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HTML and XHTML PDF

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171 views

HTML and XHTML PDF

Uploaded by

Alex Orozco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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21/4/2020 HTML and XHTML

w3schools.com

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HTML and XHTML


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XHTML is HTML written as XML.

What Is XHTML?
XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language
XHTML is almost identical to HTML
XHTML is stricter than HTML
XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
XHTML is supported by all major browsers

Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.

This HTML code works fine in most browsers (even if it does not follow the HTML
rules):

<html>
<head>
<title>This is bad HTML</title>

<body>
<h1>Bad HTML

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<p>This is a paragraph
</body>

Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on


computers, and some browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices. Smaller
devices often lack the resources or power to interpret "bad" markup.

XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly (be "well-
formed").

If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.

XHTML was developed by combining the strengths of HTML and XML.

XHTML is HTML redesigned as XML.

The Most Important Differences from HTML:


Document Structure
XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory
The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory

XHTML Elements
XHTML elements must be properly nested
XHTML elements must always be closed
XHTML elements must be in lowercase
XHTML documents must have one root element

XHTML Attributes
Attribute names must be in lower case
Attribute values must be quoted
Attribute minimization is forbidden

<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory


An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.
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A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.

The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the
xmlns attribute in <html> must specify the xml namespace for the document.

This example shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"


"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>

<body>
some content
</body>

</html>

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested


In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>

In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:

<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed


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This is wrong:

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph

This is correct:

<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed


This is wrong:

A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">

This is correct:

A break: <br />


A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case


This is wrong:

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<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>

This is correct:

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>

XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower


Case
This is wrong:

<table WIDTH="100%">

This is correct:

<table width="100%">

Attribute Values Must Be Quoted


This is wrong:

<table width=100%>

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This is correct:

<table width="100%">

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden


Wrong:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />

Correct:

<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked="checked" />

Wrong:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />

Correct:

<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

How to Convert from HTML to XHTML


1. Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page
2. Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page
3. Change all element names to lowercase
4. Close all empty elements
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5. Change all attribute names to lowercase


6. Quote all attribute values

Validate HTML With The W3C Validator


Put your web address in the box below:

https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_validate.html

Validate the page

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