- centration shall consist of a minimum of 4 bars
tal length of’the wall, and tw is the thickness of 12 mm diameter arranged in at least 2 layers.
of the wall web.
9.4 ‘Boundary Elements
9.2 Shear Strength
Boundary elements are portions along the wall
9.2.1 The nominal shear stress, r,,, shall be edges that are strengthened by longitudinal and
calculated as: transverse reinforcement. Though they may
Vll have the same thickness as that of the wall web
*v = tw it is advantageous to provide them with greater
where thickness.
VU= factored shear force, 9.4.1 Where the extreme fibre compressive stress
tw = thickness of the web, and in the wall due to factored gravity loads plus
dw= effective depth of wall section. This factored earthquake force exceeds 0*2f,k,
may by taken as 0.8 I, for rectangular boundaty elements shall be provided along the
sections. vertical boundaries of walls. The boundary
12 .
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Is 13920: 1993
,elements may be discontinued where the calcu- where V,, is the factored shear force, and a is
lated compressive stress becomes less than the angle made by the diagonal reinforcement
0. Isfck. The compressive stress shall be with the horizontal. At least 4 bars of 8 mm
calculated using a linearly elastic model and diameter shall be provided along each diagonal.
gross section properties. The reinforcement along each diagonal shall be
enclosed by special confining reinforcement, as
9.4.2 A boundary element shall have adequate per 7.4. The pitch of spiral or spacing of ties
axial load carrying capacity, assuming short shall not exceed 100 mm.
column action, so as to enable it to carry an
axial compression equal to the sum of factored 9.5.3 The diagonal or horizontal bars of a
gravity load on it and the additional compres- coupling beam shall be anchored in the adjacent
sive load induced by the seismic force. The walls with an anchorage length of 1.5 times the
latter may be calculated as: develapment length in tension.
Mu - Mw 9.6 Openings in Walls
C ‘W
9.6.1 The shear strength of a wall with openings
where should be checked along critical planes that
Mu = factored design moment on the entire pass through openings.
wall section,
9.6.2 Reinforcement shall be provided along
Mm = moment of resistance provided by the edges of cpenings in walls. The area of the
distributed vertical reinforcement vertical and horizontal bars should be such as
across the wall section, and to equal that of the respective interrupted bars.
cw - center to center distance between The vertical bars should extend for the full storey
the boundary elements along the two height. The horizontal bars should be provided
vertical edges of the wall. with development length in tensron beyond the
9.4.3 If the gravity load adds to the strength of sides of the opening.
the wall, its load factor shall be taken as 0.8. 9.7 Discontinuous Walls
9.4.4 The percentage of vertical reinforcement Columns supporting discontinuous walls shall be
in the boundary elements shall not be less than provided with special confining reinforcement,
O-8 percent, nor greater than 6 percent. In as per 7.4.4.
order to avoid congestion, the practical upper
limit would be 4 percent. 9.8 Construction Joints
9.4.5 Boundary elements, where required, as The vertical reinforcement ratio across a hori-
per 9.4.1, shall be provided throughout their zontal construction joint shall not be less than:
height, with special confining reinforcement, as 0.92 P”
TV--
per 7.4. A&!
fv ( >
9.4.6 Boundary elements need not be provided, where T,, is the factored shear stress at the joint,
if the entire wall section is provided with P, is the factored axial force ( positive for
special confining reinforcement, as per 7.4. compression ), and Ae is the gross cross
9.5 Coupled Shear Walls sectional area of the joint.
9.5.1 Coupled shear walls shall be connected 9.9 Development, Splice and Anchorage
by ductile coupling beams. If the earthquake Requirement
induced shear stress in the coupling beam 9.9.1 Horizontal reinforcement shall be ancho-
exceeds red near the edges of the wall or in the confined
0.1 Is 4fT core of the boundary elements.
D 9.9.2 Splicing of vertical Sexural reinforcement
where Is is the clear span of the coupling beam should be avoided, as far as possible, in regions
and D is its overall depth, the entire earthquake where yielding may take place. This cone of
induced shear and flexure shall, preferably, be flexural yielding may be considered to extend
resisted by diagonal reinforcement. for a distance of JWabove the base of the wall
9.5.2 The area of reinforcement to be provided or one sixth of the wall height, whichever is
along each diagonal in a diagonally reinforced more. However, this distance need not be
coupling beam shall be: greater than 2 fW. Not more than one third of
this vertical reinforcement shall be spliced at
VII such a section. Splices in adjacent bars should
A ri -
1.74fr sin a be staggered by a minimum of 600 mm.
.
13
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1s 13920: 1993
9.9.3 Lateral ties shall be provided around 9.9.4 Welded splices and mechanical eonnec-
lapped spliced bars that are larger than 16 mm tions shall confirm to 25.2.5.2 of IS 456 : 1978.
in diameter. The diameter of the tie shall not However, not more than half the reinforcement
be less than one fourth that of the spliced bar shall be spliced at a section, where flexural
nor less than 6 mm. The spacing of ties shall yielding may take place.
not exceed 150 mm center to center.
ANNEX A
( Clause 9.3.1 )
MOMENT OF RESISTANCE OF RECTANGULAR SHEAK WALL SECTION
A-l The moment of resistance of a slender rectangular shear wall section with uniformly
distributed vertical reinforcement may be estimated as follows:
(a) For xo/lw Q x’, /Iw,
where
o-003 5
p = vertical reinforcement ratio

A St = area of uniformly distributed vertical reinforcement,
P = 0.87&,/( 0.003 5 EB ),
Es = elastic modulus of steel, and
P” = axial compression on wall.
(b) For x; /&v < x&i < 1.0,
where
a1 = 0*36++ I -$- &
)3
a2 = O.lS+$- 1-e-g- &-

I_ )I
The value of x,/l,, to be used in this equation, should be calculated from the quadratic eqvation
where
CL,= ($-A );andaa= ($-).
These equations were derived, assuming a rectangular wall section of depth 1~ and thickness tw
that is subjected to combined uni-axial bending and axial compression. The vertical reinforce-
ment is represented by an equivalent steel plate along the length of the section. The stress-
strain curve assumed for concrete is as per IS 456 : 1978 whereas that for steel IS assumed to be
bi-linear. Two equations are given for calculating the flexural strength of the section. Their
use depends on whether the section fails in flexural tension or in flexural compression.
.
14
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IS 13920 : 1993
ANNEX B
( Foreword )
COMMI’iTEE COMPOSITION
Chlrman Representing
DR A. S. ARYA 7216 Civil Line, Roorkee
Members
SHR1 0. P. AGGaRwaL Indian-Roads Congress, New Delhi
SHRI G. SHARAN ( Alternate )
DR K. G. BHATIA Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. New Delhi
DR C. KAMESHWARA RAO ( Aiternute )
SHRI A. K. SINGH ( Alternate)
SHRI S. C. BHATIA National Geophysical Research Institute ( CSIR ), Hyderabad
DR B. K. RASTOGI ( Alternate )
Da A. R. CHANDRASEKARAN Department cf Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee.
Roorkee
DR BRIIESH CHANDRA ( AIfernnte )
Da B. V. K. LAVANIA ( Alternate )
DR S. N. CHATTERJFE Indian Meterological Department, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. NAQ ( Alternate )
SHRI K. 4’. CHAUBAL North Eastern Council, Shillong
Da B. K. PAUL ( Alternate )
Da A. V. CHUMMAR Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkec
DR S. K. KAUSHIK ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR EMBANKMENT( N 8~ W ) Central Water Commission ( ERDD ), New Delhi
DIRECTOR CMDD ( NW & S ) ( Afternate II
DIRECTOR STANDARDS ( B 8r S ), ‘RDSO Railway Board, Ministry of Railways
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS ( B & S )
CB-I. RDSO, LUCKNOW ( Alternate )
KUMARI E. DIVATIA National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI C. R. VENKATPSHA ( Alternate )
SHRI I. D . GUPTA Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI J. G. PADALE ( Alternate )
SHRI V. K. K~LKARNI Department of Atomic Energy, Bombay
SHRI P. C. KOTESWARA RAO ( Akrnute )
SHRI V. KUMAR National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. S. BAJAJ ( jilternah )
SHRI M. Z. KURIEN Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay
SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN ( Alternate )
SHR~ A. K. LAL National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
SHRI T. R. BHATIA ( Alternate ) .
SHRI S. K. MITTAL Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI S. S. NARANG Central Water Commission ( CMDD ), New Delhi
SHRI A. D. NARIAN Ministry of Transport, Department of Surface Transport
( Roads Wing ), New Delhi
SHRI 0. P. AGGARWAL ( Alternate )
SHRI P. L. NARULA Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI A K. SRIVASTAVA ( Afternate )
RESEARCHOFFICFR Irrigation Departmeot, Govt of Maharashtra, Nasik
DR D. SENGUPTA Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. K. GROVER ( Alternate )
DR R. D. SHARMA Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay
SHR~ U. S. P. VERMA ( Alternate )
COL R. K. SINGH Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
1,~.COLB.D. BHATTOPADHYAYA (Alternate)
DR P. SRJNIVASLJLU Structural Engineering Research Centre ( CSlR ), Madras
Da N. LAKSHMANAN( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (D) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
EXECUTIVEENGINEER (D) II ( Alternate )
DR A. N. TANDON In personal capacity ( B-7150 Safdarjung Development Area,
New Delhi )
SHR~ J. VENKATARAMAN, Director General, BIS ( Ex-offjccio Member)
Director ( Civ Bngg )
Secretary
SHRI S. S. SETHI
Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS
( Continued on pugs 16 )
1s
IS 13920: 1993 www.rejinpaul.com
( Conrinuedfrom page 15 )
Earthquake Resistant Construction Subcommittee, CED39: 1
Convener Representing
DR A. S. ARYA ( 72/6 Civil Lines, Roorkee )
Members
SHRIN.K.BHATTACHARYA Engineer-in-Chief% Branch, New Delhi
SHRI B. K CHAKRABORTY Housing and Urban Development Corporation, New Delhi
!&RI D. P. SIN~H ( AItermte )
SHRI D. N. GHOSAL North Eastern Council, Shilloog
DR SUDHIR K. JAIN Indian Institute of Technology, Kaopur
DR A. S. R. SAI ( Altwnute )
SHRI M. P. JAISINQH Central Buildings Research Institute. Roorkee
JOINT DIRECTORSTANDARDS( B & S ) CB-1 Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )
ASSISTANTDIRECTOR( B 8t S ), CB-1
( Alternate )
SHRI V. KAPUR P&taWorks Department, Government of Hhoachal Pradesh,
SHRI .V. K. KAPOOR( Alterate )
SHRI hp. KUNDU Hindustao Prefab Limited, New Delhi
SHRI A. K. LAL National Buildings Organization, New Delhi
Soar T. R. BHATIA( Alternate )
DR B. C. MATHUR U~~o~i;; of Rocrkee, Department of Earthquake Engineering,
Da ( SHRIMATI) P. R. Bose ( Alternate )
$HRI.G. M. SHOUNTHU Public Works Department, Jammu & Kashmir
?R P. SRINNWIJLU Structural Engineering Research Ceotre ( CSIR ), Madras
Da N. LAKSHMANAN
( Alternote )
SHM SUBRATACHAKRAVARTY Public Works Department, Government of Assam, Gauhati
SUPERINTENDING
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SURVEYOROF WORKS NDZ ) Central Public Works Department,
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SUPERINTENDENCY
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Hureau of Indian Standards
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CED 39 ( 5263 )
Amendments Issued Since Publication
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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AMENDMENT NO. 1 NOVEMBER 1995
TO
IS 13920 : 1993 DUCTILE DETAILING OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED
TO SEISMIC FORCES - CODE OF PRACTICE
] - Substitute the following for the existing
[ Page 3, clause 6.2.1(b)
formula:
‘p min= 0.24@&'fy
(CED39)
Printed at Dee Kay Printers, New Delhi, India
AMENDMENT
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NO. 2 MARCH 2002
TO
IS 13920:1993 DUCTILE DETAILING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO SEISMIC
FORCES — CODE OF PRACTICE
( Page 1, clause 1.1.1) —Substitute the following for the existing
‘1.1.1 Provisions of this code shall be adopted in all reinforced concrete

structures which are located in seismic zone III, IV or V.’
( Page 3, clause 5.2, line 3 ) — Delete the word ‘preferably’.
( Page 3, c[ause 5.3 ) — Insert the following at the end of the clause:
‘However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by the thermo-
mechanical treatment process, of grades Fe 500 and Fe 550, having elongation
more than 14.5 percent and conforming to other requirements of IS 1786: 1985
may also be used for the reinforcement.’
(CED 39 )
Reprography Unit, BIS, New Delhi, India

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IS 1893-1 (2002): Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design

of Structures, Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings
[CED 39: Earthquake Engineering]


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IS 1893 ( Part 1 ) :2002
Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BUILDINGS
( Ffth Revision )
ICS 91.120.25
0 BIS 2002

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
June 2002 Price Group 12
—..
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
Indian Standard
( Fijth Revision )
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Part 1 ) ( Fifth Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, afler the
draft finalized by the Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
Himalayan-Nagalushai region, Indo-GangeticPlain, Western India, Kutch and Kathiawarregions are geologically
unstable parts of the country, and some devastating earthquakes of the world have occurred there. A major
part of the peninsular India has also been visited by strong earthquakes, but these were relatively few in
number occurring at much larger time intervals at any site, and had considerably lesser intensity. The earth@ake
resistant design of structures taking into account seismic data from studies of these Indian earthquakes has
become very essential, particularly in view of the intense construction activity all over the country. It is to
serve this purpose that IS 1893 : 1962 ‘Recommendations for earthquake resistant design of structures’ was
published and revised first time in 1966.
As a result of additional seismic data collected in India and further knowledge and experience gained since
the publication of the first revision of this standard, the sectional committee felt the need to revise the standard
again incorporating many changes, such as revision of maps showing seismic zones and epicentres, and adding
a more rational approach for design of buildings and sub-structures of bridges. These were covered in the
second revision of 1S 1893 brought out in 1970.
As a result of the increased use of the standard, considerable amount of suggestions were received for modifying
some of the provisions of the standard and, therefore, third revision of the standard was brought out in 1975.
The following changes were incorporated in the third revision:
a) The standard incorporated seismic zone factors (previously given as multiplying factors in the second
revision ) on a more rational basis.
b) Importance factors were introduced to account for the varying degrees of importance for various
structures.
c) In the clauses for design of multi-storeyed buildings, the coefficient of flexibility was given in the
form of a curve with respect to period of buildings.
d) A more rational formula was used to combine modal shear forces.
e) New clauses were introduced for determination of hydrodynamic pressures in elevated tanks.
8 Clauses on concrete and masonry dams were modified, taking into account their dynamic behavionr
during earthquakes. Simplified formulae for design forces were introduced based on results of extensive
studies carried out since second revision of the standard was published.
The fourth revision, brought out in 1984, was prepared to modifi some of the provisions of the standard as a
result of experience gained with the use of the standard. In this revision, a number of important basic modifications
with respect to load factors, field values of N, base shear and modal analysis were introduced. A new concept
of performance factor depending on the structural framing system and on the ductility of construction was
incorporated. Figure 2 for average acceleration spectra was also modified and a curve for zero percent damping
incorporated.
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In the fifth revision, with a view to keep abreast with the rapid development and extensive research that has
been carried out in the field of earthquake resistant design of various structures, the committee has decided
to cover the provisions for different types of structures in separate parts. Hence, IS 1893 has been split into
the following five parts:
Part 1 General provisions and buildings
Part 2 Liquid retaining tanks — Elevated and ground supported
Part 3 Bridges and retaining walls
Part 4 Industrial structures including stack like structures
Part 5 Dams and embankments
Part 1 contains provisions that are general in nature and applicable to all structures. Also, it contains provisions
that are specific to buildings only. Unless stated otherwise, the provisions in Parts 2 to 5 shall be read necessarily
in conjunction with the general provisions in Part 1.
NOTE — Pending finalization of Parts 2 to 5 of IS 1893, provisions of Part 1 will be read along with the relevant
clauses of IS 1893 : 1984 for structures other than buildings.
The following are the major and important moditlcations made in the fifth revision:
a) The seismic zone map is revised with only four zones, instead of five. Erstwhile Zone I has been
merged to Zone 11. Hence, Zone I does not appear in the new zoning; only Zones II, 111,IV and V do.
b) The values of seismic zone factors have been changed; these now reflect more realistic values of
effective peak ground acceleration considering Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) and service
life of structure in each seismic zone.
c) Response spectra are now specified for three types of founding strata, namely rock and hard soil,
medium soil and soft soil.
d) Empirical expression for estimating the fundamental natural period Ta of multi-storeyed buildings
with regular moment resisting frames has been revised.
e) This revision adopts the procedure of first calculating the actual force that maybe experienced by
the structure during the probable maximum earthquake, if it were to remain elastic. Then, the concept
of response reduction due to ductile deformation or frictional energy dissipation in the cracks is
brought into the code explicitly, by introducing the ‘response reduction factor’ in place of the earlier
performance factor.
f) A lower bound is specified for the design base shear of buildings, based on empirical estimate of the
fimdarnental natural period Ta.
@ The soil-foundation system factor is dropped. Instead, a clause is introduced to restrict the use of
foundations vulnerable to differential settlements in severe seismic zones.
h) Torsional eccentricity values have been revised upwards in view of serious darnages observed in
buildings with irregular plans.
J) Modal combination rule in dynamic analysis of buildings has been revised.
k) Other clauses have been redrafted where necessary for more effective implementation.
It is not intended in this standard to lay down regulation so that no structure shall suffer any damage during
earthquake of all magnitudes. It has been endeavored to ensure that, as far as possible, structures are able
to respond, without structural darnage to shocks of moderate intensities and without total collapse to shocks
of heavy intensities. While this standard is intended for the earthquake resistant design of normal structures,
it has to be emphasized that in the case of special structures, such as large and tall dams, long-span bridges,
major industrial projects, etc, site-specific detailed investigation should be undertaken, unless otherwise specified
in the relevant clauses.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Though the basis for the design of different types of structures is covered in this standard, it is not implied
that detailed dynamic analysis should be made in every case. In highly seismic areas, construction of a type
which entails hea~y debris and consequent loss of life and property, such as masonry, particularly mud masonry
and rubble masonry, should preferably be avoided. For guidance on precautions to be observed in the construction
of buildings, reference maybe made to IS 4326, IS 13827 and IS 13828.
Earthquake can cause damage not only on account of the shaking which results from them but also due to
other chain effects like landslides, floods, fires and disruption to communication. It is, therefore, important to
take necessary precautions in the siting, planning and design of structures so that they are safe against such
secondary effects also.
The Sectional Committee has appreciated that there cannot bean entirely scientific basis for zoning in view
of the scanty data available. Though the magnitudes of different earthquakes which have occurred in the
past are known to a reasonable degree of accuracy, the intensities of the shocks caused by these earthquakes
have so far been mostly estimated by damage surveys and there is little instrumental evidence to corroborate
the conclusions arrived at. Maximum intensity at different places can be fixed on a scale only on the basis of
the observations made and recorded after the earthquake and thus a zoning map which is based on the maximum
intensities arrived at, is likely to lead in some cases to an incorrect conclusion in view of(a) incorrectness in
the assessment of intensities, (b) human error in judgment during the damage survey, and (c) variation in
quality and design of structures causing variation in type and extent of damage to the structures for the same
intensity of shock. The Sectional Committee has therefore, considered that a rational approach to the problem
would be to arrive at a zoning map based on known magnitudes and the known epicentres ( see Annex A )
assuming all other conditions as being average and to modifi such an idealized isoseismal map in light of
tectonics ( see Annex B ), lithology ( see Annex C ) and the maximum intensities as recorded from damage
surveys. The Committee has also reviewed such a map in the light of the past history and future possibilities
and also attempted to draw the lines demarcating the different zones so as to be clear of important towns,
cities and industrial areas, after making special examination of such cases, as a little modification in the zonal
demarcations may mean considerable difference to the economics of a project in that area. Maps shown in
Fig. 1 and Annexes A, B and C are prepared based on information available upto 1993.
In the seismic zoning map, Zone I and II of the contemporary map have been merged and assigned the level
of Zone 11. The Killari area has been included in Zone III and necessary modifications made, keeping in view
the probabilistic hazard evaluation. The Bellary isolated zone has been removed. The parts of eastern coast
areas have shown similar hazard to that of the Killari area, the level of Zone II has been enhanced to Zone III
and connected with Zone III of Godawari Graben area.
The seismic hazard level with respect to ZPA at 50 percent risk level and 100 years service life goes on
progressively increasing from southern peninsular portion to the Himalayan main seismic source, the revised
seismic zoning map has given status of Zone III to Narmada Tectonic Domain, Mahanandi Graben and Godawari
Graben. This is a logical normalization keeping in view the apprehended higher strain rates in these domains
on geological consideration of higher neotectonic activity recorded in these areas.
Attention is particularly drawn to the fact that the intensity of shock due to an earthquake could vary locally
at anyplace due to variation in soil conditions. Earthquake response of systems would be affected by different
types of foundation system in addition to variation of ground motion due to various types of soils. Considering
the effects in a gross manner, the standard gives guidelines for arriving at design seismic coet%cients based
on stiffness of base soil.
It is important to note that the seismic coefficient, used in the design of any structure, is dependent on nany
variable factors and it is an extremely difficult task to determine the exact seismic coefficient in each given
case. It is, therefore, necessa~ to indicate broadly the seismic coefficients that could generally be adopted
in different parts or zones of the country though, of course, a rigorous analysis considering all the factors
involved has to be made in the case of all important projects in order to arrive at a suitable seismic coeftlcients
for design. The Sectional Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard has attempted to include
a seismic zoning map (see Fig. 1 ) for this purpose. The object of this map is to classifi the area of the country
into a number of zones in which one may reasonably expect earthquake shaking of more or less same maximum
intensity in future. The Intensity as per Comprehensive Intensity Scale ( MSK64 ) ( see Annex D ) broadly
associated with the various zones is VI ( or less ), VII, VIII and IX ( and above ) for Zones II, III, IV and V
respectively. The maximum seismic ground acceleration in each zone cannot be presently predicted with
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002 www.rejinpaul.com
accuracy either on a deterministic or on a probabilistic basis. The basic zone factors included herein are
reasonable estimates of effective peak ground accelerations for the design of various structures covered in
this standard. Zone factors for some important towns are given in Annex E.
Base isolation and energy absorbing devices may be used for earthquake resistant design. Only standard
devices having detailed experimental data on the performance should be used. The designer must demonstrate
by detailed analyses that these devices provide sufficient protection to the buildings and equipment as envisaged
in this standard. Performance of locally assembled isolation and energy absorbing devices should be evaluated
experimentally before they are used in practice. Design of buildings and equipment using such device should
be reviewed by the competent authority.
Base isolation systems are found usefhl for short period structures, say less than 0.7s including soil-structure
interaction.
In the formulation of this standard, due weightage has been given to international coordination among the
standards and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the field
in this country. Assistance has particularly been derived from the following publications:
a) UBC 1994, Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, Ckdifomia,
U.S.A.1994.
b) NEHRP 1991, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings, Part 1: Provisions,ReportNo. FEMA 222, Federal EmergencyManagement Agency,WashingtO%
D.C., U.S.A., January 1992.
c) NEHRP 1991, NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Development of Seismic Regulations for New
Buildings, Part 2: Commentary, Report No. FEMA 223, Federal Emergency Management Agency,
Washington, D. C., U. S.A., January 1992.
d) NZS 4203:1992, Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loadings for Buildings,
Standards Association of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1992.
In the preparation of this standard considerable assistance has been given by the Department of Earthquake
Engineering, University of Roorkee; Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpuq IIT Bombay, Mumbai; Geological
Survey of India; India Meteorological Department, and several other organizations.
The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall be consistent throughout this standard, unless
specifically noted otherwise.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex F.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with
IS 2:1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number of signflcant places retained in
the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.
(Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39 )

4
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As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Indian Standard
( Ffth Revision )
1 SCOPE IS No. Title
1.1 This standard ( Part 1 ) deals with assessment of 1343:1980 Code of practice for pre-stressed
seismic loads on various structures and earthquake concrete (first revision )
resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions
1498:1970 Classification and identification of
are applicable to buildings; elevated structures;
soils for general engineering
industrial and stack like structures; bridges; concrete
purposes (first revision )
masonry and earth dams; embankments and retaining
walls and other structures. 1888:1982 Method of load test on soils (second
1.2 Temporary elements such as scaffolding, temponuy revision )
excavations need not be designed for earthquake 1893 (Part4) Criteria for earthquake resistant
forces. design of structures: Part 4 Industrial
1.3 This standard does not deal with the construction structures including stack like
features relating to earthquake resistant design in structures
buildings and other structures. For guidance on 2131:1981 Method of standard penetration test
earthquake resistant construction of buildings, for soils (first revision )
reference may be made to the following Indian
Standards: 2809:1972 Glossary of terms and symbols
relating to soil engineering ( jirst
IS 4326,1S 13827, IS 13828,IS 13920and IS 13935.
revision )
2 REFERENCES
2810:1979 Glossary of terms relating to soil
2.1 The following Indian Standards are necessary dynamics (fzrst revision)
adjuncts to this standard:
4326:1993 Earthquake resistant design and
Is No. Title construction of buildings — Code
456:2000 Code of practice for plain and of practice ( second revision )
reinforced concrete ( fourth 6403:1981 Code of practice for determination
revision ) of bearing capacity of shallow
800:1984 Code of practice for general foundations (first revision )
construction in steel ( second Improving earthquake resistance of
13827:1993
revision )
earthen buildings — Guidelines
875 Code of practice for design loads
13828:1993 Improving earthquake resistance of
( other than earthquake ) for buildings
low strength masonry buildings —
and structures:
Guidelines
(Part l): 1987 Dead loads — Unit weights of
13920:1993 Ductile detailing of reinforced
building material and storedmaterials
concrete structures subjected to
( second revision)
seismic forces — Code of practice
(Part 2):1987 Imposed loads ( second revision)
13935:1993 Repair and seismic strengthening of
(Part 3):1987 Wind loads ( second revision) buildings — Guidelines
(Part4 ):1987 Snow loads ( second revision) SP 6 ( 6 ) :1972 Handbook for structural engineers:
(Part 5):1987 Special loads and load combinations Application of plastic theory in
( second revision) design of steel structures
7
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IS 1893( Part ) :2002
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3 TERMINOLOGY FOR EARTHQUAKE 3.11 Effective Peak Ground Acceleration ( EPGA )
ENGINEERING
It is O.4 times the 5 percent damped average spectral
3.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following acceleration between period 0.1 to 0.3 s. This shall
definitions shall apply which are applicable generally be taken as Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA ).
to all structures.
3.12 Floor Response Spectra
NOTE — For the definitions of terms pertaining to soil
Floor response spectra is the response spectra for a
mechanics and soil dynamics references may be made
to IS 2809 and IS 2810. time history motion of a floor. This floor motion time
history is obtained by an analysis of multi-storey
3.2 Closely-Spaced Modes building for appropriate material damping values
subjected to a specified earthquake motion at the base
Closely-spaced modes of a structure are those of its
of structure.
natural modes of vibration whose natural frequencies
differ from each other by 10 percent or less of the 3.13 Focus
lower frequency.
The originating earthquake source of the elastic waves
3.3 Critical Damping inside the earth which cause shaking of ground due
to earthquake.
The damping beyond which the free vibration motion
will not be oscillatory. 3.14 Importance Factor (1)
3.4 Damping It is a factor used to obtain the design seismic force

depending on the functional use of the structure,
The effect of internal friction, imperfect elasticity of characterised by hazardous consequences of its failure,
material, slipping, sliding, etc in reducing the amplitude its post-earthquake functional need, historic value,
of vibration and is expressed as a percentage of critical or economic importance.
damping.
3.15 Intensity of Earthquake
3.5 Design Acceleration Spectrum
The intensity of an earthquake at a place is a measure
Design acceleration spectrum refers to an average of the strength of shaking during the earthquake, and
smoothened plot of maximum acceleration as a fimction is indicated by a number according to the modified
of frequency or time period of vibration for a specitled Mercalli Scale or M. S.K. Scale of seismic intensities
damping ratio for earthquake excitations at the base (see AnnexD ).
of a single degree of freedom system.
3.16 Liquefaction
3.6 Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE ) Liquefaction is a state in saturated cohesionless soil
It is the earthquake which can reasonably be expected wherein the effective shear strength is reduced to
to occur at least once during the design life of the negligible value for all engineering purpose due to
structure. pore pressure caused by vibrations during an
earthquake when they approach the total confining
3.7 Design Horizontal Acceleration Coefficient pressure. In this condition the soil tends to behave
(Ah) like a fluid mass.
It is a horizontal acceleration coefficient that shall be 3.17 Lithological Features
used for design of structures.
The nature of the geological formation of the earths
3.8 Design Lateral Force crust above bed rock on the basis of such characteristics
as colour, structure, mineralogical composition and
It is the horizontal seismic force prescribed by this grain size.
standard, that shall be used to design a structure.
3.18 MagnitudeofEarthquake ( Richter% Magnitude)
3.9 Ductility
The magnitude of earthquake is a number, which is a
Ductility of a structure, or its members, is the capacity measure of energy released in an earthquake. It is
to undergo large inelastic deformations without defined as logarithm to the base 10 of the maximum
significant loss of strength or stiffness. trace amplitude, expressed in microns, which the
standard short-period torsion seismometer ( with a
3.10 Epicentre
period of 0.8s, magnification 2800 and damping nemly
The geographical point on the surface of earth vertically critical ) would register due to the earthquake at an
above the focus of the earthquake. epicentral distance of 100 km.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
3.19 Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) idealized single degree freedom systems having certain
period and damping, during earthquake ground
The most severe earthquake effects considered by motion. The maximum response is plotted against the
this standard. undamped natural period and for various damping
3.20 Modal Mass ( lf~ ) values, and can be expressed in terms of maximum
absolute acceleration, maximum relative velocity, or
Modal mass of a structure subjected to horizontal or maximum relative displacement.
vertical, as the case maybe, ground motion is apart
of the total seismic mass of the structure that is effective 3.28 Seismic Mass
in mode k of vibration. The modal mass for a given It is the seismic weight divided by acceleration due
mode has a unique value irrespective of scaling of to gravity.
the mode shape.
3.29 Seismic Weight (W)
3.21 Modal Participation Factor ( Pk)
It is the total dead load plus appropriate amounts of
Modal participation factor of mode k of vibration is specified imposed load.
the amount by which mode k contributes to the overall 3.30 Structural Response Factors ( S,/g )
vibration of the structure under horizontal and vertical
earthquake ground motions. Since the amplitudes of It is a factor denoting the acceleration response
95 percent mode shapes can be scaled arbitrarily, the spectrum of the structure subjected to earthquake
value of this factor depends on the scaling used for ground vibrations, and depends on natural period
mode shapes. of vibration and damping of the structure.
3.22 Modes of Vibration ( see Normal Mode) 3.31 Tectonic Features
3.23 Mode Shape Coefficient ( $i~) The nature of geological formation of the bedrock in
the earth’s crust revealing regions characterized by
When a system is vibrating in normal mode k, at any structural features, such as dislocation, distortion,
particular instant of time, the amplitude of mass faults, folding, thrusts, volcanoes with their age of
i expressed as a ratio of the amplitude of one of the formation, which are directly involved in the earth
masses of the system, is known as mode shape movement or quake resulting in the above
coefficient ( @i~). consequences.
3.24 Natural Period (T) 3.32 Time History Analysis
Natural period of a structure is its time period of It is an analysis of the dynamic respmse of the structure
undamped free vibration. at each increment of time, when its base is subjected
to a specific ground motion time history.
3.24,1 Fundamental Natural Period ( T1)
3.33 Zone Factor (Z)
It is the first ( longest ) modal time period of vibration.
It is a factor to obtain the design spectrum depending
3.24.2 Modal Natural Period ( T~) on the perceived maximum seismic risk characterized
by Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE ) in the
The modal natural period of mode k is the time period
zone in which the structure is located. The basic zone
of vibration in mode k.
fiwtorsincluded in this standard are reasonable estimate
3.25 Normal Mode of effective peak ground acceleration.
A system is said to be vibrating in a normal mode when 3.34 Zero Period Acceleration ( ZPA )
all its masses attain maximum values of displacements It is the value of acceleration response spectrum for
and rotations simultaneously, and pass through period below 0.03 s ( frequencies above 33 Hz).
equilibrium positions simultaneously. -,.
4 TERMINOLOGY FOR EARTHQUAKE
3.26 Response Reduction Factor (R) ENGINEERING OF BUILDINGS
It is the factor by which the actual base shear force, 4.1 For the purpose of earthquake resistant design
that would be generated if the structure were to remain ofbuildings in this standard, the following definitions
elastic during its response to the Design Basis shall apply.
Earthquake ( DBE ) shaking, shall be reduced to obtain
4.2 Base
the design lateral force.
It is the level at which inertia forces generated in the
3.27 Response Spectrum
strnctnre are transferred to the foundation, which then
The representation of the maximum response of transfers these forces to the ground.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
4.3 Base Dimensions (d) 4.14 Lateral Force Resisting Element
Base dimension of the building along a direction is It is part of the structural system assigned to resist
the dimension at its base, in metre, along that direction. lateral forces.
4.4 Centre of Mass 4.15 Moment-Resisting Frame
The point through which the resultant of the masses It is a frame in which members and joints are capable
of a system acts. This point corresponds to the centre of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
of gravity of masses of system. 4.15.1 Ordinary Moment-Resisting Frame
4.5 Centre of Stiffness It is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special
detailing requirements for ductile behaviour.
The point through which the resultant of the restoring
forces of a system acts. 4.15.2 Special Moment-Resisting Frame
4.6 Design Eccentricity ( e~i) It is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed

to provide ductile behaviour and comply with
It is the value of eccentricity to be used at floor i in the requirements given in IS 4326 or IS 13920 or
torsion calculations for design. SP6(6).
4.7 Design Seismic Base Shear ( V~) 4.16 Number of Storeys ( n )
It is the total design lateral force at the base of a Number of storeys of a building isthe number of levels
structure. above the base. This excludes the basement storeys,
4.8 Diaphragm where basement walls are connected with the ground
floor deck or fitted between the building columns. But,
It is a horizontal, or nearly horizontal system, which it includes the basement storeys, when they are not
transmits lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements, so connected.
for example, reinforced concrete floors and horizontal
4.17 Principal Axes
bracing systems.
Principal axes of a building are generally two mutually
4.9 Dual System
perpendicular horizontal directions inphmof abuilding
Buildings with dual system consist of shear walls along which the geometry of the building is oriented.
( or braced frames ) and moment resisting frames such 4.18 P-A Effect
that:
It is the secondary effect on shears and moments of
a) The two systems are designed to resist the frame members due to action of the vertical loads,
total design lateral force in proportion to their interacting with the lateral displacement of building
lateral stiffness considering the interaction resulting from seismic for~es.
of the dual system at all floor levels; and
4.19 Shear Wall
b) The moment resisting frames are designed
to independently resist at least 25 percent It is a wall designed to resist lateral forces acting in
of the design base shear. its own plane.
4.10 Height of Floor ( hi ) 4.20 Soft Storey

It is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than
It is the difference in levels between the base of the
70 percent of that in the storey above or less than
building and that of floor i.
80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three
4.11 Height of Structure(k) storeys above.
It is the difference in levels, in metres, between its 4.21 Static Eccentricity ( e~l)
base and its highest level. It is the distance between centre of mass and centre
4.12 Horizontal Bracing System of rigidity of floor i.
It is a horizontal truss system that serves the same 4.22 Storey

function as a diaphragm. It is the space between two adjacent floors.
4.13 Joint 4.23 Storey Drift
It is the portion of the column that is common to other It is the displacement of one level relative to the other
members, for example, beams, framing into it. level above or below.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
4.24 Storey Shear ( ~) n Number of storeys

It is the sum of design lateral forces at all levels above N SPT value for soil
the storey under consideration.
Pk Modal participation factor of mode k
4.25 Weak Storey
Q, Lateral force at floor i
It is one in which the storey lateral strength is less
Q~~ Design lateral force at floor i in mode k
than 80 percent of that in the storey above, The storey
lateral strength is the total strength of all seismic force r Number of modes to be considered as per
resisting elements sharing the storey shear in the 7.8.4.2
considered direction.
R Response reduction factor
5 SYMBOLS
S’a/g Average response acceleration coefficient
The symbols and notations given below apply to the for rock or soil sites as given by Fig. 2
provisions of this standard: and Table 3 based on appropriate natural
periods and damping of the structure
.4h Design horizontal seismic coefficient
T Undamped natural period of vibration of
A~ Design horizontal acceleration spectrum
the structure (in second )
value for mode “kof vibration
~ Approximate fundamental period ( in
bi ith Floor plan dimension of the building
seconds )
perpendicular to the direction of force
Tk Undamped natural period of mode k of
c Index for the closely-spaced modes
vibration (in second )
d Base dimension of the building, in metres,
T1 Fundamental natural period of vibration
in the direction in which the seismic force
(in second )
is considered.
VB Design seismic base shear
DL Response quantity due to dead load
pB Design base shear calculated using the
‘dl
Design eccentricity to be used at floor i
approximate fimdamental period T,
calculated as per 7.8.2
q Peak storey shear force in storey i due to
e
S1 Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the
all modes considered
distance between centre of mass and centre
of rigidity qk Shear force in storey i in mode k
ELX Response quantity due to earthquake load v roof Peak storey shear force at the roof due to
for horizontal shaking along x-direction all modes considered
ELY Response quantity due to earthquake load w Seismic weight of the structure
for horizontal shaking along y-direction
Wi Seismic weight of floor i
EL, Response quantity due to earthquake load
for vertical shaking along z-direction z Zone factor
Froof Design lateral forces at the roof due to all Oik Mode shape coet%cient at floor i in mode
modes considered k
Fi Design lateral forces at the floor i due to a Peak response (for example member forces,
all modes considered displacements, storey forces, storey shears
or base reactions ) due to all modes
$? Acceleration due to gravity considered
h Height of structure, in metres Absolute value of maximum response in
%
mode k
hi Height measured from the base of the
building to floor i kc Absolute value of maximum response in
mode c, where mode c is a closely-spaced
I Importance factor
mode.
IL Response quantity due to imposed load
A* Peak response due to the closely-spaced
h4k Modal mass of mode k modes only
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
Pij Coefficient used in the Complete Quadratic for this difference in actual and design lateral loads.
Combination ( CQC ) method while
Reinforced and prestressed concrete members shall
combining responses of modes i andj
be suitably designed to ensure that premature failure
oi Circular frequency in rad/second in the due to shear or bond does not occur, subject to the
iti mode provisions of IS 456 and IS 1343. Provisions for
appropriate ductile detailing of reinforced concrete
6 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND DESIGN
members are given in IS 13920,
CRITERIA
In steel structures, members and their connections
6.1 General Principles should be so proportioned that high ductility is obtain~
6.1.1 Ground Motion tide SP 6 ( Part 6 ), avoiding premature failure due to
elastic or inelastic buckling of any type.
The characteristics ( intensity, duratio~ etc ) of seismic
ground vibrations expected at any location depends The specified earthquake loads are based upon post-
upon the magnitude of earthquake, its depth of focus, elastic energy dissipation in the structure and because
distance from the epicentre, characteristics of the path of this fact, the provision of this standard for design,
through which the seismic waves travel, and the soil detailing and construction shall be satisfied even for
strata on which the structure stands. The random structures and members for which load combinations
earthquake ground motions, which cause the structure that do not contain the earthquake effect indicate larger
to vibrate, can be resolved in any three mutually demands than combinations including earthquake.
perpendicular directions. The predominant direction 6.1.4 Soil-Structure Interaction
of ground vibration is usually horizontal.
The soil-structure interaction refers to the effects of
Earthquake-generated vertical inertia forces are to be the supporting foundation medium on the motion of
considered in design unless checked and proven by structure. The soil-structure interaction may not be
specimen calculations to be not significant. Vertical considered in the seismic analysis for structures
acceleration should be considered in structures with supported on rock or rock-like material.
large spans, those in which stability is a criterion for
design, or for overall stability analysis of structures. 6.1.5 The design lateral force specified in this standard
Reduction in gravity force due to vertical component shall be considered in each of the two orthogonal
of ground motions can be particularly detrimental in horizontal directions of the structure. For structures
cases of prestressed horizontal members and of which have lateral force resisting elements in the two
cantilevered members. Hence, special attention should orthogonal directions only, the design lateral force
be paid to the effect of vertical component of the ground shall be considered along one direction at a time, and
motion on prestressed or cantilevered beams, girders not in both directions simultaneously. Structures,
and slabs. having lateral force resisting elements (for example
frames, shear walls ) in directions other than the two
6.1.2 The response of a structure to ground vibrations orthogonal directions, shall be analysed considering
is a fimction of the nature of foundation soil; materials, the load combinations specified in 6.3.2.
form, size and mode of construction of structures;
Where both horizontal and vertical seismic forces are
and the duration and characteristics of ground motion.
taken into account, load combinations specified
This standard specifies design forces for structures
in 6.3.3 shall be considered.
standing on rocks or soils which do not settle, liquefi
or slide due to loss of strength during ground vibrations. 6.1.6 Equipment and other systems, which are
supported at various floor levels of the structure, will
6.1.3 The design approach adopted in this standard
be subjected to motions corresponding to vibration
is to ensure that structures possess at least a minimum
at their support points. In important cases, it may be
strength to withstand minor earthquakes ( <DBE ),
necessary to obtain floor response spectra for design
which occur frequently, without damage; resist
of equipment supports. For detail reference be made
moderate earthquakes ( DBE ) without significant
to IS 1893 (Part 4).
structural damage though some non-structural damage
may OCCUE and aims that structures withstand a major 6.1.7 Additions to Existing Structures
earthquake ( MCE ) without collapse, Actual forces
Additions shall be made to existing structures only
that appear on structures during earthquakes are much
as follows:
greater than the design forces speciiled in this standard.
However, ductility, arising from inelastic material a) An addition that is structurally independent
behaviourand detailing, and overstrength, arising from from an existing structures shall be designed
the additional reserve strength in structures over and and constructed in accordance with the
above the design strength, are relied upon to account seismic requirements for new structures.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
b) An addition that is not structurally these shall be combined as per 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1.2
independent from an existing structure shall where the terms DL, IL and EL stand for the response
be designed and constructed such that quantities due to dead load, imposed load and
the entire structure conforms to the seismic designated earthquake load respectively.
force resistance requirements for new
6.3.1.1 Load factors for plastic design of steel
structures unless the following three
structures
conditions are complied with:
In the plastic design of steel structures, the following
1) The addition shall comply with the
requirements for new structures, load combinations shall be accounted for:
2) The addition shall not increase the seismic 1) 1.7( DL.+IL )

forces in any structural elements of the 2) 1.7( DL*EL)
existing structure by more than 5 percent
unless the capacity of the element 3) 1.3( DL+lL*EL)
subject to the increased force is still in
6.3.1.2 Partial safety factors for limit state design
compliance with this standard, and
of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete
3) The additicn shall not decrease the structures
seismic resistance of any structural
In the limit state design of reinforced and prestressed
element of the existing structure unless
concrete structures, the following load combinations
reduced resistance is equal to or greater
shall be accounted for:
than that required for new structures.
6.1.8 Change in Occupancy 1) 1.5( DL+lL)
When a change of occupancy results in a structure 2) 1.2( DL+ZL+EL)

being re-classified to a higher importance factor ( 1 ), 3) 1.5( DL+EL)
the structure shall conform to the seismic requirements
for anew structure with the higher importance factor. 4) 0.9DL* 1.5EL
6.2 Assumptions 6.3.2 Design Horizontal Earthquake Load
The following assumptions shall be made in the 6.3.2.1 When the lateral load resisting elements are
earthquake resistant design of structures: oriented along orthogonal horizontal direction, the
structure shall be designed for the effects due to till
a) Earthquake causes impulsive ground motions,
design earthquake load in one horizontal direction at
which are complex and irregular in character,
time.
changing in period and amplitude each lasting
for a small duration. Therefore, resonance of 6.3.2.2 When the lateral load resisting elements are
the type as visualized under steady-state not oriented along the orthogonal horizontal directions,
sinusoidal excitations, will not occur as it the stmcture shall be designed for the effects due to
would need time to buildup such amplitudes. foil design earthquake load in one horizontal direction
NOTE — However, there are exceptions where plus 30 percent of the design earthquake load in the
resonance-like conditions have been seen to occur other direction.
between long distance waves and tall structures
NOTE — For instance, the building should be designed
founded on deep soft soils.
for ( + ELx i 0.3 EL.y ) as well as ( * 0.3 ELx * ELy ),
b) Earthquake is not likely to occur where x and y are two orthogonal horizontal directions,
simultaneously with wind or maximum flood EL in 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.1,2 shall be replaced by ( ELx i
0.3 ELy ) or ( ELy i 0.3 .!Lh ).
or maximum sea waves,
6.3.3 Design Vertical Earthquake Load
c) The value of elastic modulus of materials,
wherever required, may be taken as for static When effects due to vertical earthquake loads are to
analysis unless a more definite value is be considered, the design vertical force shall be
available for use in such condition ( see calculated in accordance with 6.4.5.
IS 456, IS 1343 and IS 800 )
6.3.4 Combination for Two or Three Component
6.3 Load Combination and Increase in Permissible Motion
Stresses
6.3.4.1 When responses from the three earthquake
6.3.1 Load Combinations components are to be considered, the responses due
When earthquake forces are considered on a structure, to each component may be combined using the
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
assumption that when the maximum response from Zones III, IV, V and less than 10 in seismic Zone II,
one component occurs, the responses from the other the vibration caused by earthquake may cause
two component are 30 percent of their maximum. All liquefaction or excessive total and differential
possible combinations of the three components ( ELx, settlements. Such sites should preferably be avoided
ELy and ELz ) including variations in sign ( plus or while locating new settlements or important projects.
minus ) shall be considered, Thus, the response due Otherwise, this aspect of the problem needs to be
earthquake force (EL ) is the maximum of the following investigated and appropriate methods of compaction
three cases: or stabilization adopted to achieve suitable N-values
as indicated in Note 3 under Table 1. Alternatively,
1) %ELX*O.3 ELyho.3ELz
deep pile foundation may be provided and taken to
2) *ELy*O.3 ELx&O.3 ELz depths well into the layer which is not likely to liquefi.
Marine clays and other sensitive clays are also known
3) *ELz* 0.3 ELx&O.3 ELy
to lique~ due to collapse of soil structure and will
where x and y are two orthogonal directions and z is need special treatment according to site condition.
vertical direction.
NOTE — Specialist literature may be referred for
6.3.4.2 As an alternative to the procedure in 6.3.4.1, determining liquefaction potential of a site.
the response (EL ) due to the combined effect of the
6.4 Design Spectrum
three components can be obtained on the basis of
‘square root of the sum of the square ( SRS S )‘ that 6.4.1 For the purpose of determining seismic forces,
is the country is classified into four seismic zones as
EL = ~ (ELx)2+ (ELy)z+(ELz)2 shown in Fig. 1.
NOTE — The combination procedure of 6.3.4.1 and 6.4.2 The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah
6.3.4.2 apply to the same response quantity (say, moment for a structure shall be determined by the following
in a column about its major axis, or storey shear in a expression:
frame) due to different components of the ground motion.
.zIsa
6.3.4.3 When two component motions ( say one Ah=—
horizontal and one vertical, or only two horizontal) 2Rg
are combined, the equations in 6.3.4.1 and 6.3.4.2
Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the
should be modified by del >ting the term representing
value of A~will not be taken less than Z/2 whatever
the response due to the component of motion not being
be the value of I/R
considered.
6.3.5 Increase in Permissible Stresses where
6.3.5.1 Increase impermissible stresses in materials z. Zone factor given in Table 2, is for the
Maximum Considered Earthquake ( MCE )
When earthquake forces are considered along with and service life of structure in a zone. The
other normal design forces, the permissible stresses factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so
in material, in the elastic method of design, maybe as to reduce the Maximum Considered
increased by one-third. However, for steels having a
Earthquake ( MCE ) zone factor to the fktor
definite yield stress, the stress be limited to the yield for Design Basis Earthquake ( DBE ).
stress; for steels without a definite yield point, the
stress will be limited to 80 percent of the ultimate z= Importance factor, depending upon the
strength or 0.2 percent proof stress, whichever is functional use of the structures,
smaller; and that in prestressed concrete members, characterised by.hazardous consequences
the tensile stre’ssin the extreme fibers of the concrete of its failure, post-earthquake functional
may be permitted so as not to exceed two-thirds of needs, historical value, or economic
the modulus of rupture of concrete. importance ( Table 6 ).
6.3.5.2 Increase in allowable pressure in soils R= Response reduction factor, depending on
When earthquake forces are included, the allowable the perceived seismic damage performance
bearing pressure in soils shall be increased as per of the structure, characterised by ductile
Table 1, depending upon type of foundation of the or brittle deformations. However, the ratio
structure and the type of soil. (I/R ) shall not be greater than 1.0( Table
7). The values of R for buildings are given
In soil deposits consisting of submerged loose sands in Table 7.
and soils falling under classification SP with
S’a/g = Average response acceleration coefficient
standard penetration N-values less than 15 in seismic
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Table 1 Percentage of Permissible Increase in Allowable Bearing Pressure or Resistance of Soils

(L’lause 6.3.5.2)
S1 No. Foundation Type of Soil Mainly Constituting the Foundation

r A >
Type I Rock or Hard Soil : Type H Medium S&ls : Type III Soft Soils: AU
Well graded gravel and sand All soils with N between 10 soils other than SP’J
gravel mixtures with or and 30, and poorly graded with N< 10
without clay binder, and sands or gravelly sands with
clayey sands poorly graded little or no fines ( SP1~)
or sand clay mixtures ( GB, with N> 15
CW, SB, SW, and SC )1)
having )@ above 30, where
N is the standard penetration
value
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1) Piles passing through any 50 50 50

soil but resting on soil type I
ii) Piles not covered under 25 25

item i
iii) Raft foundations 50 50 50

iv) Combined isolated RCC 50 25 25
footing with tie beams
v) Isolated RCC footing without 50 25 —

tie beams, or unreinforced
strip foundations
vi) Well foundations 50 25 25
NOTES
1 The allowable bearing pressure shall be determined in accordance with IS 6403 or IS 1888.
2 If any increase in bearing pressure has already been permitted for forces other than seismic forces, the total increase
in allowable bearing pressure when seismic force is also included shall not exceed the limits specified above.
3 Desirable minimum field values of N — If soils of smaller N-values are met, compacting may be adopted to achieve
these values or deep pile foundations going to stronger strata should be used.
4 The values of N ( corrected values ) are at the founding level and the allowable bearing pressure shall be determined in
accordance with IS 6403 or IS 1888.
,
Seismic Zone Depth Below Ground N-Values Remark
level (in metres )
III, IV and V <5 15

> lo For values of depths between 5 m and
25
10 m, linear interpolation is
11 ( for important <5 15 recommended
structures only ) > Ir) 20
5 The piles should be designed for lateral loads neglecting lateral resistance of soil layers liable to liquefy.
6 IS 1498 and IS 2131 may also be referred.
7 Isolated R, C.C. footing without tie beams, or unreinforced strip foundation shall not be permitted in soft soils with
N<1O.
1) See IS 1498.
2) See IS 2131.
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IS-1893 ( Part 1 ) :2002
for rock or soil sites as given by Fig. 2 and foundations placed between the ground level and
Table 3 based on appropriate natural periods 30 m depth, the design horizontal acceleration spectrum
and damping of the structure. These curves value shall be linearly interpolated between Ah and
represent free tleld ground motion. 0.5 Ah, where Ah is as specified in 6.4.2.
NOTE — For various types of structures, the 6.4.5 The design acceleration spectrum for vertical
values of Importance Factor I, Response Reduction motions, when required, may be taken as two-thirds
Factor R, and damping values are given in the of the design horizontal acceleration spectrum specitled
respective parts of this standard. The method
in 6.4.2.
( empirical or otherwise ) to calculate the natural
periods of the structure to be adopted for evaluating Figure 2 shows the proposed 5 percent spectra for
S,/g is sdso given in the respective parts of this rocky and soils sites and Table 3 gives the multiplying
standard.
factors for obtaining spectral values for various other
Table 2 Zone Factor, Z clampings.
( Clause 6.4.2) For rocky, or hard soil sites
Seismic II 111 Iv v 1+15~ 0.00< Ts”o.lo

Zone s,
= 2.50 O.1O<T<O.4O
g
Seismic Low Moderate Severe Very l.00/T 0.40< TS4.00
Intensity Severe -1
For medium soil sites
z 0.10 0.16 0,24 0.36
1+15~ O.OO<TSO.1O
6.4.3 Where a number of modes are to be considered s
~ = 2.50 O.1O<T<O.55
for dynamic analysis, the value of Ah as defined g
in 6.4.2 for each mode shall be determined using the I 1.361T 0.55 sT<4.00
natural period of vibration of that mode.
For soft soil sites
6.4.4 For underground structures and foundations
1+15Z 0.00 S T<O.1O
at depths of 30 m or below, the design horizontal Sa
acceleration spectrum value shall be taken as half the = 2.50 0.10 S TsO.67
T
value obtained from 6.4.2. For structures and
1 1.67/T 0.67 ST<4.00
3.0 1 r I r r , ,
Type 1 (Rock, or Hard So

2.5 .....‘, Type II (Medium Soil)
‘, ,.
‘! ,,
T \ ‘. h /Tv~e II1(Soft Soil)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5 — ----------- --.--.--:.. ........

----------
—
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1“5 2’0 2“5 3“0 3“5 4“0
Period(s)
Fm. 2 RESPONSE
SPECTRA
~R ROCKANDSOILSITESFOR5 PERC~ DAMPM
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
6.4.6 In case design spectrum is specifically prepared and 6.3.1.2 where the gravity loads are combined with
for a structure at a particular project site, the same the earthquake loads [ that is, in load combinations
may be used for design at the discretion of the project (3) in 6.3.1.1, and (2) in 6.3.1.2 ]. No further reduction
authorities in the imposed load will be used as envisaged in
IS 875( Part 2 ) for number of storeys above the one
7 BUILDINGS under consideration or for large spans of beams or
floors.
7.1 Regular and Irregular Configuration
7.3.4 The proportions of imposed load indicated above
To perform well in an earthquake, a building should for calculating the lateral design forces for earthquakes
possess four main attributes, namely simple and regular are applicable to average conditions. Where the
cotilguration, and adequate lateral strength, stiffness probable loads at the time of earthquake are more
and ductility. Buildings having simple regolar geomet~ accurately assessed, the designer may alter the
and uniformly distributed mass and stiffness in plan proportions indicated or even replace the entire
as well as in elevation, suffer much less damage than imposed load proportions by the actual assessed load.
buildings with irregular configurations. A building In such cases, where the imposed load is not assessed
shall be considered as irregular for the purposes of as per 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 only that part of imposed load,
this standard, if at least one of the conditions given which possesses mass, shall be considered. Lateral
in Tables 4 and 5 is applicable, design force for earthquakes shall not be calculated
on contribution of impact effects from imposed loads.
7.2 Importance Factor Zand Response Reduction
FactorR 7.3.5 Other loads apart from those given above ( for
example snow and permanent equipment ) shall be
The minimum value of importanm factor,1, for ditlerent considered as appropriate.
building systems shall be as given in Table 6. The
response reduction factor, R, for different building 7.4 Seismic Weight
systems shall be as given in Table 7. 7.4.1 Seismic Weight of Floors
7.3 Design Imposed Loads for Earthquakes Force The seismic weight of each floor is its full dead load
Calculation plus appropriate amount of imposed load, as specified
in 7.3.1 and 7.3.2. While computing the seismic weight
7.3.1 For various loading classes as specified in
of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any
IS 875( Part 2 ), the earthquake force shall be calculatcxl
storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above
for the full dead load plus the percentage of imposed
and below the storey.
load as given in Table 8.
7.4.2 Seismic Weight of Building
7.3.2 For calculating the design seismic forces of the
structure, the imposed load on roof need not be The seismic weight of the whole building is the sum
considered. of the seismic weights of all the floors.
7.3.3 The percentage of imposed loads given in 7.3.1 7.4.3 Any weight supported in between storeys shall
and 7.3.2 shall also be used for ‘Whole frame loaded’ be distributed to the floors above and below in inverse
condition in the load combinations specified in 6.3. L 1 proportion to its distance from the floors.
Table 3 Multiplying Factors for Obtaining Values for Other Damping

( Clause 6.4.2)
Damping, o 2 5 7 10 15 20 25 30
percent
Factors 3.20 1,40 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0,60 0.55 0.50
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
Table 4 Definitions of Irregular Buildings — Table 5 — Concluded

Plan Irregularities ( Fig. 3 )
S1 No. Irregularity Type and Description
( Clause 7.1 )
(1) (2)
ii) Mass Irregulari@
(1) (2)
Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where
i) Torsion Irregularity the seismic weight of any storey is more than 200
To be considered when floor diaphragms are rigid percent of that of its adjacent storeys. The irregularity
in their own plan in relation to the vertical structural need not be considered in case of roofs
elements that resist the lateral forces. Torsional
iii) Vertical Geometric Irregularity
irregularity to be considered to exist when the
maximum storey drift, computed with design Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered
eccentricity, at one end of the structures transverse to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral
to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of force resisting system in any storey is more than
the storey drifts at the two ends of the structure 150 percent of that in its adjacent storey
ii) Re-en?rant Corners iv) In-Plane Discontinuity in VerticalElenrentsResisttng
Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral Lateral Force
force resisting system contain re-entrant corners, A in-plane offset of the lateral force resisting
where both projections of the structure beyond the elements greater than the length of those elements
re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent of
v) Discontinuity in CapaciQ — Weak Strorey
its plan dimension in the given direction
iii) Diaphragm Discontinuity A weak storey is one in which the storey lateral
strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey
Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or variations
above, The storey lateral strength is the total
in stiffness, including those having cut-out or open
strength of all seismic force resisting elements
areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed
sharing the storey shear in the considered direction.
diaphragm area, or changes in effective diaphragm
stiffness of more than 50 percent from one storey
to the next Table 6 Importance Factors, 1
iv) Out-of-Plane Offsets ( Clause 6.4.2)
Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path,
such as out-of-plane offsets of vertical elements S1 No. Strue tur e Importance
v) Non-parallel Systems Factor
The vertical elements resisting the lateral force (1) (2) (3)
are not parallel to or symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes or the lateral force resisting elements i) Important service and community
buildings, such as hospitals; schools;
monumental structures; emergency
Table 5 Definition of Irregular Buildings — 1.5
buildings like telephone exchange,
Vertical Irregularities ( Fig. 4 ) television stations, radio stations,
railway stations, fire station buildings;
( Clause 7.1 )
large community halls like cinemas,
assembly halls and subway stations,
power stations
(1) (2)
ii) AU other buildings 1.0
i) a) Stiffness Irregularity — Soft Storey
NOTES
A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness
is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above 1 The design engineer may choose values of importance
or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness factor I greater than those mentioned above.
of the three storeys above
2 Buildings not covered in SI No. (i) and (ii) above may
b) Stiffness Irregularity — Extreme Soft Storey be designed for higher value ofZ, depending on economy,
A extreme soft storey is one in which the lateral strategy considerations like multi-storey buildings having
stiffness is less than 60 percent of that in the storey several residential units.
above or less than 70 percent of the average stiffness
of the three storeys above. For example, buildings 3 This does not apply to temporary structures like
on STILTS will fall under this category, excavations, scaffolding etc of short duration.
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IS 1893 (Part 1 ): 2002
I
I
\
\
i, /
\l
i .
VERTICAL COMPONENTS OF
SEISMIC RESISTING SYSTEM
—-—— -- —.. —.——

FLOOR
i
i
Al I
J_ I Az
+-----------+f
3 ATorsional Irregularity
-r I
IL-r
A\ L> O-15-0,20
‘7
L 3 B Re-entrant Corner
7 A2
Al
L2
— Continued
FIG. 3 PLAN IRREGULARITIES
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
MASS RESISTANCE ECCENTRICITY
m“m VERTICAL COMPONENTS OF

SYSTEM
SEISMIC RESISTING
E OPENING
FLOOR
3 C Diaphragm Discontinuity
+--SHEAR
WALL
///////// ///,’// ///////

BUILDING SECTION
o WALLS
D
3 D Out-of-Plane Offsets
EE3 BUILDING PLAN
3 E Non-Parallel System
FIG. 3 PLAN IRREGULARITIES
20
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------
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
E13
Elii
EE!l -.----
----
Eli STOREY STIFFNESS
FOR THE BUILDING
kn
#
kn-l
SOFT STOREY WHEN
kn-2 ki< 0.7 kl+l
B
ki+l +ki+2 +ki+s ~
OR ki<08 ( 1
k3 3
kz
k,
H // /
4 A Stiffness Irregularity
SEISMIC
WEIGHT
Wn
w n-l
n-2
B
W2
mw
MASS IRREGULARITY
WHEN, Wt >20 Wi_l
OR Wi> 20 Wl+l
4 B Mass Irregularity
FIG. 4 VERTICALIRREGULARITIES
— Continued
21
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Q&j
A
AIL >0-15
A
AIL>O-10
ALA
4 C Vertical Geometric Iregularity when L2 >1.5 L,
STOREY STRENGTH
(LATERAL)
Fn
B. Fn.l
Fn.2
4 D In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting 4 E weak Storey when ~ c 0,8 ~ + 1

Lateral Force when b > a
FIG.4 VEKHCALIRREGULAIUHSS
22
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Table 7 Response Reduction Factor l), R, for Building Systems .

( Clause 6.4.2)
S1 No. Lateral Load Resisting System R
(1) (2) (3)
Building Frame Systems
i) Ordinary RC moment-resisting frame ( OMRF )2) 3.0
ii) Special RC moment-resisting frame ( SMRF )3) 5.0
iii) Steel frame with

4 .
a) Concentric braces 4.0
b) Eccentric braces 5.0
iv) Steel moment resisting frame designed as per SP 6 ( 6 ) 5.0
Building with Shear Walls4~
v) Load bearing masonry wall buildings)
a) Unreinforced 1.5
b) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands 2.5
c) Reinforced with horizontal RC bands and vertical bars at corners of rooms and 3.0
jambs of openings
vi) Ordinary reinforced concrete shear walls@ 3.0
vii) Ductile shear walls7) 4.0”
Buildings with Dual Systemss)
viii) Ordinary shear wall with OMRF 3.0
ix) Ordinary shear wall with SMRF 4,0
x) Ductile shear wall with OMRF 4.5
xi) Ductile shear wall with SMRF 5.0
0 The va]ues of response riduction fact&s are to be used for buildings with lateral load resisting elements, and not Just
for the lateral load resisting elements built in isolation.
2) OMRF are those designed and detailedas per IS 456 or Is 800” but not meeting ductile detailing reqllirertlellt
M
per IS 13920 or SP 6 (6) respectively.
b 3) SMRF defined in 4.15.2.

4) Buildings with shear walls also include buildings having shear walls and frames, but where:
a) frames are not designed to carry lateral loads, or

b) frames are designed to carry lateral loads but do not fulfil the requirements of ‘dual systems’.
5) Reinforcement should be as per IS 4326.
6) Prohibited in zones IV and V.
n Ductile shear walls are those designed and detailed as per IS 13920.
s)
Buildings with dual systems consist of shear walls ( or braced frames ) and moment resisting frames such that:
a) the two systems are designed to resist the total design force in proportion to their lateral stiffness considering
the interaction of the dual system at all floor levels,; and
b) the moment resisting frames are designed to independently resist at least 25 percent of the design seismic base
shear,
.23
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
Table 8 Percentage of Imposed Load to be 7.6.2 The approximate fundamental natural period
Considered in Seismic Weight Calculation of vibration ( T, ), in seconds, of all other buildings,
(Clause 7.3.1 ) including moment-resisting fimne buildings with brick
intil panels, may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
Imposed Uniformity Percentage of Imposed
Distributed Floor Load 0.09
Loads ( kN/ mz )
‘= m
(1) (2)
where
Upto and including 3.0 25
h= Height ofbuilding, inw as defined in7.6.l;
Above 3.0 50
and *
7.5 Design Lateral Force d= Base dimension of the building at the plinth
level, in m, along the considered direction
7.5.1 Buildings and portionsthereof shall be designed of the lateral force.
and constructed, to resist the effects of design lateral .
force specified in 7.5.3 as a minimum. 7.7 Distribution of Design Force
7.5.2 The design lateral force shall first be computed 7.7.1 Vertical Distribution of Base Shear to Differmt
for the building as a whole. This design lateral force Floor LeveLr
shall then be distributed to the various floor levels. The design base shear ( V~ ) computed in 7.5.3 shall
The overall design seismic force thus obtained at each be distributed along the height of the building as per
floor level, shall thenbe distributed to individual lateral the following expression:
load resisting elements depending on the floor
diaphragm action. W h,z
Qi=J’B. l’
7.5.3 Design Seismic Base Shear
The total design lateral force or design seismic base where

shear ( VB) along any principal direction shall Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
be determined by the following expression:
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i,
V~ = AhW
hi = Height of floor i measured from base, and
where
n . Number of storeys in the building is the
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum number of levels at which the masses are
value as per 6.4.2, using the fundamental located.
natural period T,as per 7.6 in the considered
direction of vibration, and 7.7.2 Distribution of Horizontal Design Lateral Force
to Different Lateral Force Resisting Elements
w. Seismic weight of the building as per 7.4.2.
7.7.2.1 In case of buildings whose floors are capable
7.6 Fundamental Natural Period of providing rigid horizontal diaphragm action, the
total shear in any horizontal plane shall be distributed
7.6.1 The approximate fundamental natural period
to the various vertieal elements of lateral force resisting
of vibration ( T, ), in seconds, of a moment-resisting
system, assuming the floors to be infinitely rigid in
frame building without brick in.fd panels may be
the horizontal plane.
estimated by the empirical expression:
7.7.2.2 In case of building whose floor diaphragms
T. = 0,075 h07s for RC frame building can not be treated as infinitely rigid in their own plane,
= 0.085 h075 for steel frame building the lateral shear at each floor shall be distributed to
the vertical elements resisting the lateral forces,
where
considering the in-plane flexibility of the diaphragms.
h = Height of building, in m. This excludes NOTES
the basement storeys, where basement walls
1 A floor diaphragm shaJl be considered to be flexible,
are connected with the ground floor deck if it deforms such that the maximum lateral displacement
or fitted between the building columns. measured from the chord of the deformed shape at
But it includes the basement storeys, when any point of the diaphragm is more than 1.5 times the
they are not so connected. average displacement of the entire diaphragm.
24 .
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
2 Reinforced concrete monolithic slab-beam floors or building shall be petiormed as per established methods
those consisting of prefabricated/precast elements with of mechanics using the appropriatemasses and elastic
topping reinforced screed can be taken a rigid diaphragms.
stiffness of the structural system, to obtain natural
7.8 Dynamic Analysis periods (T) and mode shapes {$} of those of its modes
of vibration that need to be considered as per 7.8.4.2.
7.8.1 Dynamic analysis shall be pefiormed to obtain
the design seismic force, andits distributionto different 7.8.4.2 Modes to be considered
levels along the height of the building andtothevarious
lateral load resisting elements, for the following The number of modes to be used in the analysis should
buildings: be such that the sum total of modal masses of all modes
considered is at least 90 percent of the total seismic
a) Regular buildings — Those greater than
mass and missing mass correction beyond 33 percent.
40 m in height in Zones IV and ~ and those
If modes with natural frequency beyond33 Hz are to
greater than 90 m in height in Zones II and
be considered, modal combination shall be carried out
111. Modelling as per 7.8.4.5 can be used.
only for modes upto 33 Hz. The effect of higher modes
b) irregular buildings ( as defined in 7.1 ) — shall be included by considering missing mass
Allfiamedbuildingshigherthan12minZones correction following well established procedures.
IVand~andthosegreaterthan40minheight
in Zones 11and III. 7.8.4.3 Analysis of building subjected to design
forces
The analyticalmo&l fordynamicanalysisof buildings
with unusual configuration should be such that it The building may be analyzed by accepted principles
adequately models the types of irregularities present of mechanics for the design forces considered as static
in the building configuration. Buildings with plan forces.
irregularities,as defimedin Table4 ( as per 7.1 ), cannot
be modelled for dynamic analysis by the method given 7.8.4.4 Modal combination
in 7.8.4.5.
The peak response quantities ( for example, member
NOTE — For irregular buildings, lesser than 40 m in forces, displacements, storey forces, storey shears
height in Zones 11and III, dynamic anrdysis, even though
and base reactions ) shall be combined as per Complete
not mandatory, is recommended.
Quadratic Combination ( CQC ) method.
7.8.2 Dynamic analysis may be performed either
I ,,
by the Time History Method or by the Response
Spectrum Method. However, in either method, the
design base shear ( VB) shall be compared with abase
shmr ( J?B) calculated using a fundamental period T,,
where T, is as per 7.6. Where t’~is less than ~~, all where
the response quantities (for example member forces, r . Number of modes being considered,
displacements, storey forces, storey shears and base
reactions) shall be multiplied by ~~ / V~. pij = Cross-modal coeffkient,
7.8.2.1 The value of damping for buildings maybe Ai = Response quantity in mode i ( including .’
takenas 2 and 5 percentof the critical, for the purposes sign ),
of dynamic analysis of steel and reinforced concrete
Lj = Response quantity in mode j ( including
buildings, respectively.
sign ),
7.8.3 Time History Method
8&(l+J3)~15
Time history method of analysis, when used, shall pij =
be based on an appropriate ground motion and shall (l+p2)2+452p( l+/.3)2
be performed using accepted principles of dynamics. ~= Modal damping ratio (in ffaction) as
‘7.8.4 Response Spectrum Method specified in 7.8.2.1,
Response spectrum method of analysis shall be p= Frequency ratio = O,/(oi,

performed using the design spectrum specified in 6.4.2,
0.),= Circular frequeney in ith mode, and
or by a site-specific design spectrum mentioned
in 6.4.6. (l)j= Circular frequeney injth mode.
7.8.4.1 Free Ebration Analysis Alternatively, the peak response quantities may be
Undamped free vibration analysis of the entire combined as follows:
25
IS 1893 ( Part 1 ) : 20{)2
a) If the building does not have closely-spaced c)

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Design Lateral Force at Each Floor in Each
modes, then the peak response quantity Mode — The peak lateral force ( Qi~) at floor
( k ) due to all modes considered shall be i in mode k is given by
obtained as
Q,k = .4k ~,~‘k ‘,
where
.4k = Design’ horizontal acceleration
spectrum value as per 6.4.’2 using
the natural period of vibration ( Tk)
of mode k.
k~ = Absolute value of quantity in mode k, and
d) Storey Shear Forcev in Each Mode — The ,
r = Number of modes being considered
peak shear force ( P’,k) acting in storey i in
b) If the building has a few closely-spaced modes mode k is given by
( see 3.2), then the peak response quantity
&
( k“ ) due to these modes shall be obtained
as j=l+l
e) Storey Shear Forcetv due to .411 A40dev

C’onividered — The peak storey shear force
( Vi) in storey i due to all modes considered
where the summation is for the closely-spaced modes is obtained by combining those due to each
only This peak response quantity due to the closely mode in accordarice with 7:8.4.4.
spaced modes ( L“ ) is then combined with those of
the remaining well-separated modes by the method f) Lateral ~orces at Each Storey Due to .411
described in 7.8.4.4 (a). Mode,v Con,videredThe design lateral

—
forces, F,,,,,f and F,, at roof and at floor i :
7.8.4.5 Buildings with regular, or nominally irregyla~{
plan configurations may be modelled as a system of F,,,,,f = I;,,(,f, and
nm.ses lumped at the floor levels with each mass having F, * [/;– J.:+,
one degree of freedom, that of lateral displacement
7.9 Torsion
in the direction under consideration. In such a case; .!
the following expressions shall hold in the computation 7.9.1 Provision shall be made jn all buildings for.
of the various quantities : “ increase in shear forces on.the lateral force resisting
elements resulting from the horizontal torsional moment
a) A40dalA4ass — The mockdmass ( M~) of mode
arising due to eccentricity between the centre of mass
k is given by
and centre of rigidity. The design forces calculated
as in 7,8.4.5 are to be applied at the centre of nl~s
appropriately displaced so as to cause design
eccentricity ( 7.9.2 ) between the displaced centre of,
mass and centre of rigidity. However, negative torsional
shear shall be neglected. ●
7.9.2 The design eccentricity, e~ito

-. be used at floor
where i shall be taken as:
~ = Acceleration due to gravity,
1.5e,, + 0,05 b, .
$i~ = Mode shape coefficient at floor J in ‘dl =
mode k, and ,1 or e,i – 0.05 bi
Py = Seismic weight of floor i. whichever of these gives the more severe effect n
the shear of any ’frame where
b) Modal Participation Factors — The
modal participation factor ( P~ ) of mode k is ‘dl = Static eccentricity at floor i defined as the
given by: distance between centre of mass and centre
n of rigidity, and
x ‘, @,k b, = Floor plan dimension of floor i,

perpendicular to the direction of force.
NOTE — The factor 1.5 represents dynamic
amplification factor, while the factor 0,05 represents
,=1 the extent of accidental eccentricity.
26
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
7.9.3 In case of highly irregular buildings analyzed direction under consideration, do not lose their vertical
according to 7.8.4”.5, additive shears will be load-carrying capacity under the induced moments
superimposed for a statically applied eccentricity of resulting from storey deformations equal to R times
+ ().()5b, with respect to the centre of rigidity the storey displacements calculated as per 7.11.1.
where R is specified in Table 7.
7.10 Buildings with Soft Storey
NOTE — For instauce, cnnsider a flat-slab building in
7.10.1 In case buildings with a flexible storey, such which lateral Inad resistance is provided by shear walls.
as the ground storey consisting of open spaces for Since the Isstersdload resistance rfthe slab-column system
is small. these are nften designed nnly for the gravity
parking that is Stilt buildings, special arrangement needs
loads, while all the seismic force is resisted by the shear
to be made to increase the lateral strength and stiffness walls. Even thnugh the slabs and columns are not required
of the soft/open storey. to share the lateral forces, these det-orm with rest ot’
the structure. under seismic force, The concern is tbtit
7.10.2 Dynamic analysis of building is carried out under such detbrmations, the slab-column system should
including the strength and stiffness effects of infills not lose its vertical Iuad capucity.
and inelastic deformations in the members, particularly,
7.11.3 Separation Between .4djacent [Jnits
those in the soft storey, and the members designed
accordingly, Two adjacent buildings. or two adjacent units of the
same building with separatiolljoint in between shall
7.10.3 Alternatively, the following design criteria are
be separated by a distance equal to the amount R times
to be adopted after carrying out the earthquake
the sum of the calculated storey displacements as per
analysis, neglecting the effect of infill walls in other
7.11.1 of each of them, to avoid damaging con~act
storeys:
when the two units deflect towards each other. When
a) the columns and beams of the soft storey are floor levels of two similar adjacent units or buildings
to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears are at the same elevation levels, factor R in this
and moments calculated under seismic loads requirement may be replaced by R/2.
specified in the other relevant clauses: or. 7.12 Miscellaneous
b) besides the columns designed and detailed 7.12.1 Foundations
for the calculated storey shears and moments,
shear walls placed symmetrically in both The use of foundations vulnerable to significant
directions of the building as far away from differential settlement due to ground shaking shall
the centre of the building as feasible; to be be avoided for structures in seismic Zones III, IV and
designed exclusively for 1.5 times the lateral V In seismic Zones IV and V,individual spread footings
storey shear force calculated as before, or pile caps shall be interconnected with ties,
( .~ee5.3.4.1 of 1S4326 ) except when individual spread
7.11 Deformations footings are directly supported on rock. All ties shall
be capable of carrying, in tension and in compression,
7.11.1 Store,v Drift Limitation
an axial force equal to .4, /4 times the larger of the
,1
The storey drift in any storey due to the minimum column or pile cap load, in addition to the otherwise
specified design lateral force, with partial load factor computed forces, Here, i4h is as per 6.4.2.
of 1,(). shall not exceed O.()()4 times the storey height, 7.12.2 Cantilever Projectioniv
For the purposes of displacement requirements only 7.12.2.1 Wrtica[ projection,r

( see 7.11.1,7.11.2 and 7.11.3 only), it is permissible
to use seismic force obtained from the computed Tower, tanks, parapets, smoke stacks ( chimneys)
fundamental period (7’) of the building without the and other vertical cantilever projections attached to
lower bound limit on design seismic force specified buildings and projecting above the roof, shall be
in 7.8.2. designed and checked for stability for five times the
design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah specified
There shall be no drift limit for single storey building in 6.4.2. In the analysis of the building, the weight
which has been designed to accommodate storey drift. of these projecting elements will be lumped with the
roof weight.
7.11.2 Defer-mation Conlpatibility of Non-Se isnlic
A~enlhers 7.12.2.2 Horizontal projection
For building located in seismic Zones IV and ~ it shall All horizontal projections like cornices and balconies
be ensured that the structural components, that are shall be designed and checked for stability for
not a part of the seismic force resisting system in the five times the design vertical coefficient specified
27
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
in 6.4.5 (that is = 10/3 A~). 7.12.4 Connections Between Parts
7.12.2.3 The increased design forces specified All partsof the building, exceptbetween the separation
in 7.12.2.1 and 7.12.2.2 are only for designing the sections, shall be tied together to act as integrated
projecting parts and their connections with the main single unit. All connections between different parts,
structures. For the design of the main structure,such such as beams to columns and columns to their
increase need not be considered. footings, should be made capable of transmitting
a force, in all possible directions, of magnitude
7.12.3 Compound Walls
( Qi/wi) times but not less t&m 0.05 times the weight
Compound walls shall be designed for the design of the smaller part or the total of dead and imposed
horizontal coeftlcient Ah with importance factor load reaction. Frictional resistance shall not be relied
1= 1.0 specified in 6.4.2. upon for fulfilling these requirements.
28
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ANNEX A
( Foreword)
68° 72°
AND SURROUNDING
SHOWING EPICENTRES ‘
8
,,~
48o
KILOMETRES c
32°
o V&, ~ ~’p
n-o n
RA?PUR
2 20
1 16’ 1
1 12“
8°
@ Government of India, Copyright Year 2001.
Based upon Survey of India map with the permission of the Surveyor General of India.
The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.
The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line.
The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
The interstate boundaries between Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are as interpreted from the
North-Eastern Areas (Reorganization) Act, 1971, but have yet to be verified.
The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Maater Copy certified by Survay of India.
29
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As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

A..>..
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
ANNEX D
( Foreword and Clause 3.15 )

COMPREHENSIVE INTENSITY SCALE ( MSK 64 )
The scale was discussed generally at the inter- d) Intensity Scale

govermnental meeting convened by UNESCO in April
1964. Though not finally approved the scale is more 1. Not noticeable — The intensity of the
comprehensive and describes the intensity of vibration is below the limits of sensibility:
earthquake more precisely. The main definitions used the tremor is detected and recorded by
are followings; seismograph only.
a) Tvpe of Structures (Buildings) 2. Sca~e(y noticeable (very slight) — Vibration

is felt only by individual people at rest in
Type.4 — Building in field-stone, rural houses, especially on upper floors of
structures, unburnt-brick buildings.
houses, clay houses.
3. Weak, partially observed only — The
Tvpe B — Ordinary brick buildings,
earthquake is felt indoors by a few people,
buildings of large block and
outdoors only in favorable circumstances.
prefabricated type, half timbered
The vibration is like that due to the passing
structures, buildings in natural
of a light truck. Attentive observers notice
hewn stone,
a slight swinging of hanging objects.
Tvpe C — Reinforced buildings, well built somewhat more heavily on upper floors.
wooden structures,
4. Largelv ob.verved — The earthquake is felt
b) Definition qfQuantitv: indoors by many people, outdoors by few.
Here and there people awake, but no one is
Single, few About 5 percent
frightened. The vibration is like that due to
Many About 50 percent the passing of a heavily loaded truck.
Windows, doors, and dishes rattle. Floors
Most About 75 percent and walls crack. Furniture begins to shake.
c) Cla.~~iflcation of Danlage to Buildings Hanging objects swing slightly. Liquid in
open vessels are slightly disturbed. In
Grade 1 Slight damage Fine cracks in plaster: standing motor cars the shock is noticeable.
fall of small pieces of
plaster. 5. Awakening
Grade 2 Moderate damage Small cracks in plaster: i) The earthquake is felt indoors by all,
fall of fairly large pieces outdoors by many. Many people awake.
of plaster: pantiles slip A few run outdoors. Animals become
off cracks in chimneys uneasy. Building tremble throughout.
parts of chimney fall Hanging objects swing consider~bly.
down, Pictures knock against walls or swing out
of place. Occasionally pendulum clocks
Grade 3 Hea%ydamage Large and deep cracks
stop. Unstable objects overturn or shift.
in plaster: fall of
Open doors and windows are thrust open
chimneys,
and slam back again. Liquids spill in small
Grade 4 Destruction Gaps in walls: parts of amounts from well-filled open containers.
buildings may collapse: The sensation of vibration is like that
separate parts of the due to heavy objects falling inside the
buildings lose their buildipgs.
cohesion: and inner
walls collapse, ii) Slight damages in buildings of Type A
are possible.
Grade 5 Total damage Total collapse of the
buildings. iii) Sometimes changes in flow of springs.
33
.
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
6. Frightening roads on steep slopes; cracks in ground
upto widths of several centimetres. Water
i) Felt by most indoors and outdoors. Many
in lakes become turbid. New reservoirs
people in buildings are frightened and
come into existence. Dry wells refill and
run outdoors. A few persons loose their
existing wells become dry. In many cases,
balance. Domestic animals run out of
change in flow and level of water is
their stalls. In few instances, dishes and
observed.
glassware may break, and books fall down.
Heavy furniture may possibly move and 9. General damage of buildings
small steeple bells may ring.
i) General panic; considerable damage to
ii) Damage of Grade 1 is sustained in single furniture. Animals run to and fro in
buildings of Type B and in many of Type confusion, and cry.
A. Damage in few buildings of Type A
ii) Many buildings of Type C stier damage
is of Grade 2.
of Grade 3, and a few of Grade 4. Many
iii) In few cases, cracks up to widths of buildings of Type B show a damage of
1cm possible in wet ground in mountains Grade 4 and a few of Grade 5. Many
occasional landslips: change in flow of buildings of Type A suffer damage of
springs and in level of well water are Grade 5. Monuments and columns fall.
observed. Considerable damage to reservoirs;
7. Darnuge qf’ h uildingv underground pipes partly broken, In
individual cases, railway lines are bent
i) Most people are frightened and run
and roadway damaged.
outdoors. Many find it difllcult to stand.
The vibration is noticed by persons iii) On flat land overflow of water, sand and
driving motor cars. Large bells ring. mud is often observed. Ground cracks
to widths of up to 10 cm, on slopes and
ii) In many buildings of Type C damage of
river banks more than 10 cm. Further
Grade 1 is caused: in many buildings of
more, a large number of slight cracks in
Type B damage is of Grade 2. Most
ground; falls of rock, many land slides
buildings of Type A suffer damage of
and earth flows; large waves in water.
Grade 3, few of Grade 4. In single
Dry wells renew their flow and existing
instances, landslides of roadway on steep
wells dry up.
slopes: crack inroads; seams of pipelines
damaged; cracks in stone walls. 10. General destruction of building~
iii) Waves are formed on water, and is made i) Many buildings of Type C suffer damage
turbid by mud stirred up, Water levels of Grade 4, and a few of Grade 5. Many
in wells change. and the flow of springs buildings of Type B show damage of
changes. Some times dry springs have Grade 5. Most of Type A have
their flow resorted and existing springs destruction of Grade 5. Critical damage
stop flowing. In isolated instances parts to dykes and dams. Severe damage to
of sand and gravelly banks slip off. bridges. Railway lines are bent slightly.
8. Destruction of buildings
Underground pipes are bent or broken.
Road paving and asphalt show waves.
i) Fright and panic; also persons driving
motor cars are disturbed, Here and there ii) In ground, cracks up to widths of several
branches of trees break off. Even heavy cent.imetres,sometimesup to 1m, Parallel
furniture moves and partly overturns. to water courses occur broad fissures.
Hanging lamps are damaged in part. Loose ground slides from steep slopes.
From river banks and steep coasts,
ii) Most buildings of Type C suffer damage considerable landslides are possible. In
of Grade 2, and few of Grade 3, Most coastal areas, displacement of sand and
buildings of Type B suffer damage of mud: change of water level in wells; water
Grade 3. Most buildings of Type A suffer from canals, lakes. rivers. etc. thrown
damage of Grade 4. Occasional breaking on land. New lakes occur.
of pipe seams. Memorials and
monuments move and twist. Tombstones 11, Destruction
o~.erturn. Stone walls collapse. i) Severe damage even to well built
iii) Small landslips in hollows and on banked buildings. bridges, water dams and
j4
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
railway lines. Highways become useless ground are greatly damaged or

Underground pipes destroyed. destroyed.
ii) Ground considerably distorted by broad ii) The surface of the ground is radically
cracks and fissures, as well as movement changed. Considerable ground cracks
in horizontal and vertical directions. with extensive vertical and horizontal
Numerous landslips and falls of rocks. movements are observed. Falling of rock
The intensity of the earthquake requires and slumping of river banks over wide
to be investigated specifically, areas, lakes are dammed; waterfalls
appear and rivers are deflected. The
12, Land.~cape changes
intensity of the earthquake requires to
& i) Practically all structures above and below be investigated specially.
ANNEX E
( Foreword)
ZONE FACTORS FOR SOME IMPORTANT TOWNS
Town Zone Zone Facto< Z Tb wn Zone Zone Facto< Z
Agra III 0.16 Chitradurga II 0.10
Ahmedabad HI 0.16 Coimbatore HI 0,16
Ajmer II 0,10 Cuddalore III 0.16
Allahabad 11 0.10 Cuttack 111 0.16
Ahnora Iv 0,24 Darbhanga v 0.36
Ambala IV 0.24 Darjeeling lv 0.24
Arnritsar Iv 0.24 Dharwad III 0.16
Asansol III 0,16 Debra Dun N 0.24
Aurangabad H 0.10 Dharampuri III 0,16
Bahraich w 0,24 Delhi Iv 0,24
Bangalore II 0.10 Durfypur 111 0,16
Barauni Iv 0.24 Gangtok N ().24
Bareilly III 0.16 Guwahati v 0,36
Belgaum III 0.16 Goa 111 0.16
Bhatinda III 0.16 Gulbarga II 0.10
Bhilai I1 0.10 Gaya III 0.16
Bhopal D 0.10 Gorakhpur N 0.24
Bhubaneswar 111 0.16 Hyderabad II 0.10
Blmj v 0.36 hllphd v 0.36
Bijapur III 0.16 Jabalpur 111 0.16
Bikaner III 0.16 JaipLLr II 0.10
Bokaro 111 0.16 Jamshedpur H 0,10
Bulandshahr Iv 0,24 Jhansi II 0.10
Burdwan 111 0.16 Jodhpur II 0.10
Cailcut HI 0.16 Jorhat v 0,36
Chandigarh N ().24 Kakrapara 111 ().16
Chcnnai 111 0.16 Kalapakkam 111 0.16
35
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IS 1893( Part 1 ) :2002
70wn Zone Zone Factor Z Town Zone Zone Factoc Z
Kanchipuram III 0.16 Pondicherry II 0.10

Kanpur III 0.16 Pune III 0.16
Karwar III 0.16 Raipur II 0.10
Kohima v 0.36 Rajkot III 0.16
Kolkata III 0.16 Ranchi II 0.10
Kota II 0,10 Roorkee W 0.24
Kurnool II 0.10 Rourkela II 0.10
Lucknow III 0.16 Sadiya v 0.36
Ludhiana Iv 0.24 Salem III 0.16
Madurai II 0.10 Simla lv 0.24
Mandi v 0.36 Sironj II 0.10
Mangalore III 0.16 Solapur III 0.16
Snnagar v 0.36
Monghyr w 0,24
Surat III 0.16
Moradabad IV 0,24
Tarapur III 0.16
Mumbai III 0.16
Tezpur v 0.36
Mysore It 0,10
Thane III 0.16
Nagpur II 0.10
Thanjavur II 0.10
Nagarjunasagar II 0.10
Thiruvananthapuram III 0.16
Nainital lv 0.24
Tiruchirappali II 0.10
Nasik III 0.16 Tiruvennamalai III 0.16
Nellore III 0.16 Udaipur II 0.10
Osmanabad III 0.16 Vadodara III 0.16
Panjim III 0.16 Varanasi IiI 0.16
Patiala III 0.16 Vellore III 0.16
Patna lv 0.24 Viayawada IN 0.16
Pilibhit lv 0,24 Vkhakhapatnam It 0.10
36
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
ANNEX F
( Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOS~ON

Organization Representative(s)
In personal capcity ( 72/6 Civil Lines, Roorkee 247667) DR A. S. AR~A( Chairman )
Bharat Heavy Electricrd Ltd, New Delhi SHRIN. C. ADDY

I DR C. KAME.SHWARA RAO ( Alternate 1 )
SHRIA. K. SINGH( Alternate 11 )
Building Materials Technology Promotion Council, SHRIT. N. GUPTA

New Delhi SHRIJ. K. PRASAD( Alternate )
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRIS. K. MHTAL

SHRIV. K. GUPTA( Alternate )
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi SUPERINTENDING

ENGINEER(D)
EXECUTIVE
ENGINEER(D) HI ( Alternate )
Central Water Commission ( ERDD ), New Delhi DIRECTORCMDD ( N&W )

DIRECTOR
EMBANKMENT( N&W) ( Alternate)
Central Water and Power Research Station, Pune SHRI1. D. GUPTA

SHRI S. G. CHAPHALAKAR
( Alternate )
D-CAD Technologies Pvt Ltd, New Delhi DR K. G. BHATIA
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi DR ( SHRIMATI

) P. R. BOSE
Department of Atomic Energy, Mumbai SHRIP. C. KGTESWAR

RAO
SHRIS. RAMANLHAM( Alternate )
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Roorkee, PROFASHOKJAIN

Roorkee
Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of DR S.K. THAKKAR

Roorkee, Roorkee DR D.K. PAUL( Alernate I )
DR S. BASU( Alrernate 11 )
Engineer-in-Cbief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi COL ( DR) SHRIPAL

SHRIY. K. SINGHAL( Alternate )
Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi DR V. Y. SALPEKAR

SHRIR. K. GROVER( Alternate )
&
Gammon India Limited, Mumbai SHRIS. A. REDDI
SHRIA. K. CHATTERJEE
( Alternate 1 )
SHRIV. N. HAGGADE( Alternate 11 )
Geological Survey of India, Lucknow SHRIP. PANDEY

t SHRIY. F?SHARDA( Alternate )
Housing Urban and Development Corporation, New Delhi SHRIV. ROY

SHRID. P. SINGH( Alternate )
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur DR S. K. JAIN

DR C. V. R. MURTY( Alternate )
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai DR RAW SINHA

DR A. GOYAL( Al?ernate )
Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi DR S. N. ,BHAITACHARYA

SHRIV. K. MITTAL( AJternate )
I
( Continued on page 38)
I
37
-
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
( Continued from page 37)
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee SHRIM. K. GUPTA

DR D. K. PAUL( Alrernate )
Larsen and Toubro, Chennai SHRIK. JAYARAMAN

SHRIS. KANAPPAN
( Alternate )
Maharashtra Engineering Research Centre ( MERI ), Nasik SHRIR. L. DAMANI

SHRIS. V. KUMARASWAMY( Alternate )
Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi SHRIN. K. SINHA

SHRIR. S. NINAN( Alternate )
National Geophysical Research Institute ( CSIR ), Hyderabad SHRIS. C. BHATIA

SHRIM. RAVIKUMAR( Alternate )
NationaJ Highway Authority of India, New Delhi SHRIN. K. SINHA

SHRIG. SHARAN( Alternate )
National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi CHIEPENGINEER,CD-HI
National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIR. S. BAJAI

SHRIH. K. RAMKUMAR
( Alternate )
North Eastern Council, Shillong SHRIL. K. GANJU

SHRIA. D. KHARSHING
( Alternate )
Nuclear Power Corporation, Mumbai SHRtU. S. P. VERMA
Railway Board, Ministry of Railways, Lucknow EXECUTIVEDIRECTOR( B&S )

JOINTDIRECTOR( B&S ) CB-1 ( Alternate )
School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi SHRIV. THIRUVENDGADAM
Structural Engineering Research Centre ( CSIR ), Chennai SHRI C. V. VAIDYANATErAN

DR B. SWARAMSARMA( Alternate )
Tandon Consultants Ltd, New Delhi DR MAHESHTANDON

SHRIVINAYGUPTA( Alternate )
Tata Consulting Engineers, Mumbai SHRI K. V. SUBRA~ANIAN

SHRIM. K. S. YOGI( Alternate )
Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Debra Dun SHRISURINDERKUMAR
In personal capacity ( E-53, Kapil Whan Faridabad ) SHRIP. L. NARULA
BIS Directorate GeneraJ SHRt S.K. JAIN, Director & Head ( Civ Engg )
[ Representing Director General ( Ex-officio ) ]
Member-Secretary
SHRIS. CHATURVEDI
Joint Director ( Civ Engg ), BIS
Earthquake Resistant Construction Subcommittee, CED 39:1
In personal capacity ( 72/6 Civil Lines, Roorkee 247667) DR A. S. ARYA( Convener)
Building Material Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRIT. N. GUPTA

SHRIJ. K. PRASAD( Alternate )
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee SHRIM. P. JAISINGH

SHRIV. K. GUPTA( Alternate )
( Continued on page 39)
38
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IS 1893( Part 1 ): 2002
( Continued from page 38)
Central Public Works Department, New Delhi OFWORKS( NDZ )

SUPERINTENDING SURVEYOR
SUPERINTENDING
ENGINEER(D) ( Alternate )
Delhi College of Engineering, Delhi DR ( SHRIMATI

) P. R. BOSE
Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of DR S. K. THAKKAR

Roorkee, Roorkee DR D. K. PAUL( Alternate )
Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi EXECUTIVE

ENGINEER( DESIGN)
Housing and Urban Development Corporation, New Delhi SHRIB. K. CHAKRABORTY

SHRID. P. SINGH ( Alternate )
Hindustan Prefab Ltd, New Delhi SHRIM. KUNDU
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai DR ALOKGOYAL

DR RAVISINHA ( Al[ernate )
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur DR SUDHIRK. JAIN

DR C. V. R. MURTY ( Alternate )
North Eastern Council, Shillong SHRi D. N. GHOSAI
Public Works Department, Goverment of Himachat Pradesh, SHRIV. KAPUR

Simla SHRI V. K KAPOOR( Alternate )
Public Works Department, Goverment of Jammu & Kashmir SHRI G. M. SHOUNTHU
Public Works Department, Goverment of Assam, Guwahati SHRI SUBRATACHAKRAVARTY
Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat, Gandhi Nagar SUPERINTENDING

ENGINEER( DESIGN )
Research, Design and Standards Organization, Lucknow JOINTDIRECTORSTDS (B&S)lCB-I

ASSISTANTDIRECTORSTtX ( B&S )/CB-11
( Alternate)
Structural Engineering Research Centre ( CSIR ), Chennai SHRf C. V. VAIDYANATHAN

SHR1B. StVARAMASARMA ( Alternate )
Tandon Consultants Pvt Ltd, Delhi DR MAHESH TANDON

SHRIVINAYGUPTA( Alternate )
Maps Subcommittee, CED 39:4

In personal capacity ( E-53 Kapil VihaC Faridabad ) SHRI P. L. NARULA ( Convener )
BRIG K. K. GUPTA( Alternate )
Centrrd Water and Power Research Station, Pune DIRECTOR

SHRIL D. GUPTA( Alternate)
Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of DR S. BASU

Roorkee, Roorkee KUMAR( Alternate)
DR ASHWANI
Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi DR S. N. BHATTACHARYA

SHRI V. K. MHTAL ( Alternate )
Institute of Petroleum Engineering Oil and Natural Gas DEPUTY GENERALMANAGER

Commission, Debra Dun SUPERINTENDING
GEOPHYSICIST( Alternate )
National Geophysical Research Institute ( CSIR ), Hyderabad SHRIS, C. BHATIA

DR B. K. RASTOG]( Alternate )
Survey of India, Debra Dun SHRIG. M. LAL
39
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Bureau of Indian Standards
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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
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should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue
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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. CED 39 ( 5341 ).
Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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Printed at New India Printing Press, Khrrrja, India

AMENDMENT www.rejinpaul.com
NO. 1 JANUARY 2005
TO
IS 1893 (PART 1) :2002 CRITERIA FOR
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
( Fifih Revision )
( Page 5, Fig. 1 ) — Interchange ‘VARANASI’and ‘ALLAHABAD’ and ‘KOLKATA’

to bc in Zone 111.
( Page 15, under Note 4, Table 1 ) — For Zone II, substitute the following
for the existing:
—————
E 1
11(for important structures only)
————
<5
210
10
20
( Page 24, clause 7.6.2 ) — Substitute the following for the existing
expression:
O09h
‘“7
( Page 25, clause 7.8.4.4 ) — Substitute the following for the existing
expression:
1.5
8S 2(1+ B)B
Pij =
(1-p2f+4q2p(l+p)2
( Page 26, clause 7.9.1 ) — Delete last sentence ‘However ........ negketed’.
( Page 26, clquse 7.9.2 ) — Renumber ‘NOTE’ as ‘NOTE 1’ and add the
following Note 2 after Note 1:
‘NOTE 2 — In case 3D dynamic analysis is earned out, the dynamic amplification factor
of 1.5 be replaced with 1.0.’
( Page 35, Annex E ) — Substitute the following for the existing:
‘ Cuddalore II 0.24’
( CED 39 )
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IS 4326 (1993): Code of practice for earthquake resistant

design and construction of buildings [CED 39: Earthquake
Engineering]


है”
ह
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IS 4326 : 1993
(Reaffirmed 2003)
Edition 3.3
(2005-01)
Indian Standard
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS —
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )
(Incorporating Amendment Nos. 1, 2 & 3)
UDC 699.841 (026)
© BIS 2005

MANAK BHAVAN , 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
Price Group 11
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FOREWORD
This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by
the Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering
Division Council.
Himalayan-Naga Lushai region, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Western India and Kutch and Kathiawar
regions are geologically unstable parts of the country and some devastating earthquakes of the
world have occurred there. A major part of the peninsular India, has also been visited by moderate
earthquakes, but these were relatively few in number and had considerably lesser intensity. It has
been a long felt need to rationalize the earthquake resistant design and construction of structures
taking into account seismic data from studies of these Indian earthquakes, particularly in view of
the heavy construction programme at present all over the country. It is to serve this purpose that
IS 1893 : 1984 ‘Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures’ was prepared. It covered the
seismic design considerations for various structures. As an adjunct to IS 1893, IS 4326 ‘Code of
practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings’ was prepared in 1967 and
subsequently revised in 1976 to be in line with IS 1893 : 1975. Since 1984 revision of IS 1893 was
minor, it did not require a revision of IS 4326. An expansion of IS 4326 was infact thought of
immediately after the Bihar earthquake of August 1988 when greater attention was needed on
low-strength brickwork and stone masonry as well as earthen buildings; also repair, restoration
and strengthening of earthquake-damaged buildings posed a serious issue. After intense
deliberations, the subcommittee CED 39 : 1 decided to issue separate standards to cover these
topics. It was further decided to cover detailing of reinforced concrete for achieving ductility in a
separate standard to be used with IS 456 : 1978 ‘Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
( third revision )’. The present revision is based on these considerations.
Recommendations regarding restrictions on openings, provision of steel in various horizontal
bands and vertical steel at corners and junctions in walls and at jambs of openings are based on a
range of calculations made using design seismic coefficient and the ductility of steel reinforcement.
Many of the provisions have also been verified experimentally on models by shake table tests.
The following are the major changes besides minor amendments affected in this revision of the
standard:
a) Low strength brickwork and stone masonry are removed and developed into a separate
standard;
b) Clauses on ductility details have been removed and developed into a separate standard;
c) Building categories have been introduced based on basic seismic coefficient, soil-foundation
factor and importance factor as per IS 1893 : 1984; and
d) Size and position of openings in bearing walls has been specified in greater detail.
In this standard, it is intended to cover the specified features of design and construction for
earthquake resistance of buildings of conventional types. In case of other buildings, detailed
analysis of earthquake forces will be necessary. Recommendations regarding restrictions on
openings, provision of steel in various horizontal bands and vertical steel at corners and junctions
in walls and at jambs of openings are based on a range of calculations made using steel design
seismic coefficient and the ductility of steel reinforcement. Many of the provisions have also been
verified experimentally on models by shake table tests.
The Sectional Committee responsible for the preparation of this standard has taken into
consideration the views of all who are interested in this field and has related the standard to the
prevailing practices in the country. Due weightage has also been given to the need for
international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailing in different countries of
the world.
This edition 3.3 incorporates Amendment No. 1 (December 1995), Amendment No. 2 (April 2002)
and Amendment No. 3 (January 2005). Side bar indicates modification of the text as the result of
incorporation of the amendments.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised )’. The number
of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified
value in this standard.
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IS 4326 : 1993
Indian Standard
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN AND
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS —
CODE OF PRACTICE
( Second Revision )
1 SCOPE IS No. Title
1.1 This standard deals with the selection of 1904 : 1986 Code of practice for design and
materials, special features of design and construction of foundations in
construction for earthquake resistant buildings soils : General requirements
including masonry construction using ( third revision )
rectangular masonry units, timber construction 1905 : 1987 Code of practice for structural use
and buildings with prefabricated flooring/ of unreinforced masonry ( third
roofing elements. revision )
1.1.1 Guidelines for earthquake resistant 2212 : 1991 Code of practice for brickwork
buildings constructed using masonry of low ( first revision )
strength and earthen buildings are covered in 2751 : 1979 Recommended practice of welding
separate Indian Standards. mild steel plain and deformed
bars for reinforced construction
2 REFERENCES ( first revision )
The Indian Standards listed below are the 3414 : 1968 Code of practice for design and
necessary adjuncts to this standard: installation of joints in buildings
IS No. Title 9417 : 1989 Recommendations for welding
cold worked bars for reinforced
456 : 1978 Code of practice for plain and steel construction ( first revision )
reinforced concrete ( third
13920 : 1993 Code of practice for ductility
revision ) detailing of reinforced concrete
883 : 1992 Code of practice for design of structures subjected to seismic
structural timber in buildings forces
( fourth revision )
1597 Code of practice for construction 3 TERMINOLOGY
(Part 2) : of stone masonry : Part 2 Ashlar
1992 masonry ( first revision ) 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the
1641 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of following definitions shall apply.
buildings (general) : General 3.1 Separation Section
principles of fire grading and
classification ( first revision ) A gap of specified width between adjacent
1642 : 1989 Code of practice for fire safety of buildings or parts of the same building, either
buildings (general) : Details of left uncovered or covered suitably to permit
construction ( first revision ) movement in order to avoid hammering due to
1643 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of earthquake.
buildings (general) : Exposure
hazard ( first revision ) 3.1.1 Crumple Section
1644 : 1988 Code of practice for fire safety of A separation section filled with appropriate
buildings (general) : Exit material which can crumple or fracture in an
requirements and personal earthquake.
hazard ( first revision )
1646 : 1982 Code of practice for fire safety of 3.2 Centre of Rigidity
buildings (general) : Electrical
installations ( first revision ) The point in a structure where a lateral force
1893 : 1984 Criteria for earthquake resistant shall be applied to produce equal deflections of
design of structures ( fourth its components at any one level in any
revision ) particular direction.
1
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IS 4326 : 1993
3.3 Shear Wall 4.1 Lightness

A wall designed to resist lateral force in its own Since the earthquake force is a function of
plane. Braced frames, subjected primarily to mass, the building shall be as light as possible
axial stresses, shall be considered as shear consistent with structural safety and functional
walls for the purpose of this definition. requirements. Roofs and upper storeys of
buildings, in particular, should be designed as
3.4 Space Frame
light as possible.
A three-dimensional structural system 4.2 Continuity of Construction
composed of interconnected members, without
shear or bearing walls, so as to function as a 4.2.1 As far as possible, the parts of the
complete self-contained unit with or without building should be tied together in such a
the aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor manner that the building acts as one unit.
bracing systems. 4.2.2 For parts of buildings between separation
or crumple sections or expansion joints, floor
3.4.1 Vertical Load Carrying Frame slabs shall be continuous throughout as far as
A space frame designed to carry all the vertical possible. Concrete slabs shall be rigidly
loads, the horizontal loads being resisted by connected or integrally cast with the support
shear walls. beams.
3.4.2 Moment Resistant Frame 4.2.3 Additions and alterations to the
structures shall be accompanied by the
A space frame capable of carrying all vertical
provision of separation or crumple sections
and horizontal loads, by developing bending
between the new and the existing structures as
moments in the members and at joints.
far as possible, unless positive measures are
3.4.3 Moment Resistant Frame with Shear taken to establish continuity between the
Walls existing and the new construction.
A space frame with moment resistant joints 4.3 Projecting and Suspended Parts
and strengthened by shear walls to assist in 4.3.1 Projecting parts shall be avoided as far as
carrying horizontal loads. possible. If the projecting parts cannot be
3.5 Box System avoided, they shall be properly reinforced and
A bearing wall structure without a space frame, firmly tied to the main structure, and their
the horizontal forces being resisted by the walls design shall be in accordance with
acting as shear walls. IS 1893 : 1984.
3.6 Band 4.3.2 Ceiling plaster shall preferably be
avoided. When it is unavoidable, the plaster
A reinforced concrete or reinforced brick runner shall be as thin as possible.
provided in the walls to tie them together and 4.3.3 Suspended ceiling shall be avoided as far
to impart horizontal bending strength in them. as possible. Where provided they shall be light,
3.7 Seismic Zone and Seismic Coefficient adequately framed and secured.
The seismic zones I to V as classified in 4.4 Building Configuration
IS 1893 : 1984 and corresponding basic seismic 4.4.0 In order to minimize torsion and stress
coefficient 0 as specified in 3.4 of IS 1893 : concentration, provisions given in 4.4.1 to 4.4.3
1984. should be complied with as relevant.
3.8 Design Seismic Coefficient 4.4.1 The building should have a simple
The value of horizontal seismic coefficient rectangular plan and be symmetrical both with
computed taking into account the respect to mass and rigidity so that the centres
soil-foundation system and the importance of mass and rigidity of the building coincide
factor as specified in 3.4.2.3(a) of with each other in which case no separation
IS 1893 : 1984. sections other than expansion joints are
necessary. For provision of expansion joints
3.9 Concrete Grades reference may be made to IS 3414 : 1968.
28 day crushing strength of concrete cubes of 4.4.2 If symmetry of the structure is not
150 mm size, in MPa; for example, for Grade possible in plan, elevation or mass, provision
M15 of IS 456 : 1978, the concrete strength shall be made for torsional and other effects
= 15 MPa. due to earthquake forces in the structural
design or the parts of different rigidities may be
4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES
separated through crumple sections. The
4.0 The general principles given 4.1 to 4.9 shall length of such building between separation
be observed in construction of earthquake sections shall not preferably exceed three times
resistance buildings. the width.
2
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IS 4326 : 1993
NOTE — As an alternative to separation section to 2 For buildings with minor asymmetry in plan and
reduce torsional moments, the centre of rigidity of the elevation separation sections may be omitted.
building may be brought close or coincident to the centre
of mass by adjusting the locations and/or sizes of 4.5 Strength in Various Directions
columns and walls.
The structure shall be designed to have
4.4.3 Buildings having plans with shapes like, adequate strength against earthquake effects
L, T, E and Y shall preferably be separated into along both the horizontal axes. The design shall
rectangular parts by providing separation also be safe considering the reversible nature of
sections at appropriate places. Typical earthquake forces.
examples are shown in Fig. 1.
NOTES 4.6 Foundations
1 The buildings with small lengths of projections The structure shall not be founded on such
forming L, T, E or Y shapes need not be provided with
separation section. In such cases the length of the
loose soils which will subside or liquefy during
projection may not exceed 15 to 20 percent of the total an earthquake, resulting in large differential
dimension of the building in the direction of the settlements ( see also 5.3.3 ).
projection ( see Fig. 2 ).
FIG. 1 TYPICAL SHAPES OF BUILDING WITH SEPARATION SECTIONS
3
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 2 PLAN AND VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES

4.7 Ductility 5.1.2 Minimum width of separation gaps as
The main structural elements and their mentioned in 5.1.1, shall be as specified in
connection shall be designed to have a ductile Table 1. The design seismic coefficient to be
failure. This will enable the structure to absorb used shall be in accordance with IS 1893 : 1984.
energy during earthquakes to avoid sudden
Table 1 Gap Width for Adjoining
collapse of the structure. Providing reinforcing
Structures
steel in masonry at critical sections, as
provided in this standard will not only increase
Sl Type of Constructions Gap Width/Storey,
strength and stability but also ductility. The No. in mm for
details for achieving ductility in reinforced Design Seismic
concrete structures is given in IS 13920 : 1993. Coefficient αh = 0.12
4.8 Damage to Non-structural Parts (1) (2) (3)
Suitable details shall be worked out to connect i) Box system or frames with 15.0
the non-structural parts with the structural shear walls
framing so that the deformation of the
ii) Moment resistant reinforced 20.0
structural frame leads to minimum damage of concrete frame
the non-structural elements.
iii) Moment resistant steel frame 30.0
4.9 Fire Safety
NOTE — Minimum total gap shall be 25 mm. For any
Fire frequently follows an earthquake and other value of αh the gap width shall be determined
therefore, buildings shall be constructed to proportionately.
make them fire resistant in accordance with
the provisions of following Indian Standards for 5.1.2.1 For buildings of height greater than
fire safety, as relevant: IS 1641 : 1988, IS 1642 : 40 metres, it will be desirable to carry out
1989, IS 1643 : 1988, IS 1644 : 1988 and model or dynamic analysis of the structures in
IS 1646 : 1986. order to compute the drift at each storey, and
5 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES the gap width between the adjoining structures
shall not be less than the sum of their dynamic
5.1 Separation of Adjoining Structures deflections at any level.
5.1.1 Separation of adjoining structures or
parts of the same structure is required for 5.1.3 Where separation is necessary, a complete
structures having different total heights or separation of the parts shall be made except
storey heights and different dynamic below the plinth level. The plinth beams,
characteristics. This is to avoid collision during foundation beams and footings may be continu-
an earthquake. ous. Where separation sections are provided in a
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IS 4326 : 1993
long building, they shall take care of movement bound by 6 mm dia mild steel stirrups not more
owing to temperature changes also. than 150 mm apart.
5.2 Separation or Crumple Section NOTE — In working out the buckling strength of ties,
the lateral support provided by the soil may be taken
5.2.1 In case of framed construction, members into account. Calculations show that for such buried
shall be duplicated on either side of the ties, lateral buckling is not a problem and the full
separation or crumple section. As an section of the tie may be taken effective as a short
column.
alternative, in certain cases, such duplication
may not be provided, if the portions on either 5.3.4.2 In the case of reinforced concrete slab,
side can act as cantilevers to take the weight of the thickness shall not be less than 1/50th of
the building and other relevant loads. the clear distance between the footings, but not
less than 100 mm in any case. It shall be
5.2.2 Typical details of separation and crumple
reinforced with not less than 0.15 percent mild
sections are shown in Fig. 3. For other types of steel bars or 0.12 percent high strength
joint details, reference may be made to
deformed bars in each direction placed
IS 3414 : 1968.
symmetrically at top and bottom.
5.3 Foundations
5.4 Roofs and Floors
5.3.1 For the design of foundations, the
5.4.1 Flat roof or floor shall not preferably be
provisions of IS 1904 : 1986 in conjunctions made of terrace of ordinary bricks supported on
with IS 1893 : 1984 shall generally be followed.
steel, timber or reinforced concrete joists, nor
5.3.2 The subgrade below the entire area of the they shall be of a type which in the event of an
building shall preferably be of the same type of earthquake is likely to be loosened and parts of
the soil. Wherever this is not possible, a all of which may fall. If this type of construction
suitably located separation or crumple section cannot be avoided, the joists should be blocked
shall be provided. at ends and bridged at intervals such that their
5.3.3 Loose fine sand, soft silt and expansive spacing is not altered during an earthquake.
clays should be avoided. If unavoidable, the 5.4.1.1 For pitched roofs, corrugated iron or
building shall rest either on a rigid raft asbestos sheets shall be used in preference to
foundation or on piles taken to a firm stratum. country, Allahabad or Mangalore tiles or other
However, for light constructions the following loose roofing units. All roofing materials shall
measures may be taken to improve the soil on be properly tied to the supporting members.
which the foundation of the building may rest: Heavy roofing materials shall generally be
a) Sand piling, and avoided.
b) Soil stabilization. 5.4.2 Pent Roofs
5.3.4 Isolated Footings for Columns 5.4.2.1 All roof trusses shall be supported on
reinforced concrete or reinforced brick band
All the individual footings or pile caps where ( see 8.4.3 ). The holding down bolts shall have
used in Type III Soft soils (Table 3 of adequate length as required for earthquake
IS 1893 : 1984), shall be connected by forces in accordance with IS 1893 : 1984.
reinforced concrete ties at least in two
directions approximately at right angles to each Where a trussed roof adjoins a masonry gable,
other. For buildings with no basement the ties the ends of the purlins shall be carried on and
may be placed at or below the plinth level and secured to a plate or bearer which shall be
for buildings with basement they may be placed adequately bolted to reinforced concrete or
at the level of basement floor. They may be reinforced brick band at the top of gable end
designed to carry the load of the panel walls masonry ( see 8.4.4 ).
also. NOTE — Hipped roof in general have shown better
structural behaviour during earthquakes than gable
NOTE — The tiles will not be necessary where ended roofs.
structural floor connects the columns at or below the
plinth level. 5.4.2.2 At tie level all the trusses and the gable
end shall be provided with diagonal braces in
5.3.4.1 Where ties are used, their sections shall plan so as to transmit the lateral shear due to
be designed to carry in tension as well as in earthquake force to the gable walls acting as
compression, an axial load not less than the shear walls at the ends as specified in 8.4.
earthquake force acting on the heavier of the
columns connected, but the sections shall not 5.4.3 Jack Arches
be less than 200 mm × 200 mm with M15 Jack arched roofs or floors, where used shall be
concrete reinforced with 4 bars of 12 mm dia provided with mild steel ties in all spans
plain mild steel bars or 10 mm dia high alongwith diagonal braces in plan to ensure
strength deformed bars, one at each corner, diaphragms actions.
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IS 4326 : 1993
NOTE — Fragile cover may consist of asbestos cement sheet, particle board and the like.
FIG. 3 TYPICAL DETAILS OF SEPARATION OR CRUMPLE SECTION — Continued
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IS 4326 : 1993
NOTE — Fragile cover may consist of asbestos cement sheet, particle board and like.
FIG. 3 TYPICAL DETAILS OF SEPARATION OR CRUMPLE SECTION
5.5 Staircases is carried by columns and beams which

have no connection with the floors. The
5.5.1 The interconnection of the stairs with the opening at the vertical joints between the
adjacent floors should be appropriately treated floor and the staircase may be covered
by providing sliding joints at the stairs to either with a tread plate attached to one
eliminate their bracing effect on the floors side of the joint and sliding on the other
( see 4.5.4 ). Large stair halls shall preferably side, or covered with some appropriate
be separated from the rest of the building by material which could crumple or fracture
means of separation or crumple sections. during an earthquake without causing
structural damage. The supporting
5.5.2 Three types of stair construction may be members, columns or walls, are isolated
adopted as described below: from the surrounding floors by means of
i) Separated Staircases — One end of the separation or crumple sections. A typical
staircase rests on a wall and the other end example is shown in Fig. 4.
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 4 SEPARATED STAIRCASE
FIG. 5 RIGIDLY BUILT-IN STAIRCASE

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IS 4326 : 1993
ii) Built-in Staircase — When stairs are built 6.2.2.1 The frame and wall combination shall
monolithically with floors, they can be be designed to carry the total lateral force due
protected against damage by providing to earthquake acting on the building. The
rigid walls at the stair opening. An frame acting alone shall be designed to resist at
arrangement, in which the staircase is least 25 percent of the total lateral force.
enclosed by two walls, is given in Fig. 5. In
such cases, the joints, as mentioned in 6.2.2.2 The shear walls shall preferably be
respect of separated staircases, will not be distributed evenly over the whole building.
necessary. When concentrated at one point, forming what
is called a rigid core in the building, the design
The two walls mentioned above, enclosing shall be checked for torsional effects and the
the staircase, shall extend through the shear connection between the core and the
entire height of the stairs and to the floors conservatively designed for the total
building foundations. shear transfer.
iii) Staircases with Sliding Joints — In case it 6.2.2.3 The shear walls should extend from the
is not possible to provide rigid walls foundation either to the top of the building or to
around stair openings for built-in a lesser height as required from design
staircase or to adopt the separated consideration. In design, the interaction
staircases, the staircases shall have between frame and the shear walls should be
sliding joints so that they will not act as considered properly to satisfy compatibility and
diagonal bracing. equilibrium conditions.
NOTE — Studies show that shear walls of height about
6 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION 85 percent of total height of building are advantageous.
6.1 The types of construction usually adopted 6.3 Box Type Construction
in buildings are as follows:
This type of construction consists of
a) Framed construction, and prefabricated or in situ masonry, concrete or
b) Box type construction. reinforced concrete wall along both the axes of
the building. The walls support vertical loads
6.2 Framed Construction and also act as shear walls for horizontal loads
acting in any direction. All traditional masonry
This type of construction is suitable for construction falls under this category. In
multistoreyed and industrial buildings as prefabricated construction attention shall be
described in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2. paid to the connections between wall panels so
that transfer of shear between them is ensured.
6.2.1 Vertical Load Carrying Frame Construction
7 CATEGORIES OF BUILDINGS
This type of construction consists of frames
with flexible (hinged) joints and bracing 7.1 For the purpose of specifying the
members. Steel multistoreyed building or earthquake resistant features in masonry and
industrial frames and timber construction wooden buildings, the buildings have been
usually are of this type. categorized in five categories A to E based on
the seismic zone and the importance of building
6.2.1.1 Such buildings shall be adequately
I, where
strengthened against lateral forces by shear
walls and/or other bracing systems in plan, I = importance factor applicable to the
elevation and sections such that earthquake building [see 6.4.2 and Table 6 of IS 1893
forces shall be resisted by them in any (Part 1) : 2002].
direction.
7.1.1 The building categories are given in
6.2.2 Moment Resistant Frames with Shear Table 2.
Walls
8 MASONRY CONSTRUCTION WITH
The frames may be of reinforced concrete or RECTANGULAR MASONRY UNITS
steel with semi-rigid or rigid joints. The walls
are rigid capable of acting as shear walls and 8.1 The design and construction of masonry
may be of reinforced concrete or of brickwork walls using rectangular masonry units in
reinforced or unreinforced bounded by framing general shall be governed by IS 1905 : 1987 and
members through shear connectors. IS 2212 : 1991.
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IS 4326 : 1993
Table 2 Building Categories for Table 3 Recommended Mortar Mixes

Earthquake Resistant Features ( Clauses 8.1.2.1 and 8.2.6 )
( Clause 7.1.1 ) *Category of Proportion of Cement-
Construction Lime-Sand†
Importance Seismic Zone
Factor A M2 (Cement-sand 1 : 6) or M3
II III IV V
(Lime-cinder‡ 1 : 3) or richer
1.0 B C D E
B, C M2 (Cement-lime-sand 1 : 2 : 9 or
1.5 C D E E Cement-Sand 1 : 6) or richer
NOTE — Category A is now defunct as zone I does not D, E H2 (Cement-sand 1 : 4) or M1
exist any more. (Cement-lime-Sand 1 : 1 : 6) or
richer
8.1.1 Masonry Units
NOTE — Though the equivalent mortar with lime will
8.1.1.1 Well burnt bricks conforming to IS have less strength at 28 days, their strength after one
1077 : 1992 or solid concrete blocks conforming year will be comparable to that of cement mortar.
to IS 2185 (Part 1) : 1979 and having a *Category of construction is defined in Table 2.
crushing strength not less than 3.5 MPa shall †Mortar grades and specification for types of limes etc,
be used. The strength of masonry unit required are given in IS 1905 : 1987.
shall depend on the number of storeys and ‡In this case some other pozzolanic material like Surkhi
thickness of walls ( see IS 1905 : 1987 ). (burnt brick fine powder) may be used in place of cinder.
8.1.1.2 Squared stone masonry, stone block

8.2.4 Masonry Bond
masonry or hollow concrete block masonry, as
specified in IS 1597 (Part 2) : 1992 of adequate For achieving full strength of masonry, the
strength, may also be used. usual bonds specified for masonry should be
8.1.2 Mortar followed so that the vertical joints are broken
properly from course to course. To obtain full
8.1.2.1 Mortars, such as those given in Table 3 bond between perpendicular walls, it is
or of equivalent specification, shall preferably necessary to make a slopping (stepped) joint by
be used for masonry construction for various making the corners first to a height of 600 mm
categories of buildings. and then building the wall in between them.
8.1.2.2 Where steel reinforcing bars are Otherwise, the toothed joint should be made in
provided in masonry the bars shall be both the walls alternatively in lifts of about
embedded with adequate cover in cement sand 450 mm ( see Fig. 6 ).
mortar not leaner than 1 : 3 (minimum clear
8.2.5 Ignoring tensile strength, free standing
cover 10 mm) or in cement concrete of grade
walls shall be checked against overturning
M15 (minimum clear cover 15 mm or bar under the action of design seismic coefficient αh
diameter whichever more), so as to achieve
allowing for a factor safety of 1.5.
good bond and corrosion resistance.
8.2 Walls 8.2.6 Panel or filler walls in framed buildings
shall be properly bonded to surrounding
8.2.1 Masonry bearing walls built in mortar, as framing members by means of suitable mortar
specified in 8.1.2.1 unless rationally designed ( see Table 3 ) or connected through dowels. If
as reinforced masonry shall not be built of the walls are so bonded they shall be checked
greater height than 15 m subject to a maximum according to 8.2.3 otherwise as in 8.2.5.
of four storeys when measured from the mean
ground level to the roof slab or ridge level. The 8.3 Openings in Bearing Walls
masonry bearing walls shall be reinforced in 8.3.1 Door and window openings in walls
accordance with 8.4.1. reduce their lateral load resistance and hence,
8.2.2 The bearing walls in both directions shall should preferably be small and more centrally
be straight and symmetrical in plan as far as located. The guidelines on the size and position
possible. of opening are given in Table 4 and Fig. 7.
8.2.3 The wall panels formed between cross 8.3.2 Openings in any storey shall preferably
walls and floors or roof shall be checked for have their top at the same level so that a
their strength in bending as a plate or as a continuous band could be provided over them,
vertical strip subjected to the earthquake force including the lintels throughout the building.
acting on its own mass.
8.3.3 Where openings do not comply with the
NOTE — For panel walls of 200 mm or larger thickness
having a storey height not more than 3.5 metres and guidelines of Table 4, they should be strengthen-
laterally supported at the top, this check need not be ed by providing reinforced concrete or reinforc-
exercised. ing the brickwork, as shown in Fig. 8 with high
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IS 4326 : 1993
strength deformed (H.S.D.) bars of 8 mm dia but portions, these portions shall be reinforced with
the quantity of steel shall be increased at the horizontal reinforcement of 6 mm diameter
jambs to comply with 8.4.9, if so required. bars at not more than 450 mm intervals, one on
inner and one on outer face, properly tied to
8.3.4 If a window or ventilator is to be projected vertical steel at jambs, corners or junction of
out, the projection shall be in reinforced walls, where used.
masonry or concrete and well anchored.
8.3.6 The use of arches to span over the openings
8.3.5 If an opening is tall from bottom to almost is a source of weakness and shall be avoided.
top of a storey, thus dividing the wall into two Otherwise, steel ties should be provided.
FIG. 6 ALTERNATING TOOTHED JOINTS IN WALLS AT CORNER AND T-JUNCTION
FIG. 7 DIMENSIONS OF OPENINGS AND PIERS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS IN TABLE 4

Table 4 Size and Position of Openings in Bearing Walls
( Clause 8.3.1 and Fig. 7 )
Sl Position of Opening Details of Opening for Building Category
No.

























A and B C D and E
1. Distance b5 from the inside corner of Zero mm 230 mm 450 mm
outside wall, Min
2. For total length of openings, the ratio
( b1 + b2 + b3 )/l1 or ( b6 + b7 )/l2 shall
not exceed:
a) one-storeyed building 0.60 0.55 0.50
b) two-storeyed building 0.50 0.46 0.42
c) 3 or 4-storeyed building 0.42 0.37 0.33
3. Pier width between consecutive 340 mm 450 mm 560 mm
openings b4, Min
4. Vertical distance between two openings 600 mm 600 mm 600 mm
one above the other h3, Min
5. Width of opening of ventilator b8, Max 900 mm 900 mm 900 mm
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IS 4326 : 1993
Table 5 Strengthening Arrangements

Recommended for Masonry Buildings
(Rectangular Masonry Units)
( Clause 8.4.1 )
Building Number of Strengthening to
Category Storeyes be Provided in
all Storeys
(1) (2) (3)
A i) 1 to 3 a
ii) 4 a, b, c
B i) 1 to 3 a, b, c, f, g
ii) 4 a, b, c, d, f, g
C i) 1 and 2 a, b, c, f, g
ii) 3 and 4 a to g
D i) 1 and 2 a to g
ii) 3 and 4 a to h
E 1 to 3* a to h
where
a — Masonry mortar ( see 8.1.2 ),

FIG. 8 STRENGTHENING MASONRY AROUND b — Lintel band ( see 8.4.2 ),
OPENING c — Roof band and gable band where necessary ( see
8.4.3 and 8.4.4 ),
8.4 Seismic Strengthening Arrangements d — Vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls ( see
8.4.8 ),
8.4.1 All masonry buildings shall be e — Vertical steel at jambs of openings ( see 8.4.9 ),
strengthened by the methods, as specified for f — Bracing in plan at tie level of roofs ( see 5.4.2.2 ),
various categories of buildings, as listed in
g — Plinth band where necessary ( see 8.4.6 ), and
Table 5, and detailed in subsequent clauses.
Figures 9 and 10 show, schematically, the h — Dowel bars ( see 8.4.7 ).
overall strengthening arrangements to be *4th storey not allowed in category E.
adopted for category D and E buildings which NOTE — In case of four storey buildings of category B,
consist of horizontal bands of reinforcement at the requirements of vertical steel may be checked
critical levels, vertical reinforcing bars at through a seismic analysis using a design seismic
corners, junctions of walls and jambs of coefficient equal to four times the one given in
(a) 3.4.2.3 of IS 1893 : 1984. (This is because the brittle
opening. behaviour of masonry in the absence of a vertical steel
results in much higher effective seismic force than that
8.4.2 Lintel band is a band ( see 3.6 ) provided envisaged in the seismic coefficient, provided in the
at lintel level on all load bearing internal, code). If this analysis shows that vertical steel is not
external longitudinal and cross walls. The required the designer may take the decision
accordingly.
specifications of the band are given in 8.4.5.
NOTE — Lintel band if provided in panel or partition

walls also will improve their stability during severe
8.4.4 Gable band is a band provided at the top
earthquake. of gable masonry below the purlins. The
8.4.3 Roof band is a band ( see 3.6 ) provided This band shall be made continuous with the
immediately below the roof or floors. The roof band at the eaves level.
Such a band need not be provided underneath 8.4.5 Section and Reinforcement of Band
reinforced concrete or brick-work slabs resting
on bearing walls, provided that the slabs are
continuous over the intermediate wall up to the The band shall be made of reinforced concrete
crumple sections, if any, and cover the width of of grade not leaner than M15 or reinforced
end walls, fully or at least 3/4 of the wall brick-work in cement mortar not leaner than
thickness. 1 : 3. The bands shall be of the full width of the
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IS 4326 : 1993
wall, not less than 75 mm in depth and cover of 10 mm around the bar. In bands of
reinforced with steel, as indicated in Table 6. reinforced brickwork the area of steel provided
NOTE — In coastal areas, the concrete grade shall be should be equal to that specified above for
M20 concrete and the filling mortar of 1 : 3 reinforced concrete bands.
(cement-sand with water proofing admixture).
8.4.5.2 For full integrity of walls at corners and
junctions of walls and effective horizontal
bending resistance of bands continuity of
reinforcement is essential. The details as
shown in Fig. 11 are recommended.
8.4.6 Plinth band is a band provided at plinth
level of walls on top of the foundation wall. This
is to be provided where strip footings of
masonry (other than reinforced concrete or
reinforced masonry) are used and the soil is
either soft or uneven in its properties, as
frequently happens in hill tracts. Where used,
its section may be kept same as in 8.4.5. This
band will serve as damp proof course as well.
8.4.7 In category D and E buildings, to further
iterate the box action of walls steel dowel bars
may be used at corners and T-junctions of walls
FIG. 9 OVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF at the sill level of windows to length of 900 mm
REINFORCING MASONRY BUILDINGS from the inside corner in each wall. Such dowel
may be in the form of U stirrups 8 mm dia.
8.4.5.1 In case of reinforced brickwork, the Where used, such bars must be laid in 1 : 3
thickness of joints containing steel bars shall be cement-sand-mortar with a minimum cover of
increased so as to have a minimum mortar 10 mm on all sides to minimise corrosion.
FIG. 10 OVERALL ARRANGEMENT OF REINFORCING MASONRY BUILDING HAVING PITCHED ROOF
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IS 4326 : 1993
Table 6 Recommended Longitudinal Steel in Reinforced

Concrete Bands
( Clause 8.4.5 )
Span Building Building Building Building
Category Category Category Category
B C D E




































No. Dia No. Dia No. Dia No. Dia
of Bars of Bars of Bars of Bars
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
m mm mm mm mm
5 or less 2 8 2 8 2 8 2 10
6 2 8 2 8 2 10 2 12
7 2 8 2 10 2 12 4 10
8 2 10 2 12 4 10 4 12
NOTES
1 Span of wall will be the distance between centre lines of its cross walls or buttresses. For spans greater than 8 m it
will be desirable to insert pillasters or buttresses to reduce the span or special calculations shall be made to determine
the strength of wall and section of band.
2 The number and diameter of bars given above pertain to high strength deformed bars. If plain mild-steel bars are used
keeping the same number, the following diameters may be used:
High Strength Def. Bar dia 8 10 12 16 20

Mild Steel Plain bar dia 10 12 16 20 25
3 Width of R.C. band is assumed same as the thickness of the wall. Wall thickness shall be 200 mm minimum. A clear
cover of 20 mm from face of wall will be maintained.
4 The vertical thickness of RC band be kept 75 mm minimum, where two longitudinal bars are specified, one on each
face; and 150 mm, where four bars are specified.
5 Concrete mix shall be of grade M15 of IS 456 : 1978 or 1 : 2 : 4 by volume.
6 The longitudinal steel bars shall be held in position by steel links or stirrups 6 mm dia spaced at 150 mm apart.
FIG. 11 REINFORCEMENT AND BENDING DETAIL IN R. C. BAND
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IS 4326 : 1993
8.4.8 Vertical Reinforcement walls thicker than 340 mm the area of the bars
shall be proportionately increased. For
Vertical steel at corners and junctions of walls, earthquake resistant framed wall construction,
which are up to 340 mm (1 --12- -brick) thick, see 8.5. No vertical steel need be provided in
shall be provided as specified in Table 7. For category A buildings.
Table 7 Vertical Steel Reinforcement in Masonry Walls

with Rectangular Masonry Units
No. of Storey Diameter of HSD Single Bar in mm at Each
storeys Critical Section































Category B Category C Category D Category E
One — Nil Nil 10 12
Two Top Nil Nil 10 12

Bottom Nil Nil 12 16
Three Top Nil 10 10 12

Middle Nil 10 12 16
Bottom Nil 12 12 16
Four Top 10 10 10 
Third 10 10 12  Four storeyed
 building not
Second 10 12 16
 permitted
Bottom 12 12 20 
NOTES
1 The diameters given above are for H.S.D. bars. For mild-steel plain bars, use equivalent diameters as given under
Table 6 Note 2.
2 The vertical bars will be covered with concrete M15 or mortar 1 : 3 grade in suitably created pockets around the bars
( see Fig. 12 ). This will ensure their safety from corrosion and good bond with masonry.
3 In case of floors/roofs with small precast components, also refer 9.2.3 for floor/roof band details.
8.4.8.1 The vertical reinforcement shall be ring beams are located at all floors roof as well
properly embedded in the plinth masonry of as lintel levels of the openings. The sequence of
foundations and roof slab or roof band so as to construction between walls and columns will be
develop its tensile strength in bond. It shall be first to build the wall up to 4 to 6 courses height
passing through the lintel bands and floor slabs leaving toothed gaps (tooth projection being
or floor level bands in all storeys. about 40 mm only) for the columns and second
Bars in different storeys may be welded ( see to pour M15 (1 : 2 : 4) concrete to fill the
IS 2751 : 1979 and IS 9417 : 1989, as relevant ) columns against the walls using wood forms
or suitably lapped. only on two sides. The column steel should be
accurately held in position all along. The band
NOTE — Typical details of providing vertical steel in
brickwork masonry with rectangular solid units at concrete should be cast on the wall masonry
corners and T-junctions are shown in Fig. 12. directly so as to develop full bond with it.
8.4.9 Vertical reinforcement at jambs of Such construction may be limited to only two
window and door openings shall be provided as storeys maximum in view of its vertical load
per Table 7. It may start from foundation of carrying capacity. The horizontal length of
floor and terminate in lintel band ( see Fig. 8 ). walls between cross walls shall be restricted to
8.5 Framing of Thin Load Bearing Walls 7 m and the storey height to 3 m.
( see Fig. 13 ) 8.6 Reinforcing Details for Hollow Block
Load bearing walls can be made thinner than Masonry
200 mm say 150 mm inclusive of plastering on
both sides. Reinforced concrete framing The following details may be followed in placing
columns and collar beams will be necessary to the horizontal and vertical steel in hollow block
be constructed to have full bond with the walls. masonry using cement-sand or cement-concrete
Columns are to be located at all corners and blocks.
junctions of walls and spaced not more than 8.6.1 Horizontal Band
1.5 m apart but so located as to frame up the
doors and windows. The horizontal bands or U-shaped blocks may be used for construction of
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FIG. 12 TYPICAL DETAILS OF PROVIDING VERTICAL STEEL BARS IN BRICK MASONRY

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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 13 FRAMING OF THIN LOAD-BEARING BRICK WALLS
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IS 4326 : 1993
horizontal bands at various levels of the storeys by welding or overlapping for developing full
as shown in Fig. 14, where the amount of tensile strength. For proper bonding, the
horizontal reinforcement shall be taken 25 overlapped bars should be tied together by
percent more than that given in Table 6 and winding the binding wire over the lapped
provided by using four bars and 6 mm dia length. To reduce the number of overlaps, the
stirrups. Other continuity details shall be blocks may be made U-shaped as shown in
followed, as shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 15 which will avoid lifting and threading of
bars into the hollows.
8.6.2 Vertical Reinforcement
9 FLOORS/ROOFS WITH SMALL
Bars, as specified in Table 7 shall be located
inside the cavities of the hollow blocks, one bar PRECAST COMPONENTS
in each cavity ( see Fig. 15 ). Where more than
one bar is planned these can be located in two 9.1 Types of Precast Floors/Roofs
or three consecutive cavities. The cavities
containing bars are to be filled by using Earthquake resistance measures for floors and
micro-concrete 1 : 2 : 3 or cement-coarse sand roofs with small precast components, as
mortar 1 : 3, and properly rodded for covered in this standard, have been dealt with
compaction. The vertical bars should be spliced as typical examples.
FIG. 14 U-BLOCKS FOR HORIZONTAL BANDS
FIG. 15 VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT IN CAVITIES
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IS 4326 : 1993
9.1.1 Precast Reinforced Concrete Unit 9.1.2 Precast Reinforced Concrete Cored Unit
Roof/Floor Roof/Floor
The unit is a reinforced concrete component
The unit is a precast reinforced concrete having a nominal width of 300 to 600 mm and
component, channel (inverted trough) shaped thickness of 130 to 150 mm having two circular
in section ( see Fig. 16 ). The nominal width of hollows 90 mm diameter, throughout the
the unit varies from 300 to 600 mm, its height length of the unit ( see Fig. 18 ). The minimum
from 150 to 200 mm and a minimum flange flange/web thickness of the unit shall be
thickness of 30 mm. Length of unit shall vary 20 mm. Length of unit varies according to room
according to room dimensions, but the dimensions, but the maximum length shall be
maximum length is restricted to 4.2 m from restricted to 4.2 m from stiffness
stiffness considerations. Horizontal considerations. Horizontal corrugations are
corrugations are provided on the two provided on the two longitudinal faces of the
longitudinal faces of the units so that the units so that the structural roof/floor acts
structural roof/floor acts monolithic after monolithic after concrete grouted in the joints
concrete grouted in the joints between the units between the units attains strength ( see
attains strength ( see Fig. 17 ). Fig. 19 ).
FIG. 16 CHANNEL UNITS
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 17 CHANNEL UNIT FLOOR
FIG. 18 CORE UNITS
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FIG. 19 CORED, UNIT FLOOR
9.1.3 Precast Reinforced Concrete Plank and 9.1.4 Prefabricated Brick Panel System for
Joist Scheme for Roof/Floor Roof/Floor
It consists of prefabricated reinforced brick
panels ( see Fig. 22 ) supported on precast
The scheme consists of precast reinforced reinforced concrete joists with nominal
concrete planks supported on partially precast reinforced 35 mm thick structural deck
reinforced concrete joists. The reinforced concrete over the brick panels and joists ( see
concrete planks are 300 mm wide and the Fig. 23 ). The width of the brick panels shall be
length varies according to the spacing of the 530 mm for panels made of bricks of
joists, but it shall not exceed 1.5 m ( see conventional size and 450 mm for panels made
Fig. 20 ). To provide monolithicity to the of bricks of modulus size. The thickness of the
roof/floor and to have T-beam effect with the panels shall be 75 mm or 90 mm respectively
joists, the planks shall be made partially depending upon whether conventional or
30 mm thick and the partially 60 mm thick and modular bricks are used. The length of the
in-situ concrete shall be filled in the depressed panels shall vary depending upon the spacing
portions to complete the roof/floor structurally of the joists, but the maximum length shall not
( see Fig. 21 ).
exceed 1.2 m.
FIG. 20 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 21 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK FLOOR
FIG. 22 PREFAB BRICK PANEL
FIG. 23 BRICK PANEL FLOOR
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IS 4326 : 1993
9.1.5 Precast Reinforced Concrete Waffle Unit unit through in-situ concrete filled in the joints
Roof/Floor between the units. The waffle units shall be
Waffle units are of the shape of inverted laid in a grid pattern with gaps between two
troughs, square or rectangular in plan, having adjacent units, and reinforcement, as per
lateral dimensions up to 1.2 m and depth design, and structural concrete shall be
depending upon the span of the roof/floor to be provided in the gaps between the units in both
covered ( see Fig. 24 and 25 ). The minimum the directions. The scheme is suitable for two
thickness of flange/web shall be 35 mm. way spanning roofs and floors of buildings
Horizontal projections may be provided on all having large spans.
the four external faces of the unit and the unit 9.2 Seismic Resistance Measures
shall be so shaped that it shall act monolithic
with in-situ concrete to ensure load transfer. 9.2.1 All floors and roofs to be constructed with
Vertical castallations, called shear keys, shall small precast components shall be
be provided on all the four external faces of the strengthened as specified for various categories
precast units to enable them to transfer of buildings in Table 8. The strengthening
horizontal shear force from one unit to adjacent measures are detailed in 9.2.3 and 9.2.8.
FIG. 24 WAFFLE UNITS
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 25 WAFFLE UNIT FLOOR

9.2.2 Vertical castallations, called shear keys, 9.2.3 Tie beam (a in Table 8) is a beam provided
shall be provided on the longitudinal faces of all round the floor or roof to bind together all
the channel, cored and waffle units to enable the precast components to make it a
them to transfer horizontal shear force from diaphragm. The beams shall be to the full
one unit to the adjacent unit through the width of the supporting wall or beam less the
in-situ concrete filled in the joints between the bearing of the precast components. The depth
units. The minimum percentage of area of of the beam shall be equal to the depth of the
shear keys as calculated below, on each face of precast components plus the thickness of
the unit, shall be fifteen. structural deck concrete, where used over the
Shear keys shall have a minimum width of components. The beam shall be made of cement
40 mm at its root with the body of the concrete of grade not leaner than M15 and shall
component and shall be to the full height of the be reinforced as indicated in Table 6. If depth of
component and preferably at uniform spacing. tie is more than 75 mm, equivalent
Percentage of area of shear keys shall be reinforcement shall be provided with one bar of
calculated as: minimum diameter 8 mm at each corner. Tie
beams shall be provided on all longitudinal and
No. of shear keys on one face cross walls. Typical details of the beams are
of the component × 40 shown in Fig. 26 to 30.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- × 100
Length of the face of the
component in mm
Table 8 Strengthening Measures for Floors/Roofs with Small Precast

Components
( Clauses 9.2.1, 9.2.3, 9.2.4, 9.2.5, 9.2.6, 9.2.7 and 9.2.8 )
Building Category No. of Storeys Strengthening to be Provided in Floor/Roof with
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Channel/Cored R.C. Planks Brick Panels Waffle

Unit and Joists and Joists Units
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
A 1 to 3 Nil Nil Nil Nil
4 a a a a
B 1 to 3 a a a a
4 a, c a, c a, d a
C 1&2 a, b a a a
3&4 a, b, c a, c a, d a, e
D 1 to 4 a, b, c a, c a, d a, c, e
E 1 to 3 a, b, c a, c a, d a, c, e
where
a = Tie beam as per 9.2.3,
b = Reinforcing bars of precast unit and tied to tie beam reinforcement as per 9.2.4,
c = Reinforced deck concrete as per 9.2.5,
d = Reinforced deck concrete as per 9.2.6, and
e = Reinforcement bars in joint between precast waffle units tied to tie beam reinforcement as per 9.2.7.
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 26 CONNECTION OF PRECAST CORED/CHANNEL UNIT WITH TIE BEAM
FIG. 27 CONNECTION OF CHANNEL/CORED UNIT FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE)

WITH TIE BEAM
FIG. 28 CONNECTION OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE PLANK AND PRECAST BRICK PANEL
FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE) WITH TIE BEAM
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 29 CONNECTION OF PRECAST WAFFLE UNIT FLOOR/ROOF (WITH DECK CONCRETE)

WITH TIE BEAM
FIG. 30 PROVISION OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE FLOOR FINISH
9.2.4 Top reinforcement in the channel or cored aggregate used in deck concrete shall not
units (termed B in Table 8) shall be projected exceed 12 mm.
out at both the ends for full anchorage length NOTE — Under conditions of economic constraints, the
and tied to tie beam reinforcement. deck concrete itself could serve as floor finish. The
concrete is laid in one operation ( see Fig. 30 ) without
9.2.5 Structural deck concrete (c in Table 8) of joints.
grade not leaner than M15 shall be provided
9.2.6 The deck concrete normally used over the
over precast components to act monolithic with
brick panel with joist floor shall be reinforced
wherever, deck concrete is to be provided, the
top surface of the components shall be finished with 6 mm dia bars spaced 150 mm apart
both-ways (d in Table 8).
rough. Cement slurry with 0.5 kg of cement per
sq.m of the surface area shall be applied over 9.2.7 For floors/roofs with precast waffle units,
the components immediately before laying the two 16 mm dia high strength deformed bars
deck concrete and the concrete shall be shall be provided as top reinforcement in the
compacted using plate vibrators. The minimum joints between waffle units, in addition to
thickness of deck concrete shall be 35 or 40 mm reinforcement required for taking bending
reinforced with 6 mm dia bars @ 150 mm apart moment for vertical loads. This reinforcement
bothways and anchored into the tie beam (e in Table 8) shall be fixed to tie beam
placed all round. The maximum size of coarse reinforcement.
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IS 4326 : 1993
9.2.8 In case of floors/roofs with precast 10.5.2.1 The superstructure may simply rest on
components other than those indicated in Table the plinth masonry, or in the case of small
8, the buildings shall be analysed for maximum buildings of one storey having plan area less
expected seismic forces and the floor/roof shall than about 50 m2, it may rest on firm plane
be designed to act as diaphragm and take care ground so that the building is free to slide
of the resulting forces. laterally during ground motion.
10 TIMBER CONSTRUCTION NOTES
10.1 Timber has higher strength per unit 1 Past experience has shown that superstructure of the
buildings not fixed with the foundation escaped collapse
weight and is, therefore, very suitable for even in a severe earthquake although they were shifted
earthquake resistant construction. Materials, sideways.
design and construction in timber shall 2 Where fittings for water supply or water borne
generally conform to IS 883 : 1992. sanitation from the house are to be installed, proper
attention should be given to permit movement so as to
10.2 Timber construction shall generally be avoid fracture or damage to pipes.
restricted to two storeys with or without the
attic floor. 10.5.2.2 The superstructure may be rigidly
10.3 In timber construction attention shall be fixed into the plinth masonry or concrete
paid to fire safety against electric foundation as given in Fig. 31 or in case of
short-circuiting, kitchen fire, etc. small building having plan area less than
50 m2, it may be fixed to vertical poles
10.4 The superstructure of timber buildings
embedded into the ground. In each case the
shall be made rigid against deformations by
building is likely to move along with its
adopting suitable construction details at the
foundation. Therefore, the superstructure shall
junctions of the framing members and in wall
be designed to carry the resulting earthquake
panels as given in 10.6 to 10.10 so that the
shears.
construction as a whole behaves as one unit
against earthquake forces. 10.6 Types of Framing
10.5 Foundations
10.5.1 Timber construction shall preferably The types of construction usually adopted in
start above the plinth level, the portion below timber buildings are as follows:
being in masonry or concrete.
a) Stud wall construction, and
10.5.2 The superstructure may be connected
with the foundation in one of the two ways as b) Brick nogged timber frame construction.
given in 10.5.2.1 to 10.5.2.2.
FIG. 31 DETAILS OF CONNECTION OF COLUMN WITH FOUNDATION
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IS 4326 : 1993
10.7 Stud Wall Construction 10.7.3 The timber studs in non-load bearing
10.7.1 The stud wall construction consists of walls shall not be less than 40 × 70 mm in
timber studs and corner posts framed into sills, finished cross section. Their spacing shall not
top plates and wall plates. Horizontal struts exceed 1 m.
and diagonal braces are used to stiffen the 10.7.4 There shall be at least one diagonal
frame against lateral loads. The wall covering brace for every 1.6 × 1 m area of load bearing
may consist of EKRA, timber or like. Typical walls. Their minimum finished sizes shall be in
details of stud walls are shown in Fig. 32. accordance with Table 10.
Minimum sizes and spacing of various
members used are specified in 10.7.2 10.7.5 The horizontal struts shall be spaced not
to 10.7.10. more than one metre apart. They will have a
minimum size of 30 × 40 mm for all locations.
10.7.2 The timber studs for use in load bearing
walls shall have a minimum finished size of 10.7.6 The finished sizes of the sill, the wall
40 × 90 mm and their spacing shall not exceed plate and top plate shall not be less than the
those given in Table 9. size of the studs used in the wall.
FIG. 32 STUD WALL CONSTRUCTION — Contd
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IS 4326 : 1993
FIG. 32 STUD WALL CONSTRUCTION
10.7.7 The corner posts shall consists of three shall be 4 nails for 20 mm × 40 mm braces and
timbers, two being equal in size to the studs 6 nails for 30 mm × 40 mm braces. The far end
used in the walls meeting at the corner and the of nails may be clutched as far as possible.
third timber being of a size to fit so as to make
a rectangular section ( see Fig. 32 ). 10.7.9 Horizontal bracing shall be provided at
corners or T-junctions of walls at sill, first floor
10.7.8 The diagonal braces shall be connected and eave levels. The bracing members shall
at their ends with the stud wall members by have a minimum finished size of 20 mm ×
means of wire nails having 6 gauge (4.88 mm 90 mm and shall be connected by means of wire
dia) and 10 cm length. Their minimum number nails to the wall plates at a distance between
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IS 4326 : 1993
1.2 m and 1.8 m measured from the junction of 10.8.3 The minimum finished size of the
the walls. There shall be a minimum number of vertical members in non-load bearing walls
six nails of 6 gauge (4.88 mm dia) and 10 cm shall be 40 mm × 100 mm spaced not more than
length with clutching as far ends. 1.5 m apart.
10.7.10 Unsheathed studding shall not be used 10.8.4 The sizes of diagonal bracing members
adjacent to the wall of another building. The shall be the same as in Table 10.
studding must be sheathed with close jointed 10.8.5 The horizontal framing members in
20 mm or thicker boards. brick-nogged construction shall be spaced not
10.8 Brick Nogged Timber Frame more than 1 m apart. Their minimum finished
Construction sizes shall be in accordance with Table 12.
10.8.1 The brick nogged timber frame consists 10.8.6 The finished sizes of the sill, wall plate
of intermediate verticals, columns, sills, wall and top plate shall be not less than the size of
plates, horizontal nogging members and the vertical members used in the wall.
diagonal braces framed into each other and the 10.8.7 Corner posts shall consist of three
space between framing members filled with vertical timbers as described in 10.7.7.
tight-fitting brick masonry in stretcher bond.
Typical details of brick nogged timber frame 10.8.8 The diagonal braces shall be connected
construction are shown in Fig. 33. Minimum at their ends with the other members of the
sizes and spacing of various elements used are wall by means of wire nails as specified
specified in 10.8.2 to 10.8.9. in 10.7.8.
10.8.2 The vertical framing members in brick 10.8.9 Horizontal bracing members at corners
nogged load bearing walls will have minimum or T-junctions of wall shall be as specified
finished sizes as specified in Table 10. in 10.7.9.
Table 9 Maximum Spacing of 40 mm × 90 mm Finished Size Studs

in Stud Wall Construction
( Clause 10.7.2 )
Group of Single Storeyed or Ground Floor of Double
Timber First Floor of the Storeyed Buildings
(Grade I*) Double Storeyed
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Wall Wall
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Exterior Interior
Wall Wall
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
cm cm cm cm
Group A, B 100 80 50 40
Group C 100 100 50 50
*Grade I timbers as defined in Table 5 of IS 883 : 1992.
Table 10 Minimum Finished Sizes of Diagonal Braces

( Clauses 10.7.4 and 10.8.4 )
Building Group of Single Storeyed or Ground Floor of
Category Timber First Floor of Double Double Storeyed
( see Table 2 ) (Grade I*) Storeyed Buildings Buildings
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Wall Wall Wall Wall
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm
A, B, C All 20 × 20 20 × 40 20 × 40 20 × 40
D and E Group A 20 × 40 20 × 40 20 × 40 30 × 40
and B
Group C Group C 20 × 40 30 × 40 30 × 40 30 × 40
*Grade I timber as defined in Table 5 of IS 883 : 1992.
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IS 4326 : 1993
Table 11 Minimum Finished Sizes of Verticals in Brick Nogged

Timber Frame Construction
( Clause 10.8.2 )
Spacing Group of Timber Single Storeyed or Ground Floor of
(Grade I*) First Floor of Double Storeyed
Double Storeyed Buildings
Buildings
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Wall Wall
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
m mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm mm × mm
1 Group A, B 50 × 100 50 × 100 50 × 100 50 × 100
Group C 50 × 100 70 × 100 70 × 100 90 × 100
1.5 Group A, B 50 × 100 70 × 100 70 × 100 80 × 100
Group C 70 × 100 80 × 100 80 × 100 100 × 100
*Grade I timbers as defined in Table 5 of IS 883 : 1992.
FIG. 33 BRICK NOGGED TIMBER FRAME CONSTRUCTION
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IS 4326 : 1993
Table 12 Minimum Finished size of strip of iron is provided as specified in 10.9.1.

Horizontal Nogging Members In case the member is notched or cut not to
( Clause 10.8.5 ) exceed 40 mm in depth, such reinforcing strip
may be placed along the notched edge only.
Spacing of Verticals Size Where the notch or cut is more than 40 mm in
(1) (2) depth or the member is completely cut through,
m mm such reinforcing strips shall be placed on both
1.5 70 × 100
edges of the member. The details of notching
and cutting are shown in Fig. 34.
1 50 × 100
0.5 25 × 100
10.9.3 Joints in timber shall preferably be
bound by metallic fasteners.
10.9 Notching and Cutting
10.9.1 Timber framing frequently requires 10.10 Bridging and Blocking
notching and cutting of the vertical members.
The notching or cutting should in general be
10.10.1 All wooden joists shall have at least one
limited to 20 mm in depth unless steel strips
row of cross bridging for every 3.5 m length of
are provided to strengthen the notched face of
span. The cross section of the bridging member
the member. Such steel strips, where
shall be a minimum of 40 × 70 mm and the
necessary, shall be at least 1.5 mm thick and
member shall be screwed or nailed to the joists.
35 mm wide extending at least 15 cm beyond
each side of the notch or cut and attached to the
vertical member by means of bolts or screws at 10.10.2 All spaces between joists shall be
each end. blocked at all bearing with solid blocks not less
than 40 mm thick and the full depth of the
10.9.2 The top plate, the wall plate or the sill of joists. The block shall be screwed or nailed to
a wall may be notched or cut, if reinforcing the joists as well as to the bearings.
FIG. 34 NOTCHING AND CUTTING
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IS 4326 : 1993
ANNEX A
( Foreword )
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION

Chairman
DR A. S. ARYA
72/6 Civil Lines, Roorkee
Members Representing
SHRI O. P. AGGARWAL Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi
SHRI G. SHARAN ( Alternate )
DR K. G. BHATIA Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd, New Delhi
DR C. KAMESHWARA RAO ( Alternate I )
SHRI A. K. SINGH ( Alternate II )
SHRI S. C. BHATIA National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR), Hyderabad
DR B. K. RASTOGI ( Alternate )
DR A. R. CHANDRASEKARAN Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee, Roorkee
DR BRIJESH CHANDRA ( Alternate I )
DR B. V. K. LAVANIA ( Alternate II )
DR S. N. CHATTERJEE Indian Meteorological Department, New Delhi
SHRI S. K. NAG ( Alternate )
SHRI K. T. CHAUBAL North Eastern Council, Shillong
DR B. K. PAUL ( Alternate )
DR A. V. CHUMMAR Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee
DR S. K. KAUSHIK ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR EMBANKMENT (N & W) Central Water Commission (ERDD), New Delhi
DIRECTOR CMDD (NW & S) ( Alternate )
DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B & S), RDSO Railway Board, Ministry of Railways
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B & S) CB-I,
RDSO, LUCKNOW ( Alternate )
MISS E. DIVATIA National Hydro-Electric Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI C. R. VENKATESHA ( Alternate )
SHRI I. D. GUPTA Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune
SHRI J. G. PADALE ( Alternate )
SHRI V. K. KULKARNI Department of Atomic Energy, Bombay
SHRI P. C. KOTESWARA RAO ( Alternate )
SHRI V. KUMAR National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. S. BAJAJ ( Alternate )
SHRI M. Z. KURIEN Tata Consulting Engineers, Bombay
SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN ( Alternate )
SHRI T. R. BHATIA ( Alternate )
SHRI S. K. MITTAL Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee
SHRI S. S. NARANG Central Water Commission (CMDD), New Delhi
SHRI A. D. NARIAN Ministry of Transport, Department of Surface Transport (Roads Wing),
SHRI O. P. AGGARWAL ( Alternate ) New Delhi
SHRI P. L. NARULA Geological Survey of India, Calcutta
SHRI A. K. SRIVASTAVA ( Alternate )
RESEARCH OFFICER Irrigation Department, Govt of Maharashtra, Nasik
DR D. SENGUPTA Engineers India Ltd, New Delhi
SHRI R. K. GROVER ( Alternate )
DR R. D. SHARMA Nuclear Power Corporation, Bombay
SHRI U. S. P. VERMA ( Alternate )
COL R. K. SINGH Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, Army Headquarters, New Delhi
LT-COL B. D. BHATTOPADHYAYA ( Alternate )
DR P. SRINIVASULU Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Madras
DR N. LAKSHMANAN ( Alternate )
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (D) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (D) II ( Alternate )
DR A. N. TANDON In personal capacity ( B-7/50 Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi )
SHRI Y. R. TANEJA, Director General, BIS ( Ex-officio Member )
Director (Civ Engg)
Member Secretary
SHRI S. S. SETHI
Director (Civ Engg), BIS
( Continued on page 34 )
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IS 4326 : 1993
( Continued from page 33 )
Earthquake Resistant Construction Subcommittee, CED 39 : 1

Convener Representing
DR A. S. ARYA In personal capacity ( 72/6 Civil Lines, Roorkee )
Members
SHRI N. K. BHATTACHARYA Engineer-in-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi
SHRI B. K. CHAKRABORTY Housing and Urban Development Corporation, New Delhi
SHRI D. P. SINGH ( Alternate )
SHRI D. N. GHOSAL North Eastern Council, Shillong
DR SUDHIR K. JAIN Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
DR A. S. R. SAI ( Alternate )
SHRI M. P. JAISINGH Central Buildings Research Institute, Roorkee
JOINT DIRECTOR STANDARDS (B & S) CB-I Railways Board, Ministry of Railways
ASSTT DIRECTOR (B & S) CB-I ( Alternate )
SHRI V. KAPUR Public Works Department, Govt of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
SHRI V. K. KAPOOR ( Alternate )
SHRI M. KUNDU Hindustan Prefab Limited, New Delhi
SHRI T. R. BHATIA ( Alternate )
DR B. C. MATHUR University of Roorkee, Department of Earthquake Engineering, Roorkee
DR (MRS) P. R. BOSE ( Alternate )
SHRI G. M. SHOUNTHU Public Works Department, Jammu & Kashmir
DR P. SRINIVASULU Structural Engineering Research Centre (CSIR), Madras
DR N. LAKSHMANAN ( Alternate )
SHRI SUBRATA CHAKRAVARTY Public Works Department, Government of Assam, Guwahati
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (DESIGN) Public Works Department, Government of Gujarat
SUPERINTENDING SURVEYOR OF WORKS (NDZ) Central Public Works Department, New Delhi
SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (D) ( Alternate )
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Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and
attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright
BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no
changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of
Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by
referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. CED 39 (5267).

Amend No. Date of Issue
Amd. No. 1 December 1995
Amd. No. 2 April 2002
Amd. No. 3 January 2005

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002. Telegrams: Manaksanstha
Telephones: 323 01 31, 323 33 75, 323 94 02 (Common to all offices)
Regional Offices: Telephone
Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 

323 76 17
NEW DELHI 110002  323 38 41
Eastern : 1/14 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi 

337 84 99, 337 85 61
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.. .. ..”. r—,
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AMENDMENT www.rejinpaul.com
NO. 4 OCTOBER 2008
TO
IS 4326:1993 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS — CODE OF
PRACTICE
(Second Revision)
(Page 11, Table 4) — Insert the following footnote at the end
“.JOTE -– Four storey building not allowed in Category E’.
(CED 39)
.,
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5.1 Seismic Design Concepts
The behaviour of a building during earthquakes depends critically on its overall shape,
size and geometry, in addition to how the earthquake forces are carried to the ground. Hence, at
the planning stage itself, architects and structural engineers must work together to ensure that the
unfavourable features are avoided and a good building configuration is chosen.
The importance of the configuration of a building was aptly summarized by Late Henry
Degenkolb, a noted Earthquake Engineer of USA, as: “If we have a poor configuration to start
with, all the engineer can do is to provide a band-aid - improve a basically poor solution as best
as he can. Conversely, if we start-off with a good configuration and reasonable framing system,
even a poor engineer cannot harm its ultimate performance too much.”
A desire to create an aesthetic and functionally efficient structure drives architects to

conceive wonderful and imaginative structures. Sometimes the shape of the building catches the
eye of the visitor, sometimes the structural system appeals, and in other occasions both shape and
structural system work together to make the structure a marvel. However, each of these choices
of shapes and structure has significant bearing on the performance of the building during strong
earthquakes. The wide range of structural damages observed during past earthquakes across the
world is very educative in identifying structural configurations that are desirable versus those
which must be avoided.
5.1.1 Size of Buildings
In tall buildings with large height-to-base size ratio the horizontal movement of the
floors during ground shaking is large. In short but very long buildings, the damaging effects
during earthquake shaking are many. And, in buildings with large plan area like warehouses, the
horizontal seismic forces can be excessive to be carried by columns and walls.
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Fig 5.1 Different size of Building

5.1.2 Horizontal Layout of Buildings:
In general, buildings with simple geometry in plan have performed well during strong
earthquakes. Buildings with re-entrant corners, like those U, V, H and + shaped in plan have
sustained significant damage. Many times, the bad effects of these interior corners in the plan of
buildings are avoided by making the buildings in two parts. For example, an L-shaped plan can
be broken up into two rectangular plan shapes using a separation joint at the junction often, the
plan is simple, but the columns/walls are not equally distributed in plan. Buildings with such
features tend to twist during earthquake shaking.
Fig 5.2 Different Horizontal Layout of Building

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5.1.3 Vertical Layout of Buildings:

The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be brought down
along the height to the ground by the shortest path; any deviation or discontinuity in this load
transfer path results in poor performance of the building. Buildings with vertical setbacks (like
the hotel buildings with a few storeys wider than the rest) cause a sudden jump in earthquake
forces at the level of discontinuity. Buildings that have fewer columns or walls in a particular
storey or with unusually tall storey tend to damage or collapse which is initiated in that storey.
Many buildings with an open ground storey intended for parking collapsed or were severely
damaged in Gujarat during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. Buildings on slopy ground have unequal
height columns along the slope, which causes ill effects like twisting and damage in shorter
columns.
Buildings with columns that hang or float on beams at an intermediate storey and do not go all
the way to the foundation, have discontinuities in the load transfer path. Some buildings have
reinforced concrete walls to carry the earthquake loads to the foundation. Buildings, in which
these walls do not go all the way to the ground but stop at an upper level, are liable to get
severely damaged during earthquakes.
Fig 5.3 a Different Vertical layout of Building

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Fig 5. 3b Different Vertical layout of Building
5.1.4 Adjacency of Buildings:

When two buildings are too close to each other, they may pound on each other during
strong shaking. With increase in building height, this collision can be a greater problem. When
building heights do not match, the roof of the shorter building may pound at the mid-height of
The column of the taller one; this can be very dangerous.
Fig 5. 4 Adjacency of Buildings

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5.2 Design Spectrum

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure shall be determined by the
following expression.
Provided that for any structure with T <0.1 s, the value of Ah will not be taken less than Z/2
whatever be the value of I/R
Where
z= Zone factor given in Table 2, is for the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE ) and service
life of structure in a zone. The factor 2 in the denominator of Z is used so as to reduce the
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) zone factor to the factor for Design Basis Earthquake
(DBE).
I= Importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structures, characterized
by.hazardous consequences of its failure, post-earthquake functional needs, historical value, or
economic importance ( Table 6 ).
R= Response reduction factor, depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of the
structure, characterized by ductile or brittle deformations. However, the ratio (I/R) shall not be
greater than 1.0(Table 7). The values of R for buildings are given in Table 7.
Sa/g =Average response acceleration coefficient

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5.3 IS 1893 codal provision
Procedure
Step 1. Determiniation of natural period of vibration
The fundamentantl natural period of vibration is calculated based on infill panels.
For moment resisting frame without infill panel,
Ta = 0.075 h 0.75
For moment resisting frame with infill panel
Ta = 0.09h/
Where h - height of building in m
d - Base dimension of the building at plinth level in m
Step 2 Determination of other important Factor
Average response acceleration coefficient Sa/g is calculated from the fundamental natural
period of vibration by using Fig 2 of 1893-1
Zone factor Z is calculated from Table 2 of IS 1893-1
Importance Factor is taken from Table 6
Response reduction Factor is determined from Table 7
Step 3. Determination of Horizontal seismic coefficient
The design horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah) is calculated by the following expression
Ah = ZISa/2Rg
Step 4. Determination of design vertical seismic coefficient
Designing vertical seismic coefficient is equal to two-third of the design horizontal
seismic coefficient.
Step 5. Determination of Design Base Shear
The design base shear VB is determined by using the followig formula
VB=AhW
Where Ah is the design horizontal seismic coefficient, and
W is the seismic weight of the building
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Step 6. Distribution of equivalent lateral load

The design base shear computed above shall be distributed along the height of the building as per
the following formula
Qi = Design lateral force at floor i,
Wi = Seismic weight of floor i

hi = Height of floor i measured from base
n = number of storeys in building is the number of levels at which the masses
are located.
5.4 Earthquake resistant Design of Simple a framed structures
A three storeyed symmetrical RC school building situated at Bhuj wit the following data
Plan dimensions - 7m
Storey Height - 3.5 m
Total weight of beams- 130 kN
Total weight of slab - 250 kN
Total weight of column- 50 kN
Total weight of walls - 130 kN
Weight of terrace floor- 655 kN
The structure is resting on hand rock. Determine the total base and lateral loads at each floor
levels for 5% of damping using seismic coefficient method.
Solution
1. Determination of Natural Period
Assume infill panels
T = 0.09h/
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T = 0.09 x 10.5 /
= 0.357 s
2. Determination of Important factor I
I = 1.5 from Table 6 of IS 1893-1
R= 5.0 from Table 7 of IS 1893-1
Z=0.36 from table 2 of IS 1893-1
3. Determination of design horizontal seismic coefficient
The design horizontal seismic coefficient

Ah = Z.I.Sa / 2.R.g
= (0.36 x 1.5 x 2.5)/ (2 x 5)
= 0.135
4. Determination of seismic weight
a. Weight of one storey = Total weight of slabs + beams+ columns+ walls + LL
= 130+250+50+530+130 kN
= 1090 kN
b. Weight of Iand II floor = 1090 kN
c. Weight of terrace floor = 655 kN
d. Total weight of Building W = ( 2 x 1090) + 655
= 2835 kN
5. Determination of base shear
VB = Ah W
= 0.135 x 2855
= 382.725 kN
6. Distribution of equivalent lateral load
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Q1 =
= 16.71 kN
Similarily for Q2 = 112.56 kN
Q3 = 253.21 kN
Q3 = 253.21kN
Q2= 112.56 kN
Q1= 16.91 kN
Fig 5. 5 Mode shapes
5.6 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete frames as per 13920

These requirements apply to frame members resisting earthquake induced forces and
designed to resist flexure. These members shall satisfy the following requirements.
5.6.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement
a) The top as well as bottom reinforcement shall consist of at least two bars throughout the
member length.
b) The tension steel ratio on any face, at any section, shall not be less than √ = 0.24;
where fck and fy are in MPa.
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The maximum steel ratio on any face at any section, shall not exceed max = 0.025. The positive
steel at a joint face must be at least equal to half the negative steel at that face.
The steel provided at each of the top and bottom face of the member at any section along its
length shall be at least equal to one-fourth of the maximum negative moment steel provided
at the face of either joint. It may be clarified that redistribution of moments permitted in IS 456:
1978 (clause 36.1) will be used only for vertical load moments and not for lateral load moments.
In an external joint, both the top and the bottom bars of the beam shall be provided with
anchorage length, beyond the inner face of the column, equal to the development length in
tension plus 10 times the bar diameter minus the allowance for 90 degree bend(s) . In an internal
joint, both face bars of the beam shall be taken continuously through the column.
Fig 5. 6 a Longitudinal reinforcements
The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire splice
length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm. The lap length shall not be less than the bar
development length in tension. Lap splices shall not be provided (a) within a joint, (b) within a
distance of 2d from joint face, and (c) within a quarter length of the member where flexural
yielding may generally occur under the effect of earthquake forces. Not more than 50 percent of
the bars shall be spliced at one section.
Fig 5. 6 b longitudinal reinforcements

5.6.2 Transverse Reinforcement
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Transverse reinforcement for circular columns shall consist of spiral or circular hoops. In
rectangular columns, rectangular hoops may be used. A rectangular hoop is a closed stirrup,
having a 135° hook with a 10 diameter extension (but not < 75 mm) at each end that is embedded
in the confined core.
The parallel legs of rectangular hoop shall be spaced not more than 300 mm centre to centre. If
the length of any side of the hoop exceeds 300 mm, a crosstie shall be provided. Alternatively, a
pair of overlapping hoops may be provided within the column. The hooks shall engage
peripheral
Longitudinal bars.
The spacing of hoops shall not exceed half the least lateral dimension of the column, except
where special confining reinforcement is provided, as per 7.4. Of IS 13920
The design shear force for columns shall be the maximum of:
a) Calculated factored shear force as per analysis, and
b) A factored shear force given by
5.6.3 Special Confining Reinforcement

This requirement shall be met with, unless a larger amount of transverse reinforcement is
required from shear strength considerations. Special confining reinforcement shall be provided
over a length lo from each joint face, towards mid span, and on either side of any section, where
flexural yielding may occur under the effect of earthquake forces. The length „lo‟ shall not be
less than
Fig 5.7 Special Confinement for column Joint

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QUESTION BANK
4. Define design basis earthquake.
5. Define geometric unsymmetrical
6. Define structural unsymmetrical
7. Differentiate passive and active structural control
8. Give any two important points in mitigating effects of earthquake on structures
9. List any four isolation devices
10. List the methods of vibration controls
11. List the various vibration control devices
12. State the seismic design philosophy
13. What are the two design philosophies in the earthquake resistant structural design?
14. Why is base isolation effective?
16 Marks
1. An inner beam of one R.C. frame of span 6 m has a negative bending moment of 300
kNm and a shear force of 250 kN at the face of beam-column joint due to gravity and
earthquake loads. Design the beam for ductility using M 25 and Fe 415.
2. Describe the code based procedure for determination for design lateral forces.
3. Describe the methods of dynamic analysis.
4. Design the column of a multistoried building for ductility with M 25 and Fe 415
subjected to an axial force of 2000 kN and bending moment of 416.67 kNm.
5. Discuss briefly the codal provisions for the dynamic analysis of a building
6. Explain briefly the various base isolation techniques with neat sketches
7. A four storied single bay building frame is of reinforced concrete situated in Zone IV .the
height between floors is 3m.Total height of the building is 12m.The dead load and live
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loads are lumped at the respective floor levels. The soil below the foundation is hard
rock. It is a hospital building. Determine the total base shear and the equivalent lateral
loads at the various floor levels, using the empirical method of IS 1893(Part –I). Stiffness
of each column in I, II, III, IV floors is 500kN/m, 400kN/m, 300kN/m, 300kN/m
respectively. The seismic weight of I, II, III, IV floors are 80kN, 80kN, 40kN, and 40kN
respectively.
8. Sketch the ductile detailing of beam column joint
9. Explain in detail the mitigating effects of earthquake on structural elements
10. A three storey symmetrical RC building situated at bhuj with following data Plan
Dimension: 7m Storey height: 3.5m Total Weight of beams in a storey: 130kN Total
Weight of slabs in a storey: 250kN Total Weight of columns in a storey: 50kN Total
Weight of walls in a storey: 530kN Total live loads: 130kN Weight of terrace floor:
655kN The structure is resisting on hard rock. Determine load base shear and lateral load
at each floor level for 5% of damping using seismic co-efficient method.
11. Analyse by equivalent static method for 10 storey 3 bay reinforced each concrete
building having dimensions of storey height 4m and bay distance at 5m each. The live
load on all the floors is 2.5 kN/m2 and soil below the building is hard. The site is at Zone
V. All the beams are of size 400mm X 500mm and slabs are 150mm thick. The size of
columns are 600mm X 600mm in all storeys and the wall around is 120mm Check (i) if
the inner beam-column joint of a reinforced concrete frame satisfies weak girder-strong
column proportion and (ii) shear in beam and column using M 25 and Fe 415. The details
are given below: Clear span of the left beam = 5 m, clear span of the right beam = 4 m,
slab thickness = 120 mm, finish on slab = 50 mm, live loads on floor = 2.0 kN/m2, axial
load on column = 800 kN, beam dimensions = 300 x 600 mm, steel at top of the beam on
either side = 1.6% (4-25 T + 2-20 T), steel at bottom of the beam on either side = 0.8%
(2-25 T + 1-20 T), column dimensions = 300 x 600 mm, column reinforcement = 3.827%
(8-28 T + 4-25 T), and height of storey = 3.2 m.
12. Write briefly about (i)Base isolation System (ii)Principle of dynamic Vibration absorbers
(iii)Special confining reinforcement
13. Explain in detail the ductile detailing as per IS13920
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14. Explain the process involved in active control of RC structures

15. List and explain the steps involved in mitigating earthquake effects on structures
16. Write briefly the salient features of earthquake resistant provisions as per Indian
standards

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CE6701 – STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

AND EARTHQUKE ENGINEERING

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

1.3 TYPES AND SOURCES OF DYNAMIC LOADS

1.4 DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF A DYNAMIC

1.5 METHODOLOGY FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

1.6 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL VIBRATION

I BASICS OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

1.1 Introduction to Structural Dynamics

1.2 Importance of Structural Dynamics

The importance of Structural Dynamics is to find the behaviour of a structure when

Vibration is the study of repetitive motion of objects relative to a stationery frame of

1.3 Types and Source of Dynamic Loading

When a structure is subjected to dynamic loading, it starts vibration. During vibration,

Fig. 1.1 structural response of a system

(i) Deterministic Analysis

Deterministic analysis in which the structural response i.e displacement, acceleration,

Types of Prescribed loading

Fig 1.2 Periodic loading

Non- Periodic Loading

Fig 1.3 Non- Periodic Loading

1.4 Distinguish Features of Dynamic problem

a. Initial Condition: Initial condition such as velocity and displacement produce

1.5 Method of Dynamic Analysis

Equivalent Static Analysis

Response Spectrum Analysis

 absolute - peak values are added together

Linear Dynamic Analysis

Nonlinear Static Analysis

This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

1.6 Types of Structural Vibration

a. Free and Forced Vibration

b. Damped and Undamped Vibration

Response Spectrum Analysis

 absolute - peak values are added together

 complete quadratic combination (CQC) - a method that is an improvement on SRSS

Linear Dynamic Analysis

Nonlinear Static Analysis

This approach is also known as "pushover" analysis. A pattern of forces is applied to a

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

1.6 Types of Structural Vibration

a. Free and Forced Vibration

b. Damped and Undamped Vibration

1. Define: Degrees of freedom.

PART B (16 Marks)

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES

SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

II SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

2.1 SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM

Fig 2.1 Single degree of freedom with damper

2.2 EQUATION OF MOTION

Fig 2.2 Free body Diagram

The resulting equation of motion is a second order, non-homogeneous, ordinary differential

with the initial conditions,

Fig 2.3 Free Vibration

with the initial conditions,