Attia, John Okyere. “Two-Port Networks.

”
Electronics and Circuit Analysis using MATLAB.
Ed. John Okyere Attia
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999
 © 1999 by CRC PRESS LLC

CHAPTER SEVEN TWO-PORT NETWORKS

This chapter discusses the application of MATLAB for analysis of two-port

networks. The describing equations for the various two-port network
representations are given. The use of MATLAB for solving problems
involving parallel, series and cascaded two-port networks is shown. Example
problems involving both passive and active circuits will be solved using
MATLAB.

7.1 TWO-PORT NETWORK REPRESENTATIONS

A general two-port network is shown in Figure 7.1.

I1 I2

+ +
Linear
V1 two-port V2
network
- -

Figure 7.1 General Two-Port Network

I1 and V1 are input current and voltage, respectively. Also, I2 and V2 are
output current and voltage, respectively. It is assumed that the linear two-port
circuit contains no independent sources of energy and that the circuit is
initially at rest ( no stored energy). Furthermore, any controlled sources
within the linear two-port circuit cannot depend on variables that are outside
the circuit.

7.1.1 z-parameters

A two-port network can be described by z-parameters as

V1 = z I11 1 +z I12 2 (7.1)

© 1999 CRC Press LLC
 V2 = z I21 1 + z I222 (7.2)

In matrix form, the above equation can be rewritten as

VV21  = zz1121zz1222 II21 

(7.3)


The z-parameter can be found as follows

V1
=
z11 I1I =0 2 (7.4)

=
z12 VI21I =0 1 (7.5)

=
z21 VI12I =0 2 (7.6)

=
z22 VI22I =0 1 (7.7)

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 The z-parameters are also called open-circuit impedance parameters since
they are obtained as a ratio of voltage and current and the parameters are
obtained by open-circuiting port 2 ( I2 = 0) or port1 ( I1 = 0). The following
example shows a technique for finding the z-parameters of a simple circuit.

Example 7.1

For the T-network shown in Figure 7.2, find the z-parameters.

I1 Z1 Z2 I2

+ +

V1 Z3 V2

- -

Figure 7.2 T-Network

Solution

Using KVL

V 1 = Z I1 1 + Z I3 ( 1 + I2 ) = (Z1 +Z I3 ) 1 +Z I3 2

(7.8) V 2 = Z I2 2 +Z I3 ( 1 + I2 ) = (Z I3 ) 1 + (Z2 + Z I3 ) 2

(7.9)

thus

VV21  = Z1 Z+3Z3Z2 Z+3 Z3 II21 

(7.10)

and the z-parameters are

+ 
[ ]Z = Z1 Z 3Z3Z2 Z+3 Z3 
(7.11)

7.1.2 y-parameters

A two-port network can also be represented using y-parameters. The

describing equations are

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 I1 = y V111 + y V122 (7.12)

I2 = y V21 1 + y V22 2

(7.13) where

V1 and V2 are independent variables and I1 and I2

are dependent variables.

In matrix form, the above equations can be rewritten as

II21  = yy1121yy1222 VV21 

(7.14)


The y-parameters can be found as follows:

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =
y11 VI11V
=0
2

(7.15)

=
y12 VI12V =0 1

(7.16)

=
y21 VI21V =0 2 (7.17)

=
y22 VI22V =0 1 (7.18)

The y-parameters are also called short-circuit admittance parameters. They are
obtained as a ratio of current and voltage and the parameters are found by
short-circuiting port 2 (V2 = 0) or port 1 (V1 = 0). The following two
examples show how to obtain the y-parameters of simple circuits.

Example 7.2

Find the y-parameters of the pi (π) network shown in Figure 7.3.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =
Yb
I1 I2
+ +

V1 Ya Yc V2

- -

Figure 7.3 Pi-Network

Solution

Using KCL, we have

I1 =V Y1 a + (V1 −V Y2 ) b =V Y1( a +Yb ) −V Y2 b

(7.19) I2 V Y2 c + (V2 −V Y1) b = −V Y1 b +V Y2 ( b +Yc )
(7.20)

Comparing Equations (7.19) and (7.20) to Equations (7.12) and (7.13), the
yparameters are

[ ]Y = Ya−+YbYbYb−+YbYc 
(7.21)

Example 7.3

Figure 7.4 shows the simplified model of a field effect transistor. Find its
yparameters.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =

I1 I2
+
C3 +

V1 C1 gmV1 Y2 V2

- -

Figure 7.4 Simplified Model of a Field Effect Transistor

Using KCL,

I1 =V sC1 1 + (V1 −V sC2 )3 =V sC1 ( 1 + sC3 ) +V2 (−sC3 )

(7.22) I2 =V Y2 2 + g Vm 1 + (V2 −V sC1) 3 =V g1( m −sC3 ) +V

Y2 ( 2 +sC3 )

(7.23)

Comparing the above two equations to Equations (7.12) and (7.13), the
yparameters are

− 
[ ]YsCgm1 −+sCsC33 Y2 +sCsC 3 
3

(7.24)

7.1.3 h-parameters

A two-port network can be represented using the h-parameters. The describing

equations for the h-parameters are

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =

V1 = h I111 +h V12 2
(7.25)

I2 = h I211 +h V222 (7.26)

where
I1 and V2 are independent variables and
V1 and I2 are dependent variables.

In matrix form, the above two equations become

V  h (7.27)

I21  = h1121hh1222

VI21 

The h-parameters can be found as follows:

=
h11 VI11V =0 2

(7.28)

=
h12 VV21I =0 1

(7.29)

=
h21 II21V =02 (7.30)

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =

=
h22 VI22I =0
1 (7.31)

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 The h-parameters are also called hybrid parameters since they contain both
open-circuit parameters ( I1 = 0 ) and short-circuit parameters (V2 = 0 ). The h-
parameters of a bipolar junction transistor are determined in the following
example.

Example 7.4

A simplified equivalent circuit of a bipolar junction transistor is shown in

Figure 7.5, find its h-parameters.
Z1
I1 I2
+ +

V1 β I1 Y2 V2

- -

Figure 7.5 Simplified Equivalent Circuit of a Bipolar Junction

Transistor

Solution

Using KCL for port 1,

V1 = I Z11 (7.32)

Using KCL at port 2, we get

I2 =βI1 +YV2 2 (7.33)

Comparing the above two equations to Equations (7.25) and (7.26) we get the
h-parameters.

Z1 0 

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 [ ]h = β Y2  ` (7.34)
7.1.4 Transmission parameters

A two-port network can be described by transmission parameters. The

describing equations are

V1 = a V11 2 −a I12 2 (7.35)

I1 = a V21 2 −a I22 2 (7.36)

where
V2 and I2 are independent variables and
V1 and I1 are dependent variables.

In matrix form, the above two equations can be rewritten as

V1  a11 a12  V2 

I1  = a21a22 − I2 
(7.37)

The transmission parameters can be found as

V1
a11 = V 2
2
I =0 (7.38)

2
=−
a12 VIV =0 2

(7.39)
1

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 =
a21 VI12 I =0 (7.40)

a22 = − IIV =0
2 (7.41)

The transmission parameters express the primary (sending end) variables V1

and I1 in terms of the secondary (receiving end) variables V2 and - I2 . The
negative of I2 is used to allow the current to enter the load at the receiving end.
Examples 7.5 and 7.6 show some techniques for obtaining the transmission
parameters of impedance and admittance networks.

Example 7.5

Find the transmission parameters of Figure 7.6.

Z1
I1 I2
+ +

V1 V2

- -

Figure 7.6 Simple Impedance Network

Solution

By inspection,

I1 = −I2 (7.42)

Using KVL,

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 V1 =V2 + Z I11 (7.43)

Since I1 = −I2 , Equation (7.43) becomes

V1 =V2 − Z I12 (7.44)

Comparing Equations (7.42) and (7.44) to Equations (7.35) and (7.36), we

have

aa1121 ==10 aa1222 ==Z11 (7.45)

Example 7.6

Find the transmission parameters for the network shown in Figure 7.7.
I1 I2
+
+

V V
Y 2
1 2

- -

Figure 7.7 Simple Admittance Network

Solution

By inspection,

V1 =V2 (7.46)

Using KCL, we have

I1 =V Y22 − I2 (7.47)

Comparing Equations (7.46) and 7.47) to equations (7.35) and (7.36) we have

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 aa1121 ==1Y2 a12a22==01 (7.48)

Using the describing equations, the equivalent circuits of the various two-port
network representations can be drawn. These are shown in Figure 7.8.
Z11 Z22
I1 I2

+ +

V1 V2
Z12 I1 Z21 I1

- -

(a)

I1 I2
+
+

V1 Y12 V2 Y21 V1 V2
Y11 V1 Y22 V2

- -

(b)

h11
I1 I2

+ +

V1 h12 V2 h21 I1 h22 V2

- -

(c )

Figure 7.8 Equivalent Circuit of Two-port Networks (a)

z- parameters, (b) y-parameters and (c ) h-
parameters

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 7.2 INTERCONNECTION OF TWO-PORT NETWORKS

Two-port networks can be connected in series, parallel or cascade. Figure 7.9

shows the various two-port interconnections.
I1 I2

+ +
+ V1' [Z]1 V' +
- - 2

V1 V2
-
+ + -
- V1'' [Z]2 V ''
- - 2

(a) Series-connected Two-port Network

I1 I1' I2' I2
+ +
V1 [Y] 1 V2
- -

I 1'' I 2''

[Y] 2

(b) Parallel-connected Two-port Network

I1 x I2
+ + +
V1 [A]1 Vx [A]2 V2
- - -

(c ) Cascade Connection of Two-port Network

Figure 7.9 Interconnection of Two-port Networks (a) Series

(b) Parallel (c ) Cascade

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 It can be shown that if two-port networks with z-parameters

[ ] [ ] [ ]Z , Z Z , ...,[ ]Z
1 2, 3 n are connected in series, then the equivalent

two- port z-parameters are given as

[ ]Z eq = [ ]Z 1 +[ ]Z 2 +[ ]Z 3 + +... [ ]Z n
(7.49)

If two-port networks with y-parameters [ ] [ ] [ ]Y , Y Y , ...,[ ]Y

1 2, 3 n are

connected in parallel, then the equivalent two-port y-parameters are given as

[ ]Y eq =[ ]Y 1 +[ ]Y 2 +[ ]Y 3 + +... [ ]Y n (7.50)

When several two-port networks are connected in cascade, and the individual

networks have transmission parameters [ ] [ ] [ ]A , A A , ...,[ ]A

1 2, 3 n ,
then the equivalent two-port parameter will have a transmission parameter
given as

[ ]A eq = [ ]A 1 *[ ]A 2 *[ ]A 3 *...*[ ]A n (7.51)

The following three examples illustrate the use of MATLAB for determining
the equivalent parameters of interconnected two-port networks.

Example 7.7

Find the equivalent y-parameters for the bridge T-network shown in Figure
7.10.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 Z4

Z Z
I 1
2 I
1 2

+ +

V Z V
1 3 2

- -

Figure 7.10 Bridge-T Network

Solution

The bridge-T network can be redrawn as

Figure 7.11 An Alternative Representation of Bridge-T Network

From Example 7.1, the z-parameters of network N2 are


[ ]Z = Z1 Z+3Z3Z2 Z+3 Z3 

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 We can convert the z-parameters to y-parameters [refs. 4 and 6] and we get

y11 = Z Z12 +ZZ Z2 1+ 3Z+3 Z Z2 3

y12 = Z Z12 + Z Z−1Z33 + Z Z2 3

(7.52) y21 = Z Z1 2 +Z

Z−1Z33 + Z Z2 3

y22 = − Z Z12 +ZZ Z1 1+ Z3 3+ Z Z2 3

From Example 7.5, the transmission parameters of network N1 are

a11 =1 a12 = Z4 a21 = 0 a22 = 1

We convert the transmission parameters to y-parameters[ refs. 4 and 6] and we

get

y11 = Z14

y12 = − Z14

(7.53) y21 = −

Z14

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 y22 = Z14

Using Equation (7.50), the equivalent y-parameters of the bridge-T network

are

y11eq = Z14 + Z Z12 +ZZ Z2 1+ 3Z+3 Z Z2 3

y12eq = − Z14 − Z Z12 + Z ZZ1 33 + Z Z2 3

(7.54) y21eq = − Z14 − Z Z1 2 +Z

ZZ1 3 3 + Z Z2 3

y22eq = Z14 + Z Z12 +ZZ Z1 1+ Z3 3+ Z Z2 3

Example 7.8

Find the transmission parameters of Figure 7.12.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 Z1

Y
2

Figure 7.12 Simple Cascaded Network

Solution

Figure 7.12 can be redrawn as

Figure 7.13 Cascade of Two Networks N1 and N2

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 From Example 7.5, the transmission parameters of network N1 are

aa1121 ==10 aa1222 ==Z11

From Example 7.6, the transmission parameters of network N2 are

aa1121 ==1Y2 a12a22==01

From Equation (7.51), the transmission parameters of Figure 7.13 are

aa11aa1222 eq = 10 Z11 Y12

10 = 1+YZ Y21 2 Z11  (7.55)

21
Example 7.9

Find the transmission parameters for the cascaded system shown in Figure
7.14. The resistance values are in Ohms.

Figure 7.14 Cascaded Resistive Network

Solution

Figure 7.14 can be considered as four networks, N1, N2, N3, and N4
connected in cascade. From Example 7.8, the transmission parameters of
Figure

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 7.12 are

3 2
[ ]a N1 = 11

 3 4
[ ]a N 2 = 05.1

3 8
[ ]a N 3 = 025.1

3 16
[ ]a N 4 = 0125.1 

The transmission parameters of Figure 7.14 can be obtained using the

following MATLAB program.

MATLAB Script

diary ex7_9.dat
% Transmission parameters of cascaded network

a1 = [3 2; 1 1]; a2
= [3 4; 0.5 1]; a3
= [3 8; 0.25 1];
a4 = [3 16; 0.125 1];

% equivalent transmission
parameters a = a1*(a2*(a3*a4)) diary

The value of matrix a is

a=
112.2500 630.0000

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 39.3750 221.0000

7.3 TERMINATED TWO-PORT NETWORKS

In normal applications, two-port networks are usually terminated. A

terminated two-port network is shown in Figure 7.4.

Zin
Zg
I1 I2

+
+
Vg V2 ZL
V1

- -

Figure 7.15 Terminated Two-Port Network

In the Figure 7.15, Vg and Zg are the source generator voltage and impedance,
respectively. ZL is the load impedance. If we use z-parameter representation
for the two-port network, the voltage transfer function can be shown to be

V2 = z Z21 L (7.56)
Vg (z11 + Zg )(z22 +ZL ) −z z12 21

and the input impedance,

z z12 21

Zin = z11 − z22 + ZL (7.57)

and the current transfer function,

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 I2 = − z21 (7.58)
I1 z22 + ZL

A terminated two-port network, represented using the y-parameters, is shown

in Figure 7.16.
Yin

I1
I2

+
+ +
Ig Yg [Y] V2 ZL
Vg V1

- - -

Figure 7.16 A Terminated Two-Port Network with y-parameters

Representation

It can be shown that the input admittance, Yin , is

− (7.59)
Yin = y11 y2212+ 21YL

and the current transfer function is given as

= y Y21 L (7.60)
yy

Ig (y11 +Yg )(y22 +YL ) − y y12 21

and the voltage transfer function

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 V2 = − y21 (7.61)
Vg y22 +YL

A doubly terminated two-port network, represented by transmission

parameters, is shown in Figure 7.17.

Zin
Zg
I1 I2

+
+
[A]
Vg V2 ZL
V1

- -

Figure 7.17 A Terminated Two-Port Network with Transmission

Parameters Representation

The voltage transfer function and the input impedance of the transmission
parameters can be obtained as follows. From the transmission parameters, we
have

V1 = a V11 2 −a I12 2 (7.62)

I1 = a V21 2 −a I22 2 (7.63)

From Figure 7.6,

V2 = −I Z2 L (7.64)

Substituting Equation (7.64) into Equations (7.62) and (7.63), we get the input
impedance,

a Z11 L +a12
Zin = a Z21 L +a22 (7.65)
From Figure 7.17, we have

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 V1 =Vg − I Z1 g (7.66)

Substituting Equations (7.64) and (7.66) into Equations (7.62) and (7.63), we
have

a12 ] (7.67)
Vg − I Z1 g =V a2[ 11 + ZL

a22 ] (7.68)
I1 =V a2[ 21 + ZL

Substituting Equation (7.68) into Equation (7.67), we get

Vg −V Z a2g[ 21 + aZ22L ] =V a2[ 11 + aZ12L ] (7.69)

Simplifying Equation (7.69), we get the voltage transfer function

V2 = ZL (7.70)
Vg (a11 +a Z Z21g ) L +a12 +a Z22g

The following examples illustrate the use of MATLAB for solving terminated
two-port network problems.

Example 7.10

Assuming that the operational amplifier of Figure 7.18 is ideal,

(a) Find the z-parameters of Figure 7.18.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 (b) If the network is connected by a voltage source with source
resistance of 50Ω and a load resistance of 1 KΩ, find the voltage
gain.
(c ) Use MATLAB to plot the magnitude response.
10 kilohms

I3 R3

I1 2 kilohms
2 kilohms I2
R2 1 kilohms
R4 +
R1
+
V2
1
___
V1 C = 0.1 microfarads
sC
- -

Figure 7.18 An Active Lowpass Filter

Solution

Using KVL,

I (7.71)
V1 = R I11 + sC1

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 V2 = R I4 2 + R I3 3 + R I23 (7.72)

From the concept of virtual circuit discussed in Chapter 11,

I (7.73)
R I23 = sC1

Substituting Equation (7.73) into Equation (7.72), we get

V2 = 2 + R I3 ) 1 +

R I4 2 (R (7.74)
sCR2

Comparing Equations (7.71) and (7.74) to Equations (7.1) and (7.2), we have

1
z11 = R1 + sC
z12 = 0

z21 =1+ RR23 sC1 

(7.75)

z22 = R4

From Equation (7.56), we get the voltage gain for a terminated two-port
network. It is repeated here.

V2 = z Z21L
Vg (z11 + Zg )(z22 +ZL ) −z z12 21

Substituting Equation (7.75) into Equation (7.56), we have

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 3
(1 + )Z L
R2
R

V2 = (7.76)

Vg (R4 + ZL )[1+ sC R( 1 +Zg )]

For Zg = 50 Ω , ZL = 1 KΩ, R3 = 10KΩ, R2 = 1KΩ,R4 = 2 KΩ and C

= 0.1µF, Equation (7.76) becomes

= 2
VV2g [1+105 10. *−4 s] (7.77)

The MATLAB script is

% num = [2]; den =

[1.05e-4 1]; w =
logspace(1,5); h =
freqs(num,den,w); f =
w/(2*pi);
mag = 20*log10(abs(h)); % magnitude in dB
semilogx(f,mag) title('Lowpass Filter
Response') xlabel('Frequency, Hz')
ylabel('Gain in dB')

The frequency response is shown in Figure 7.19.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 Figure 7.19 Magnitude Response of an Active Lowpass Filter

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. MathWorks, Inc., MATLAB, High-Performance

Numeric Computation Software, 1995.

2. Biran, A. and Breiner, M., MATLAB for Engineers,

Addison-
Wesley, 1995.

3. Etter, D.M., Engineering Problem Solving with

MATLAB, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall, 1997.

4. Nilsson, J.W., Electric Circuits, 3rd Edition,

Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1990.

5. Meader, D.A., Laplace Circuit Analysis and Active

Filters, Prentice Hall, 1991.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 6. Johnson, D. E. Johnson, J.R., and Hilburn, J.L.
Electric Circuit Analysis, 3rd Edition, Prentice
Hall, 1997.

7. Vlach, J.O., Network Theory and CAD, IEEE

Trans. on Education, Vol. 36, No. 1, Feb. 1993, pp. 23
- 27.

EXERCISES

7.1 (a) Find the transmission parameters of the circuit shown in Figure
P7.1a. The resistance values are in ohms.
1 2

Figure P7.1a Resistive T-Network

(b) From the result of part (a), use MATLAB to find the transmission
parameters of Figure P7.2b. The resistance values are in ohms.

Figure P7.1b Cascaded Resistive Network

7.2 Find the y-parameters of the circuit shown in Figure P7.2

The resistance values are in ohms.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 20

I1 2 2 I2
+ +

V1 V2
10 4 10
-
-

Figure P7.2 A Resistive Network

7.3 (a) Show that for the symmetrical lattice structure shown in
Figure P7.3,

zz1112 == zz2221 == 0505. (. (ZZcc −+ZZdd ))

(b) If Zc = 10 Ω, Zd = 4 Ω, find the equivalent y-

parameters.

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 Zd

ZC

ZC

Zd

Figure P7.3 Symmetrical Lattice Structure

7.4 (a) Find the equivalent z-parameters of Figure P7.4.
(b) If the network is terminated by a load of 20 ohms and connected
to a source of VS with a source resistance of 4 ohms, use MATLAB
to plot the frequency response of the circuit.

2H 2H

+ +
10 Ohms

0.25 F
- -
5 Ohms 5 Ohms

Figure P7.4 Circuit for Problem 7.4

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 7.5 For Figure P7.5
(a) Find the transmission parameters of the RC ladder network.
V2
(b) Obtain the expression for .
V1
V2
(c) Use MATLAB to plot the phase characteristics of .
V1
R R R

+ +

V1 C C C V2

- -

Figure P7.5 RC Ladder Network

7.6 For the circuit shown in Figure P7.6,
(a) Find the y-parameters.
(b) Find the expression for the input admittance.
(c) Use MATLAB to plot the input admittance as a
function of frequency.
R3

I2 C I2

+ +

V1 R1 L L R2 V2

- -

Figure P7.6 Circuit for Problem 7.6

© 1999 CRC Press LLC

 7.7 For the op amp circuit shown in Figure P7.7, find the y-parameters.

R3
I1 R5 I2

+ +
R4

V1 V2
R2
R1

- -

Figure P7.7 Op Amp Circuit

© 1999 CRC Press LLC