JES’s S.N.D.C.O.

E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Experiment No 1
Aim : To find the total response of DT system described by the difference equation.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

1. Introduction :
MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,
visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are
expressed in familiar mathematical notation.
Typical uses include Math and computation, Algorithm development, Data acquisition, Modeling,
simulation, and prototyping, Data analysis, exploration, and visualization, Scientific and engineering
graphics, Application development, including graphical user interface building.
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array
that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write
a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or Fortran. The name MATLAB stands for
matrix laboratory.

Starting MATLAB on Windows platforms, start MATLAB by double-clicking the MATLAB

shortcut icon on your Windows desktop.

Quitting MATLAB: To end your MATLAB session, select File > Exit MATLAB in the desktop, or
type quit in the Command Window. You can run a script file named finish.m each time MATLAB
quits that, for example, executes functions to save the workspace.
2. MATLAB desktop:
On starting MATLAB the MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools (graphical user interfaces )
for managing files , variables and applications associated with MATLAB. It contains :
(i) Command Window and Command History
Command Window : Use the Command Window to enter variables and to run functions and M-file
scripts. Press the up arrow key to recall a statement previously typed. Edit the statement as needed
and then press Enter to run it.
Command History : Statements entered in the Command Window are logged in the Command
History. From the Command History, previously run statements can be viewed, copied and
executed. M-file can be created from selected statements.

(ii) Current Directory Browser and Search Path : MATLAB file operations use the current directory
and the search path as reference points. Any file required to run must either be in the current
directory or on the search path.
(iii) Workspace Browser and Array Editor :The MATLAB workspace consists of the set of variables
(named arrays) built up during a MATLAB session and stored in memory. The variables can be
added to the workspace by using functions, running M-files, and loading saved workspaces. To
delete variables from the workspace, select the variables and select Edit > Delete.
Array Editor : Double-click a variable in the Workspace browser, or use open var variable name, to
see it in the Array Editor. Use the Array Editor to view and edit a visual representation of variables
in the workspace.

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(iv) Editor/Debugger : Editor/Debugger is used to create and debug M-files, which are
programs to run MATLAB functions. The Editor/Debugger provides a graphical
user interface for text editing, as well as for M-file debugging. To create or edit an M-file use File >
New or File > Open, or use the edit function.
The important commands/ functions are as below :

1. clc (Remove items from workspace, freeing up system memory) clears all input and output
from the Command Window display, giving "clean screen." After using clc, the scroll bar
cannot be used to see the history of functions, but still the up arrow can be used to recall
statements from the command history.
2. close (Remove specified figure): close deletes the current figure or the specified figure(s). It
optionally returns the status of the close operation.
3. xlabel, ylabel, zlabel (Label x-, y-, and z-axis) : Each axes graphics object can have one label
for the x-, y-, and z-axis. The label appears beneath its respective axis in a two-dimensional plot
and to the side or beneath the axis in a three-dimensional plot.
xlabel('string') labels the x-axis of the current axes.
ylabel(...) and zlabel(...) label the y-axis and z-axis, respectively, of the current axes.
4. title( Add title to current axes) : Each axes graphics object can have one title. The title is located
at the top and in the center of the axes.
title('string') outputs the string at the top and in the center of the current axes.
5. figure (create figure graphics object) : figure creates figure graphics objects. Figure objects are
the individual windows on the screen in which MATLAB displays graphical output.

6. subplot (Create axes in tiled positions): subplot divides the current figure into rectangular panes
that are numbered row wise. Each pane contains an axes object. Subsequent plots are output to
the current pane.
h = subplot(m,n,p) or subplot(mnp) breaks the figure window into an m-by-n matrix of small
axes, selects the pth axes object for the current plot, and returns the axes handle. The axes are
counted along the top row of the figure window, then the second row, etc. For example,
subplot(2,1,1), plot(income)
subplot(2,1,2), plot(outgo) plots income on the top half of the window and outgo on the bottom
half.
7. stem (Plot discrete sequence data) : A two-dimensional stem plot displays data as lines
extending from a baseline along the x-axis. A circle (the default) or other marker whose y-
position represents the data value terminates each stem.
stem(Y) Plots the data sequence Y as stems that extend from equally spaced and automatically
generated values along the x-axis. When Y is a matrix, stem plots all elements in a row against
the same x value.
stem(X,Y) plots X versus the columns of Y. X and Y must be vectors or matrices of the same
size. Additionally, X can be a row or a column vector and Y a matrix with length(X) rows.
8. bar(Plot bar graph (vertical and horizontal)) : A bar graph displays the values in a vector or
matrix as horizontal or vertical bars.
bar(Y) draws one bar for each element in Y. If Y is a matrix, bar groups the bars produced by
the elements in each row. The x-axis scale ranges from 1 up to length(Y) when Y is a vector, and
1 to size(Y,1), which is the number of rows, when Y is a matrix.
barh(...) and h = barh(...) create horizontal bars. Y determines the bar length. The vector x is a
vector defining the y-axis intervals for horizontal bars.
9. plot ( 2-D line plot) :
plot(Y) Plots the columns of Y versus their index if Y is a real number. If Y is complex, plot(Y)
is equivalent to plot(real(Y),imag(Y)). In all other uses of plot, the imaginary component is
ignored.

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plot(X1,Y1,...) Plots all lines defined by Xn versus Yn pairs. If only Xn or Yn is a matrix, the
vector is plotted versus the rows or columns of the matrix,
depending on whether the vector's row or column dimension matches the matrix. If Xn is a scalar
and Yn is a vector, disconnected line objects are created and plotted as discrete points vertically
at Xn.
10. input (Request user input) : The response to the input prompt can be any MATLAB
expression, which is evaluated using the variables in the current workspace.
user_entry = input('prompt') Displays prompt as a prompt on the screen, waits for input
from the keyboard, and returns the value entered in user_entry. user_entry = input('prompt', 's')
returns the entered string as a text variable rather than as a variable name or numerical value.
11. zeros (Create array of all zeros) :
B = zeros(n) Returns an n-by-n matrix of zeros. An error message appears if n is not a scalar.
12. ones (Create array of all ones) :
Y = ones(n) Rreturns an n-by-n matrix of 1s. An error message appears if n is not a scalar.
13. exp (Exponential) :
Y = exp(X) The exp function is an elementary function that operates element-wise on arrays.
Its domain includes complex numbers.
Y = exp(X) returns the exponential for each element of X.

14. disp (Display text or array) :

disp(X) Displays an array, without printing the array name. If X contains a text string, the
string is displayed. Another way to display an array on the screen is to type its name, but this
prints a leading "X=," which is not always desirable. Note that disp does not display empty
arrays.
15. conv (Convolution and polynomial multiplication) :
w = conv(u,v) convolves vectors u and v. Algebraically, convolution is the same operation as
multiplying the polynomials whose coefficients are the elements of u and v.
16. xcorr (Cross-correlation) :
c = xcorr(x,y) returns the cross-correlation sequence in a length 2*N-1 vector, where x and y
are length N vectors (N>1). If x and y are not the same length, the shorter vector is zero-padded
to the length of the longer vector.
17. filter (1-D digital filter) :
y = filter(b,a,X) filters the data in vector X with the filter described by numerator coefficient
vector b and denominator coefficient vector a. If a(1) is not equal to 1, filter normalizes the filter
coefficients by a(1). If a(1) equals 0, filter returns an error.
18. poly (Polynomial with specified roots) :
r = roots(p) which returns a column vector whose elements are the roots of the polynomial
specified by the coefficients row vector p. For vectors, roots and poly are inverse functions of
each other, up to ordering, scaling, and round off error.
19. tf(Convert unconstrained MPC controller to linear transfer function) :
sys=tf(MPCobj) The tf function computes the transfer function of the linear controller
ss(MPCobj) as an LTI system in tf form corresponding to the MPC controller when the
constraints are not active. The purpose is to use the linear equivalent control in Control System
Toolbox for sensitivity and other linear analysis.
20. freqz (Frequency response of filter ) :
[h,w] = freqz(ha) returns the frequency response vector h and the corresponding frequency
vector w for the adaptive filter ha. When ha is a vector of adaptive filters, freqz returns the
matrix h. Each column of h corresponds to one filter in the vector ha.
21. abs (Absolute value and complex magnitude) :
abs(X) returns an array Y such that each element of Y is the absolute value of the
corresponding element of X.

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22. fft (Discrete Fourier transform) :

Y = fft(X) Y = fft(X) returns the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) of vector X, computed with
a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm.
23. mod (Modulus after division) :
M = mod(X,Y) returns X - n.*Y where n = floor(X./Y). If Y is not an integer and the quotient
X./Y is within round off error of an integer, then n is that integer. The inputs X and Y must be
real arrays of the same size, or real scalars.
24. sqrt (Square root) :
B = sqrt(X) returns the square root of each element of the array X. For the elements of X that
are negative or complex, sqrt(X) produces complex results.
25. ceil (Round toward infinity) :
B = ceil(A) rounds the elements of A to the nearest integers greater than or equal to A. For
complex A, the imaginary and real parts are rounded independently.
26. fir1(Window-based finite impulse response filter design) :
b = fir1(n,Wn) returns row vector b containing the n+1 coefficients of an order n lowpass FIR
filter. This is a Hamming-window based, linear-phase filter with normalized cutoff frequency Wn.
The output filter coefficients, b, are ordered in descending powers of z.
27. buttord (Butterworth filter order and cutoff frequency) :
[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs) returns the lowest order, n, of the digital Butterworth filter
that loses no more than Rp dB in the passband and has at least Rs dB of attenuation in the
stopband. The scalar (or vector) of corresponding cutoff frequencies, Wn, is also returned. Use the
output arguments n and Wn in butter.
28. fliplr (Flip matrix left to right) :
B = fliplr(A) returns A with columns flipped in the left-right direction, that is, about a vertical
axis.If A is a row vector, then fliplr(A) returns a vector of the same length with the order of its
elements reversed. If A is a column vector, then fliplr(A) simply returns A.
29. min ( Smallest elements in array) :
C = min(A) returns the smallest elements along different dimensions of an array. If A is a
vector, min(A) returns the smallest element in A.If A is a matrix, min(A) treats the columns of A
as vectors, returning a row vector containing the minimum element from each column. If A is a
multidimensional array, min operates along the first nonsingleton dimension.
30. max ( Largest elements in array) :
C = max(A) returns the largest elements along different dimensions of an array.If A is a vector,
max(A) returns the largest element in A.If A is a matrix, max(A) treats the columns of A as
vectors, returning a row vector containing the maximum element from each column. If A is a
multidimensional array, max(A) treats the values along the first non-singleton dimension as
vectors, returning the maximum value of each vector.
31. find (Find indices and values of nonzero elements) :
ind = find(X) locates all nonzero elements of array X, and returns the linear indices of those
elements in vector ind. If X is a row vector, then ind is a row vector; otherwise, ind is a column
vector. If X contains no nonzero elements or is an empty array, then ind is an empty array.
32. residuez (z-transform partial-fraction expansion ) :
residuez converts a discrete time system, expressed as the ratio of two polynomials, to partial
fraction expansion, or residue, form. It also converts the partial fraction expansion back to the
original polynomial coefficients.
[r,p,k] = residuez(b,a) finds the residues, poles, and direct terms of a partial fraction expansion
of the ratio of two polynomials, b(z) and a(z). Vectors b and a specify the coefficients of the
polynomials of the discrete-time system b(z)/a(z) in descending powers of z.

33. angle (Phase angle) :

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P = angle(Z) returns the phase angles, in radians, for each element of complex array Z. The
angles lie between + π and – π.
34. log (Natural logarithm ) :
Y = log(X) returns the natural logarithm of the elements of X. For complex or negative z, where z
= x +y*i , the complex logarithm is returned.
.
Program:

clear all;
close all;
clc;

% % zero input response

Y = [6.25 0];

K = -2:16;
for m = 1:length(K)-2;
y = 0.6*Y(m+1)+0.16*Y(m);
Y = [Y y];
end
yzi=Y; % zero input response
subplot(2,2,1)
stem (K,yzi);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('yzi(n)');
title('Zero Input Response');

% % impulse response
N=19;
b=[5 0 0];
a=[1 -0.6 -0.16];
f=[1,zeros(1,N-1)];
h=filter(b,a,f); % h is the impulse response of the system
k=0:1:N-1;
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(k,h);
xlabel('k')
ylabel('h[k]')
title('Impulse Response');

%input
k1=0:4;
f=(0.25).^k1;
Yzs=conv(h,f); % zero state response

subplot(2,2,3)
k = 1:23;

stem(k,Yzs);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('yzs(n)');

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title('Zero State Response');

Yzs=[0 0 Yzs];
m=length(yzi);
n=length(Yzs);
if m>n
Yzs=[Yzs zeros(1,m-n)];
else

yzi=[yzi zeros(1,n-m)];
end
Yt=yzi+Yzs; %Total Response
k=-2:length(Yt)-3;
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(k,Yt);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('Total Response');
disp(' yzi Yzs Yt');
disp([yzi' Yzs' Yt']);

Output:
Zero Input Response Impulse Response
8 6

6
4
yzi(n)

h[k]

4
2
2

0 0
-10 0 10 20 0 5 10 15 20
n k
Zero State Response Total Response
6 8

6
4
yzs(n)

y(n)

4
2
2

0 0
0 10 20 30 -10 0 10 20 30
n n

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Experiment No. 2

Aim : To study sampling theorem and aliasing.

.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

clear all;
close all;
clc;
t=-10:.01:10;
T=4;
fm=1/T;
X=cos(2*pi*fm*t)
fs1=1.6*fm
fs2=2*fm
fs3=8*fm
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(t,X)
xlabel('Time in sec')
ylabel('X(t)')
Title('CT signal')
n1=-4:1:4

Xn1=cos(2*pi*n1*(fm/fs1))
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n1,Xn1)
Hold on;
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(n1,Xn1)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('Xn1')
Title('DT signal with fs<2fm')
n2=-5:1:5;
Xn2=cos(2*pi*n2*(fm/fs2))
subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n2,Xn2)
Hold on;
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(n2,Xn2)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('Xn2')
Title('DT signal with fs=2fm')
n3=-20:1:20
Xn3=cos(2*pi*n3*(fm/fs3))
subplot(2,2,4)
stem(n3,Xn3)
Hold on;
subplot(2,2,4)
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plot(n3,Xn3)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('Xn3')
Title('DT signal with fs>2fm')

Output :

CT signal DT signal with fs<2fm

1 1

0.5 0.5

Xn1
X(t)

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
-10 -5 0 5 10 -4 -2 0 2 4
Time in sec n
DT signal with fs=2fm DT signal with fs>2fm
1 1

0.5 0.5
Xn2

Xn3

0 0

-0.5 -0.5

-1 -1
-5 0 5 -20 -10 0 10 20
n n

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Experiment No. 3
Aim : To find DTFS for periodic and DTFT for non periodic signal.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

clear all;
close all;
clc;

% part A: DTFS of given periodic function

N =32;
k = 0:N-1;
%representing a single period of a periodic signal with x
x = [ ones(1,5) zeros(1,N-9) ones(1,4)];

Ck = 1/32 * fft(x); %Finding Fourier Series Coefficients

subplot(2,2,1);
stem(k,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('Single Period of a periodic Signal');

subplot(2,2,3);
stem(k,Ck);
xlabel('k');
ylabel('Ck');
title('DTFS of a periodic Signal');
%------------------------------------------------
% part B: DTFT of given aperiodic function
N =32;
k = 0:N-1;
%representing an aperiodic signal with x
x = [ ones(1,5) zeros(1,N-9) ones(1,4)];

Xw = fft(x); %Finding DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform)

subplot(2,2,2);
stem(k,x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('an aperiodic Signal');

subplot(2,2,4);
w=k*(pi/32);
plot(w,Xw);
xlabel('w');
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ylabel('Xw');
title('DTFT of an aperiodic Signal');

Output :

Single Period of a periodic Signal an aperiodic Signal

1 1
x(n)

x(n)
0.5 0.5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40
n n
DTFS of a periodic Signal DTFT of an aperiodic Signal
0.3 10

0.2
5
Xw
Ck

0.1
0
0

-0.1 -5
0 10 20 30 40 0 1 2 3 4
k w

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Experiment No. 4
Aim : To find DFT of DT signal.
.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

clear all
close all
clc

N=32; % to find N-point DFT

%N=8;
k=0:N-1;
x=[1 2 -1 2 1 2 -1 2];
x=[x zeros(1,N-8)];
%x=[3 2 3 0 zeros(1,N-4)];

Xk=fft(x);

subplot(3,1,1)
stem(k,x)
xlabel('n')
ylabel('x(n)')

subplot(3,1,2)
stem(k,abs(Xk))
xlabel('k')
ylabel('|X(k)|')
title('Magnitude Response')

subplot(3,1,3)
stem(k,angle(Xk))
xlabel('k')
ylabel('< X(k)')
title('Phase Response');
disp(' Xk abs(Xk) angle(Xk)');
disp([Xk' abs(Xk)' angle(Xk)']);

Output :

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2
x(n)
0

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
n
Magnitude Response
10
|X(k)|

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
k
Phase Response
5
< X(k)

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
k

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Experiment No. 5
Aim : To find the response of DT system using convolution.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

clear all;
close all;
clc;

x=input('enter x(n)');
h=input('enter h(n)');
%y=conv(x,h)
y=xyz_conv(x,h);

subplot(311), stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('Signal');

subplot(312), stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('System');

subplot(313), stem(y);

xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('Response');

Output :
enter x(n)[1 2 3 4]
enter h(n) [4 3 2 1]

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Signal
4

x(n) 2

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
n
System
4
h(n)

0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
n
Response
40
y(n)

20

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n

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Experiment No. 6

Aim : To perform convolution using overlap and add method.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

x = input(' enter continuous sequence x(n) = ')

h = input(' enter impulse response h(n) = ')
m = length(h)
x = [x zeros(1,m-1)]
L = length(x) + length(h) -1
k = 0:1:L-m
y = fftfilt(h,x,3)% sectioned convolution

subplot(311), stem(x);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('x(n)');
title('Signal');

subplot(312), stem(h);
xlabel('n');
ylabel('h(n)');
title('System');

subplot(313), stem(y);

xlabel('n');
ylabel('y(n)');
title('Response');
stem(k,real(y))

Output:

enter continuous sequence x(n) = [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]

x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

enter impulse response h(n) = [1 2 3 4]

h= 1 2 3 4

m= 4

x= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 0 0

L = 15
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k= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

y=

1 4 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 70 59 36

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Experiment No. 7
Aim : To find Z and inverse Z transform and draw sketch pole zero plot of Z-domain transfer function.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

%prog for computing the inverse Z-transform by using residuez function

%let x(z) = 1/((1-0.9z-1)^2(1+0.9z-1)) |z|>0.9

b =1;

a = poly([0.9,0.9,-0.9]) % denominator of the polynomial calculated by % poly

function

[R,p,C] =residuez(b,a)

[delta,n]= impseq(0,0,7) %call impseq

x = filter(b,a,delta)

Output :

a = 1.0000 -0.9000 -0.8100 0.7290

R = 0.2500
0.5000
0.2500
p = 0.9000
0.9000
-0.9000
C = []

delta = 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

n= 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

x= 1.0000 0.9000 1.6200 1.4580 1.9683 1.7715 2.1258 1.9132

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Experiment No. 8
Aim : To solve the difference equation and find the system response using Z transform.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

%Aim: Find the response y(n) of an LTID system described by the difference
%equation y(n+2) + y(n+1) + 0.16y(n) = x(n+1) + 0.32 x(n)
% for the input x(n) = (-2)^-n u(n)

clear all;
close all;
clc;

N=11;
n=0:N-1;
b=[0 1 0.32];
a=[1 1 0.16];

deltafunction= [1 zeros(1,N-1)];
h=filter(b,a,deltafunction); % Impulse response of the system

x=(-2).^(-n);
y=filter(b,a,x);% Response of the system for the input x(n)

subplot(2,2,1)
stem(n,x);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('x(n)');
title('Input');
subplot(2,2,2)
stem(n,y);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('y(n)');
title('Response of the system');

subplot(2,2,3)
stem(n,h);
xlabel('n'), ylabel('h(n)');
title('Impulse Response');

subplot(2,2,4)
y1=conv(x,h);
stem(n,y1(1:N));
xlabel('n'), ylabel('y(n)');
title('Response of the system using Convolution');

Output:

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Input Response of the system

1 2

1
0.5
x(n)

y(n)
0
0
-1

-0.5 -2
0 5 10 0 5 10
n n
Impulse Response Response of the system using Convolution
1 2

0.5 1
h(n)

y(n)
0 0

-0.5 -1

-1 -2
0 5 10 0 5 10
n n

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Experiment No. 9
Aim : To study interpolation and decimation.
.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

Fs=1000; % sampling frequency

A=1.5; % relative amplitudes
B=1;
f1=50; % signal frequencies
f2=100;
t=0:1/Fs:1; % time vector
x=A*cos(2*pi*f1*t)+B*cos(2*pi*f2*t); % generate signal

y=resample(x,2,1); % interpolate signal by 4

subplot(3,1,1)
stem(x(1:25)) % plot original signal
xlabel('Discrete time, nT ')
ylabel('Input signal level')

subplot(3,1,2)
stem(y(1:50)) % plot interpolated signal.
xlabel('Discrete time, 4 x nT')
ylabel('Interpolated output ')

y1=resample(y,1,2);

subplot(3,1,3)
stem(y1(1:25)) % plot decimated signal.
xlabel('Discrete time, nT')
ylabel('Decimated output ')

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Output :

Input signal level

5

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Discrete time, nT
Interpolated output

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Discrete time, 4 x nT
Decimated output

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25
Discrete time, nT

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Experiment No. 10

Aim : To Design FIR filter using frequency sampling method..

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

clc;clear all;close all;

rp =input('Enter the pass band ripple ');
rs =input('Enter the stop band ripple ');
fp =input('Enter the pass band freq ');
fs =input('Enter the stop band freq ');
f =input('Enter the sampling freq ');
wp = 2*fp/f;
ws = 2*fs/f;
num = -20*log10(sqrt(rp*rs))-13;
dem = 14.6*(fs-fp)/f;
n = ceil(num/dem);
n1 = n+1;
if (rem(n,2)~=0)
n1 =n;
n = n-1;
end
y = boxcar(n1);
% low pass filter
b = fir1(n,wp,y);
[h,o] = freqz(b,1,256);
m = 20*log(abs(h));
subplot(2,2,1);plot(o/pi,m);
ylabel('Gain in dB ------>');
xlabel('(a) Normalised freq ---->');

title('Low Pass Filter');

subplot(2,1,2);plot(om/pi,an);
ylabel('Phase in Radians ------>');
xlabel('(b) Normalised freq ---->');

Output:
Enter the pass band ripple 0.05
Enter the stop band ripple 0.04
Enter the pass band freq 1500
Enter the stop band freq 2000
Enter the sampling freq 9000

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JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

100
Gain in dB ------>
0

-100

-200
0 0.5 1
(a) Normalised freq ---->

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Experiment No. 11
Aim : To find and plot the frequency response for the rectangular and Hamming window.

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

1)Hamming window

L=64;
wvtool(hamming(L))

Output

Time domain Frequency domain

40
1
20

0.8 0
Magnitude (dB)
Amplitude

-20
0.6

-40
0.4
-60

0.2
-80

0 -100
10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Samples Normalized Frequency ( rad/sample)

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.

JES’s S.N.D.C.O.E &R C, Yeola DSP lab journal

Experiment No. 12
Aim : To find the impulse invariance IIR digital filter to realize the first order analog

Apparatus : PC having MATLAB software.

Program :

Wp = 40/500; Ws = 150/500;

[n,Wn] = buttord(Wp,Ws,3,60);

% Returns n = 5; Wn=0.0810;

[b,a] = butter(n,Wn);

Freqz (b,a,512, 1000);

title('n=5 Butterworth Lowpass Filter')

Output:

n=5 Butterworth Lowpass Filter

0
Magnitude (dB)

-100

-200

-300

-400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)

0
Phase (degrees)

-200

-400

-600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Frequency (Hz)

Electronics & Telecommunication Engg. Pg.no.