Table of Contents

I. Learning Intervention Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

II. Goals, Objectives, and Interventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

A. Academic Performance

Behavior
Number
1. Does not demonstrate problem-solving skills in new or unique situations . . . . . . . . .8
2. Does not demonstrate problem-solving skills in typical situations . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3. Has difficulty understanding directions and/or carrying out instructions and often
requires repetition or rephrasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4. Has difficulty with short-term and long-term memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5. Has limited test-taking skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
6. Is unprepared for tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7. Performs classroom tests or quizzes at a failing level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
8. Remembers information one time but not the next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
9. Requires repeated drill and practice to learn what other students master easily. . . . . . 29
10. Does not demonstrate the ability to maintain concentration on a particular activity for
extended periods of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
11. Does not demonstrate an effective organizational system when completing
homework assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
12. Does not demonstrate an understanding of directionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
13. Fails to demonstrate logical thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
14. Has difficulty generalizing information from one situation to another . . . . . . . . . . 39
15. Demonstrates difficulty with visual memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
16. Does not check completed work for accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
17. Does not demonstrate an understanding of spatial relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
18. Does not follow multi-step directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
19. Does not grasp basic concepts or information related to academic tasks . . . . . . . . . 53
20. Does not perform academically at his/her ability level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
21. Does not perform or complete classroom assignments during class time . . . . . . . . . 60
22. Does not prepare for assigned activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
23. Does not remain on-task . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
24. Does not turn in homework assignments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
25. Fails to perform assignments independently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
26. Fails to remember sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
27. Has difficulty attending when directions are given . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
28. Has difficulty classifying. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
29. Has difficulty describing objects or events across several dimensions including
category, function, composition, similarities/differences, and other attributes . . . . . . 91
30. Has difficulty pretending, role-playing, and imagining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
31. Has difficulty retrieving, recalling, or naming objects, persons, places, concepts, etc. . . 96
32. Has difficulty understanding analogies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
33. Has difficulty understanding cause-and-effect relationships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
34. Has limited task focus and task completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
35. Fails to improve skills, learn from mistakes, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
36. Is slow to process thoughts or information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
37. Performs assignments carelessly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
38. Requires one-to-one situation in order to follow directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116

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 39. Requires slow, sequential, substantially broken-down presentation of concepts . . . . .118
40. Turns in incomplete or inaccurately finished assignments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121

B. Math

Behavior
Number
41. Confuses operational signs when working math problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
42. Does not make use of columns when working math problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
43. Does not remember math facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
44. Does not understand abstract math concepts without concrete examples . . . . . . . . .130
45. Does not understand the concept of skip counting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
46. Does not understand the concept of time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133
47. Fails to change from one math operation to another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
48. Fails to correctly solve math problems involving fractions or decimals. . . . . . . . . .137
49. Fails to correctly solve math problems requiring addition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
50. Fails to correctly solve math problems requiring division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
51. Fails to correctly solve math problems requiring multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . .145
52. Fails to correctly solve math problems requiring regrouping (i.e., borrowing and
carrying) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
53. Fails to correctly solve math problems requiring subtraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
54. Fails to correctly solve problems involving money . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
55. Fails to correctly solve problems using measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
56. Fails to demonstrate knowledge of place value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
57. Fails to follow necessary steps in math problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
58. Has difficulty grasping concepts involving time, space, quantity, quality, and
directionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
59. Has difficulty solving math word problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
60. Has difficulty understanding abstract concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
61. Works math problems from left to right instead of right to left . . . . . . . . . . . . . .169

C. Reading

Behavior
Number
62. Does not comprehend written communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
63. Does not comprehend what he/she reads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
64. Does not discriminate between similar letters and words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179
65. Does not know all the letters of the alphabet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181
66. Does not read independently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
67. Does not read or follow written directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
68. Does not summarize/retell important concepts after reading a selection . . . . . . . . .187
69. Fails to correctly answer comprehension questions from reading activities. . . . . . . .189
70. Fails to demonstrate word attack skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192
71. Fails to demonstrate word comprehension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
72. Fails to finish assignments because of reading difficulties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
73. Fails to recognize words on grade level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
74. Has difficulty applying decoding skills when reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202
75. Has difficulty following written instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
76. Has difficulty understanding what he/she reads even though he/she has adequate
word attack skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206
77. Has difficulty with phonics skills when reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
78. Has difficulty with sound-symbol relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .211

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 79. Loses place when reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213
80. Omits, adds, substitutes, or reverses letters, words, or sounds when reading . . . . . . .215
81. Reads words correctly in one context but not in another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
82. Understands what is read to him/her but not what he/she reads silently. . . . . . . . . .220

D. Writing

Behavior
Number
83. Can only write simple, short, noncomplex sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223
84. Composes incomplete sentences or expresses incomplete thoughts when writing . . . .226
85. Does not use appropriate subject-verb agreement when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
86. Fails to copy letters, words, sentences, and numbers from a model at a close proximity .232
87. Fails to copy letters, words, sentences, and numbers from a model at a distance . . . . .235
88. Fails to correctly organize writing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
89. Fails to form letters correctly when printing or writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
90. Fails to punctuate correctly when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
91. Fails to use capitalization correctly when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
92. Fails to use verb tenses correctly when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
93. Fails to write within a given space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .247
94. Has difficulty understanding and using synonyms, antonyms, and homonyms . . . . . .249
95. Omits, adds, or substitutes words when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .252
96. Reverses letters and numbers when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
97. Uses inappropriate letter size when writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
98. Uses inappropriate spacing between words or sentences when writing . . . . . . . . . .258
99. Uses incorrect grammar when writing not due to dialect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260
100. Has limited note-taking skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

E. Spelling

Behavior
Number
101. Does not use word endings correctly when spelling or omits them . . . . . . . . . . . .265
102. Fails to use spelling rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
103. Has difficulty spelling words that do not follow the spelling rules . . . . . . . . . . . .270
104. Has difficulty with phonetic approaches to spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
105. Omits, substitutes, adds, or rearranges letters or sound units when spelling words . . . .274
106. Requires continued drill and practice to learn spelling words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
107. Spells words correctly in one context but not in another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

F. Communication

Behavior
Number
108. Does not express thoughts in verbal and written form. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
109. Can only speak in short, simple sentences which lack complexity . . . . . . . . . . . .282
110. Does not communicate name, address, and phone number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
111. Does not comprehend graphic symbols, sign language, etc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
112. Does not comprehend typical verbal communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
113. Demonstrates difficulty understanding the meaning of words indicating a question . . .292
114. Does not carry on conversations with peers or adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295
115. Does not complete statements or thoughts when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
116. Expresses incomplete thoughts when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
117. Has difficulty using ritualistic greetings/closings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305

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 118. Is slow to respond and/or fails to make relevant responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308
119. Lacks spontaneity, originality, and/or variety in verbal interactions. . . . . . . . . . . .311
120. Omits, adds, substitutes, or rearranges sounds or words when speaking . . . . . . . . .314
121. Uses incorrect grammar when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
122. Voice is intermittent or completely lost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .318

G. Listening

Behavior
Number
123. Attends more successfully when close to the source of sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
124. Demonstrates difficulty with auditory memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325
125. Does not direct attention or fails to maintain attention to important sounds in the
immediate environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327
126. Does not hear all of what is said . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330
127. Does not listen to or follow verbal directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
128. Does not listen to what other students are saying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339
129. Does not take notes during class when necessary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
130. Has difficulty differentiating speech sounds heard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
131. Has difficulty taking class notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
132. Is unsuccessful in activities requiring listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348
133. Needs oral questions and directions frequently repeated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
134. Requires eye contact in order to listen successfully . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358

H. Speech

Behavior
Number
135. Omits a sound in a word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361
136. Inserts an extra sound in a word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
137. Articulation interferes with communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365
138. Demonstrates difficulty with topic initiation, maintenance, and/or closure including
irrelevant, tangential, or associative responses; and/or tends to circumlocute - talking
“around” instead of “on” the topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .367
139. Demonstrates inappropriate (or inaccurate) sequencing skills when speaking . . . . . .370
140. Distorts or mispronounces words or sounds when speaking (not attributed to dialect
or accent) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373
141. Does not form questions appropriately when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375
142. Does not use appropriate subject-verb agreement when speaking. . . . . . . . . . . . .377
143. Dysfluency interferes with daily communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379
144. Dysfluent speech causes unfavorable listener reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
145. Exhibits difficulty using verbal language as a tool to obtain desired results . . . . . . .385
146. Has limited expressive and/or receptive vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387
147. Has difficulty comprehending passive sentence form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391
148. Has difficulty comprehending picture and/or verbal absurdities. . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
149. Has difficulty imitating speech sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395
150. Has difficulty recognizing and using multiple-meaning words . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397
151. Has difficulty sequencing speech sounds in multisyllabic words . . . . . . . . . . . . .399
152. Has difficulty understanding nonliteral forms of speech such as idioms, proverbs,
similes, metaphors, jokes, puns, and riddles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
153. Omits function words when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404
154. Omits present progressive when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .407
155. Voice pitch is too high or too low for age and gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .409
156. Rate of speech is too fast or too slow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412

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 157. Secondary characteristics are present while speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .414
158. Speaks dysfluently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .417
159. Speaks in an unnatural voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420
160. Speaks incoherently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .421
161. Speaks slowly, pauses when speaking, speaks softly, speaks monotonously, speaks
less than previously, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423
162. Speech causes unfavorable listener reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427
163. Substitutes one sound for another sound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430
164. Uses inappropriate verb tenses when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
165. Uses inappropriate verbal and/or nonverbal language in social situations or
interactions with peers and/or adults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434
166. Uses incorrect word order when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .437
167. Uses negation inappropriately when speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439
168. Uses plurality incorrectly in noun and verb forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .441
169. Uses pronouns incorrectly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443
170. Uses sentences which are grammatically incomplete when speaking . . . . . . . . . . .445
171. Voice quality causes unfavorable listener reaction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
172. Voice quality interferes with daily communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450
173. Voice quality sounds harsh, breathy, and/or hoarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
174. Voice quality sounds hypernasal (e.g., sounds like the student is talking through
his/her nose) or hyponasal (e.g., sounds like the student has a cold) . . . . . . . . . . .456
175. Volume is too loud or too soft for the situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

III. Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461

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 II. Goals, Objectives, and Interventions
1 Does not demonstrate problem-solving skills in
new or unique situations
Goals:
1. The student will demonstrate problem-solving skills in new situations.
2. The student will demonstrate problem-solving skills in unique situations.

Objectives:
1. The student will solve problems by withdrawing from conflict situations on out
of occasions.
2. The student will solve problems by reasoning in new or unique situations on out
of occasions.
3. The student will solve problems by apologizing in conflict situations on out of
occasions.
4. The student will solve problems by talking in a quiet, controlled manner in new or unique situa-
tions on out of occasions.
5. The student will independently solve problems in new or unique situations on out
of occasions.
6. The student will solve problems in conflict situations by allowing others the benefit of the doubt
on out of occasions.
7. The student will rely on verbal cues to solve problems in new or unique situations on
out of occasions.
8. The student will rely on visual cues to solve problems in new or unique situations on
out of occasions. E
9. The student will solve problems by requesting clarification of information not understood in
new or unique situations on out of occasions.
PL
10. The student will solve problems by considering the consequences of his/her behavior in new or
unique situations on out of occasions.
11. The student will react in a consistent manner in similar situations on out of
occasions.
M

12. The student will seek teacher assistance when he/she is experiencing difficulty in a new or
unique situation on out of trials.
SA

Interventions:
1. Reinforce the student for demonstrating 4. Reinforce the student for demonstrating
the ability to appropriately solve problems in the ability to appropriately solve problems in
new or unique situations: (a) give the student a new or unique situations based on the number
tangible reward (e.g., classroom privileges, line of times the student can be successful. As the
leading, passing out materials, five minutes free student demonstrates success, gradually increase
time, etc.) or (b) give the student an intangible the length of time required for reinforcement.
reward (e.g., praise, handshake, smile, etc.).
5. Write a contract with the student speci-
2. Speak to the student to explain (a) what fying what behavior is expected (e.g., making
he/she is doing wrong (e.g., fighting, name call- logical decisions in new or unique situations,
ing, etc.) and (b) what he/she should be doing reasoning, etc.) and what reinforcement will be
(e.g., withdrawing from personal interactions, made available when the terms of the contract
reasoning, etc.). have been met.

3. Reinforce those students in the classroom 6. Have the student question any directions,
who demonstrate the ability to appropriately explanations, and instructions he/she does not
solve problems in new or unique situations. understand.
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