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    Mongol Empire

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    Zulfiquar
    1) The Mongol Empire emerged in the early 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and grew to be the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. 2) The empire began to split in the late 13th century due to succession disputes and ideological differences over whether to maintain a nomadic lifestyle or adopt a more sedentary empire. 3) By 1294 when Kublai Khan died, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four khanates that pursued separate interests - the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, and Yuan dynasty based in modern-day Beijing.

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    Mongol Empire

    Uploaded by

    Zulfiquar
    65 views5 pages
    1) The Mongol Empire emerged in the early 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and grew to be the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. 2) The empire began to split in the late 13th century due to succession disputes and ideological differences over whether to maintain a nomadic lifestyle or adopt a more sedentary empire. 3) By 1294 when Kublai Khan died, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four khanates that pursued separate interests - the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, and Yuan dynasty based in modern-day Beijing.

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    1) The Mongol Empire emerged in the early 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and grew to be the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. 2) The empire began to split in the late 13th century due to succession disputes and ideological differences over whether to maintain a nomadic lifestyle or adopt a more sedentary empire. 3) By 1294 when Kublai Khan died, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four khanates that pursued separate interests - the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, and Yuan dynasty based in modern-day Beijing.

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    65 views5 pages

    Mongol Empire

    Uploaded by

    Zulfiquar
    1) The Mongol Empire emerged in the early 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan and grew to be the largest contiguous land empire in history, stretching from Eastern Europe to the Sea of Japan. 2) The empire began to split in the late 13th century due to succession disputes and ideological differences over whether to maintain a nomadic lifestyle or adopt a more sedentary empire. 3) By 1294 when Kublai Khan died, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four khanates that pursued separate interests - the Golden Horde, Chagatai Khanate, Ilkhanate, and Yuan dynasty based in modern-day Beijing.

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    Mangol empire

    centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history.[2] Originating in Mongolia, the


    Mongol Empire eventually stretched from Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe to the Sea
    of Japan, extending northward into parts of the Arctic;[3] eastward and southward into the Indian
    subcontinent, Mainland Southeast Asia and the Iranian Plateau; and westward as far as
    the Levant and the Carpathian Mountains.

    Mongol Empire

    ᠶᠡᠬᠡ
    ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
    ᠤᠯᠤᠰ
    Ikh Mongol Uls
    1206–1368

    Expansion of the Mongol Empire 1206–1294


    superimposed on a modern political map of Eurasia

    Status Nomadic empire

    Capital 1206–1235
    Avarga
    1235–1260
    Karakorum
    1271–1368
    Khanbaliq
    (Dadu)
    Common languages  Mongolian
     Turkic
     Chinese
     Persian and other
    languages

    Religion  Tengrism
     Shamanism
     Buddhism
     Nestorian Christianity
     Islam

    (note religion varied by region)

    Government Elective monarchy


    Later also hereditary

    Great  
    Khan(Emperor[note
    1])

    • 1206–1227 Genghis Khan

    • 1229–1241 Ögedei Khan

    • 1246–1248 Güyük Khan

    • 1251–1259 Möngke Khan

    • 1260–1294 Kublai Khan (nominal)

    • 1333–1368 Toghan Temür, Khan(nominal)

    Legislature Kurultai

    History  

    • Genghis 1206
    Khanproclaims
    the Mongol Empire

    • Death of Genghis 1227


    Khan

    • Pax Mongolica 1250–1350

    • Empire fragments 1260–1294

    • End of Golden 1480


    Horderule in Russia

    • Fall of Yuan dynasty 1368

    • Collapse of the 1687


    Chagatai Khanate

    Area

    1206 (unification of 4,000,000 km2(1,500,000 sq mi)


    Mongolia)[1]

    1227 (Genghis Khan's 12,000,000 km2(4,600,000 sq mi)


    death)[1]

    1294 (Kublai's death) 23,500,000 km2(9,100,000 sq mi)


    [1]

    1309 (last formal 24,000,000 km2(9,300,000 sq mi)


    reunification)[1]

    Currency Various[note 2]

    Preceded by Succeeded by

    Khamag Mongol Chagatai Khanate


    Khwarazmian Golden Horde
    Empire
    Ilkhanate
    Qara Khitai
    Yuan dynasty
    Jīn dynasty
    Northern Yuan
    Song dynasty dynasty
    Western Xia Timurid Empire
    Abbasid Caliphate Anatolian Beyliks

    Nizari Ismaili state Mamluk Sultanate

    Kievan Rus' Kingdom of


    Poland
    Volga Bulgaria
    Grand Duchy of
    Cumania Lithuania
    Alania Ming dynasty
    Kingdom of Dali Grand Duchy of
    Moscow
    Kimek Khanate
    Joseon
    Goryeo

    Sultanate of Rum
    Yenisei Kyrgyz
    Khaganate

    The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in


    the Mongol homeland under the leadership of Genghis Khan (c.  1162–1227), whom a council
    proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that
    of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction.[4][5] The vast
    transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an
    enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the dissemination and exchange of trade, technologies,
    commodities and ideologies across Eurasia.[6][7]
    The empire began to split due to wars over succession, as the grandchildren of Genghis Khan
    disputed whether the royal line should follow from his son and initial heir Ögedei or from one of
    his other sons, such as Tolui, Chagatai, or Jochi. The Toluids prevailed after a bloody purge of
    Ögedeid and Chagatai factions, but disputes continued among the descendants of Tolui. A key
    reason for the split was the dispute over whether the Mongol Empire would become a sedentary,
    cosmopolitan empire, or would stay true to the Mongol nomadic and steppe-based lifestyle.
    After Möngke Khan died (1259), rival kurultai councils simultaneously elected different
    successors, the brothers Ariq Bökeand Kublai Khan, who fought each other in the Toluid Civil
    War (1260–1264) and also dealt with challenges from the descendants of other sons of Genghis.
    [8][9] Kublai successfully took power, but civil war ensued as he sought unsuccessfully to regain
    control of the Chagatayid and Ögedeid families.
    During the reigns of Genghis and Ögedei, the Mongols suffered the occasional defeat when a
    less skilled general received the command. The Siberian Tumeds defeated the Mongol forces
    under Borokhula around 1215–1217; Jalal al-Din defeated Shigi-Qutugu at the Battle of
    Parwan in 1221; and the Jin generals Heda and Pu'a defeated Dolqolqu in 1230. In each case, the
    Mongols returned shortly after with a much larger army led by one of their best generals, and
    were invariably victorious. The Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee in 1260 marked the first time that
    the Mongols would not return to immediately avenge a defeat, due to a combination of the death
    of Möngke Khan in 1259, the Toluid Civil War between Ariq Böke and Kublai Khan, and Berke
    Khan of the Golden Horde attacking Hulegu in Persia. Although the Mongols launched many
    more invasions of the Levant, briefly occupying it and raiding as far as Gaza after a decisive
    victory at the Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar in 1299, they withdrew due to various geopolitical
    factors.
    By the time of Kublai's death in 1294 the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate
    khanates or empires, each pursuing its own separate interests and objectives: the Golden
    Horde khanate in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in the
    southwest, and the Yuan dynasty in the east, based in modern-day Beijing.[10]
    In 1304 the three western khanates briefly accepted the nominal suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty,
    [11][12] but in 1368 the Han ChineseMing dynasty took over the Mongol capital. The Genghis
    rulers of the Yuan retreated to the Mongolian homeland and continued to rule there as
    the Northern Yuan dynasty. The Ilkhanate disintegrated in the period 1335–1353. The Golden
    Horde had broken into competing khanates by the end of the 15th century and was defeated and
    thrown out of Russia in 1480 by the Grand Duchy of Moscow while the Chagatai Khanate lasted
    in one form or another until 1687.
    Name

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