Vedic Mathematics Teaching An Old Dog New Tricks: April 2010
Vedic Mathematics Teaching An Old Dog New Tricks: April 2010
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
1. Introduction
Square Roots . . .
Contact Information veda (Sanskrit) means: knowledge
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Veda Upaveda
Title Page Rigveda Ayurveda
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Samaveda Gandharvaveda
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Yajurveda Dhanurveda
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Atharvaveda Sthapatyaveda
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Table 1: Vedas and Upavedas (supplementary vedas)
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1.1. The 16 Sutras
are part of a Parisista (Appendix) of the Atharvaveda
1. By one more than the one before
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Figure 1: Vertically and Crosswise
Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1
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×
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6 / 3
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= 63
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Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1 7 - 3
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× ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2
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= 63 = 42
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Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3
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× × ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6
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= 63 = 42 = 156
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Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
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= 63 = 42 = 156 = 96
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Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
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= 63 = 42 = 156 = 96
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Reason: (x + a)(x + b) = x(x + a + b) + ab
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Introduction 2.1. Example with working base 10
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 9 - 1 7 - 3 13 + 3 12 + 2
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× × × ×
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6 / 3 3 /1 2 15 / 6 10 / 4̄
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= 63 = 42 = 156 = 96
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Reason: (x + a)(x + b) = x(x + a + b) + ab
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
2.2. Example with working base 100
Square Roots . . .
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91 - 9
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96 - 4
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Page 7 of 23 = 8736
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
2.2. Example with working base 100
Square Roots . . .
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91 - 9 111 + 11
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96 - 4 109 + 9
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
2.2. Example with working base 100
Square Roots . . .
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91 - 9 111 + 11 108 + 8
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96 - 4 109 + 9 97 - 3
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24
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Introduction
Multiplication
2.3. Other working bases (division case)
Division
Square Roots . . .
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100/2=50
49 - 1
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49 - 1
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24 / 01
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= 2401
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Introduction
Multiplication
2.3. Other working bases (division case)
Division
Square Roots . . .
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100/2=50 100/2=50
49 - 1 54 + 4
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49 - 1 46 - 4
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24 / 01 25 / 1̄6̄
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= 2401 = 2484
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Introduction
Multiplication
2.4. Other working bases (multiplication case)
Division
Square Roots . . .
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10× 2=20
19 - 1
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19 - 1
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36 / 1
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= 361
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Introduction
Multiplication
2.4. Other working bases (multiplication case)
Division
Square Roots . . .
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10× 2=20 10× 6=60
19 - 1 62 + 2
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19 - 1 48 - 12
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36 / 1 300 /2̄ 4̄
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= 361 = 2976
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
3. Division
Square Roots . . .
1
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.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
3. Division
Square Roots . . .
1
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.
• Using the “Ekadhika Purva” Sutra it is easy:
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/ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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1 1 1
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
• Start with 1 and then work from right to left multi-
Square Roots . . . plying by 2.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
• Start with 1 and then work from right to left multi-
Square Roots . . . plying by 2.
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. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8
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1 1 1 1 1 1
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/ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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• A further shortcut is the insight that
Introduction
Multiplication
Division
. 0 5 2 6 3 1 5 7 8
Square Roots . . .
+ 9 4 7 3 6 8 4 2 1
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= 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
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1
• The same works for all periodic decimals, e.g. 7
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. 1 4 2
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+ 8 5 7
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= 9 9 9
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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4. Square Roots (Vargamula)
mathfinance.com • Square numbers only have digit sums 1, 4, 7, 9
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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4. Square Roots (Vargamula)
mathfinance.com • Square numbers only have digit sums 1, 4, 7, 9
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• and they only end in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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4. Square Roots (Vargamula)
mathfinance.com • Square numbers only have digit sums 1, 4, 7, 9
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• and they only end in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0.
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• If the given number has n digits, then the square
root will contain n2 or n+1
2
digits.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
Contact Information
4. Square Roots (Vargamula)
mathfinance.com • Square numbers only have digit sums 1, 4, 7, 9
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• and they only end in 1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 0.
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• If the given number has n digits, then the square
root will contain n2 or n+1
2
digits.
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• Systematic computation of an exact square root re-
quires the Dvandvayoga (Duplex) process.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
4.1. Duplex Process (Dvandvayoga)
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D(4) = 16 (1)
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4.2. Square Root of a Perfect Square
√
Introduction Find 1849.
Multiplication
Division
Group in pairs, taking a single extra digit on the left as
Square Roots . . .
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extra digit.
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4.2. Square Root of a Perfect Square
√
Introduction Find 1849.
Multiplication
Division
Group in pairs, taking a single extra digit on the left as
Square Roots . . .
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extra digit.
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8) 2
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4
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4.2. Square Root of a Perfect Square
√
Introduction Find 1849.
Multiplication
Division
Group in pairs, taking a single extra digit on the left as
Square Roots . . .
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extra digit.
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8) 2
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4
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4 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 18.
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18/4 is 4 with remainder 2.
The divisor 8 is two times 4.
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Introduction
Multiplication
Next we divide 24 by the divisor 8. This gives 3 remainder
Division
0, placed as
Square Roots . . .
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8) 2 0
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4 3
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Introduction
Multiplication
Next we divide 24 by the divisor 8. This gives 3 remainder
Division
0, placed as
Square Roots . . .
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8) 2 0
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
Introduction 3
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
Introduction 3
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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3 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 13.
13/3 is 3 with remainder 4.
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The divisor 6 is two times 3.
Title Page Next we divide 46 by the divisor 6. This gives 7 remainder
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1 3 — 6 9
6) 4
Introduction 3
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
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3 is the largest integer whose square does not exceed 13.
13/3 is 3 with remainder 4.
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The divisor 6 is two times 3.
Title Page Next we divide 46 by the divisor 6. This gives 7 remainder
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1 3 — 6 9
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Introduction
2 9 3 7 6 4
Multiplication
Division 10) 4
Square Roots . . .
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4.3. Larger Numbers
Introduction
2 9 3 7 6 4
Multiplication
Division 10) 4
Square Roots . . .
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10) 4 3
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5 4 .
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4.3. Larger Numbers
Introduction
2 9 3 7 6 4
Multiplication
Division 10) 4
Square Roots . . .
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10) 4 3
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5 4 .
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37 − D(4) = 37 − 16 = 21 = 2 × 10 + 1.
2 9 3 7 6 4
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Multiplication
10) 4 3 1
Division
Square Roots . . .
5 4 2.
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2 9 3 7 6 4
Introduction
Multiplication
10) 4 3 1
Division
Square Roots . . .
5 4 2.
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16 − D(42) = 16 − 16 = 0 = 0 × 10 + 0.
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10) 4 3 1 0
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5 4 2. 0
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2 9 3 7 6 4
Introduction
Multiplication
10) 4 3 1
Division
Square Roots . . .
5 4 2.
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16 − D(42) = 16 − 16 = 0 = 0 × 10 + 0.
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10) 4 3 1 0
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4 − D(420) = 4 − 4 = 0. Complete.
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Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . . 4.4. General Square Roots
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5. Contact Information
Introduction
Multiplication
Division
Square Roots . . .
Contact Information
Uwe Wystup
MathFinance AG
mathfinance.com Mainluststraße 4
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60329 Frankfurt am Main
Germany
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+49-700-MATHFINANCE
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http://www.mathfinance.com/wystup/papers.php
http://www.mathfinance.com/seminars/vedic.php
References
[1] Datta, B. and Singh, A.N. (1962). History of Hindu Mathematics. Asia
Introduction Publishing House, Calcutta.
Multiplication
[2] Maharaja, Bharati Krsna Tirthaji (1992). Vedic Mathematics, Motilal
Division
Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd, Delhi.
Square Roots . . .
Contact Information [3] Schonard, A. and Kokot, C. (2006). Der Matheknüller. http://www.
matheknueller.de.
mathfinance.com
[4] Williams, K.R. (2002). Vedic Mathematics - Teacher’s Manual. Ad-
vanced Level. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi.
Title Page http://www.mlbd.com
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Index
Introduction
Multiplication
division, 11
Division
duplex, 15
dvandvayoga, 15
Square Roots . . .
Contact Information multiplication, 5
square root, 14
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