MATHEMATICS BEFORE CHRIST

I. CONTENT
Before the modern age and the worldwide spread of knowledge, written
examples of new mathematical developments have come to light only in a few locales.
From 3000 BC the Mesopotamian states of Sumer, Akkad and Assyria, together with
Ancient Egypt and Ebla began using arithmetic, algebra and geometry for purposes of
taxation, commerce, trade and also in the field of astronomy and to formulate calendars
and record time. The most ancient mathematical texts available are from Mesopotamia
and Egypt - Plimpton 322 (Babylonian c. 1900 BC), the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
(Egyptian c. 2000–1800 BC) and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (Egyptian c. 1890
BC). All of these texts mention the so-called Pythagorean triples and so, by inference,
the Pythagorean theorem, seems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical
development after basic arithmetic and geometry. The study of mathematics as a
"demonstrative discipline" begins in the 6th century BC with the Pythagoreans, who
coined the term "mathematics" from the ancient Greek μάθημα (mathema), meaning
"subject of instruction". Greek mathematics greatly refined the methods and expanded
the subject matter of mathematics. Although they made virtually no contributions to
theoretical mathematics, the ancient Romans used applied mathematics in surveying,
structural engineering, mechanical engineering, bookkeeping, creation of lunar and
solar calendars, and even arts and crafts.
Babylon and Egypt: from 1750 BC
The first surviving examples of geometrical and algebraic calculations derive
from Babylon and Egypt in about 1750 BC. Of the two Babylon is far more advanced,
with quite complex algebraic problems featuring on cuneiform tablets. Egyptian
mathematics is less sophisticated than that of Babylon; but an entire papyrus on the
subject survives. Known as the Rhind papyrus, it was copied from earlier sources by the
scribe Ahmes in about 1550 BC.
Pythagoras: 6th century BC
Ancient mathematics has reached the modern world largely through the work of
Greeks in the classical period, building on the Babylonian tradition. A leading figure
among the early Greek mathematicians is Pythagoras. In about 529 BC Pythagoras
moves from Greece to a Greek colony at Crotona, in the heel of Italy. There he
establishes a philosophical sect based on the belief that numbers are the underlying
and unchangeable truth of the universe. The most famous equation in classical
mathematics is known as the “Pythagorean Theorem.” It states that in any right-angle
triangle the square of the longest side (the hypotenuse) is equal to the sum of the
squares of the two other sides. It is unlikely that the proof of this goes back to
Pythagoras himself. But the theorem is typical of the achievements of Greek
mathematicians, with their primary interest in geometry.
Euclid and Archimedes: 3rd century BC
Euclid teaches in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy. No details of his life are
known, but his brilliance as a teacher is demonstrated in the Elements, his thirteen
books of geometrical theorems. Many of the theorems derive from Euclid's
predecessors, but Euclid presents them with a clarity which ensures the success of his
work. It becomes Europe's standard textbook in geometry, retaining that position until
the 19th century.

Archimedes is a student at Alexandria, possibly within the lifetime of Euclid. He

returns to his native Syracuse, in Sicily, where he far exceeds the teacher in the
originality of his geometrical researches. The fame of Archimedes in history and legend
derives largely from his practical inventions and discoveries, but he himself regards
these as trivial compared to his work in pure geometry. He is most proud of his
calculations of surface area and of volume in spheres and cylinders. He leaves the wish
that his tomb be marked by a device of a sphere within a cylinder.
The circumference of the earth: calculated c. 220 BC
Eratosthenes, the librarian of the museum at Alexandria, has more on his mind
than just looking after the scrolls. He is making a map of the stars (he will eventually
catalogue nearly 700), and he is busy with his search for prime numbers; he does this
by an infinitely laborious process now known as the Sieve of Eratosthenes. He
discovers that camels take 50 days to make the journey from Aswan, and he measures
an average day's walk by this fairly predictable beast of burden. It gives him a figure of
about 46,000 km for the circumference of the earth. This is, amazingly, only 15% out
(40,000 km is closer to the truth).
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
For me, mathematics has influenced me throughout my whole life. Because of
mathematics, I knew that this body of knowledge already existed way before Christ the
Saviour dwelled and reigned over the world. As for myself, I use math every move and
actions I make, without math I could not do anything.
B. FAMILY
 For my family, they are also the one who influenced me to appreciate numbers.
We use mathematics daily in our home from reading electric bills to measuring how
much money we have.
C. COMMUNITY
For the community, mathematics has a great contribution. The use of
mathematics in the community is making the life of its people easier, faster, and more
productive.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Modern Science and Technology still uses and were influenced by old theorems,
techniques and knowledge made by mathematicians before Christ has reigned over the
world.
III. REFLECTION
I learned so many things about this topic, I learned that math existed way before
Christ even existed and reigned over the world. I also learned that the modern world still
uses the old techniques, theorems, and knowledge made by brilliant minds from ancient
times.
IV. EVALUATION
If I would evaluate this topic, I learned that mathematics already existed even
before Christ was born in this world. People from those early times already formulated
different mathematical theorems and techniques.
V. ANALYSIS
By analysing this topic, we can conclude that without those brilliant minds form
those early times, mathematics wouldn’t be the same as of today.
 NUMEROLOGY

I. CONTENT
Numerology is any belief in the divine or mystical relationship between a number
and one or more coinciding events. It is also the study of the numerical value of the
letters in words, names and ideas. It is often associated with the paranormal, alongside
astrology and similar divinatory arts. Numerology is the study of the vibrational
frequencies of numbers and letters and how they relate to a person. The word
'Numerology' was created from the Latin word ‘numerus' (number) and the Greek word
-‘logia', from ‘logos' (meaning word, thought, and expression). Each letter of the
alphabet has a numerical value, and each number has a related cosmic vibration.
Combining the letters in your name and the date on which you were born provides an
interrelation of vibrations. This unique and personal combination allows for insight as to
your character tendencies, strengths and weaknesses, natural talents, motivations, and
life purpose as an integral part of the cosmic plan. Numerology is one of many tools
used to gain insight and understanding into one's Self and others.
The roots of numerology date back thousands of years, and variations of it can be
found in most cultures throughout history. While many people dismiss it as a
pseudoscience, it has been taught and studied by some of the most respected
mathematicians throughout history. Pythagoras, Greek mathematician and philosopher
(569-470 B.C.), believed that reality is mathematical. He viewed the entire universe as
being composed of mathematical patterns and was adamant that all things can be
expressed in numbers that correspond to energy patterns of vibrations. The teachings
of Pythagoras were adopted by the notable Socrates and Plato and studied by early
Christian scholars, including St. Augustine. This ultimately led to the expansion of
numerology during the Renaissance, and it continues to be studied and practiced today.
There are a variety of different types of numerology systems available for study. The
Chaldean, the Pythagorean (Western), and the Kabbalah are three of the most popular
numerological systems in use today. Each of these systems calculates numbers
differently and offers different interpretation of one's life.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
For myself, I would always many beliefs involving numbers like we should not
use “666” because it symbolizes Satan.
B. FAMILY
I could say that our family doesn’t use or recognize numerology that much.
However, I think that in my Grandmother’s side, they tend to believe in those things
because they are Chinese.
C. COMMUNITY
In our community, I think that many people believe in numerology. Many people
believe in lucky numbers especially when they would play lotto or swertres.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
In the field of Science and technology, I think that numerology doesn’t makes
sense. Because I think that Science needs scientific evidence and numerology doesn’t
have any.

III. REFLECTION
I learned that numerology was already being used from early times until now.
Numerology is common to our society and it is widely being acknowledge.
IV. EVALUATION
If I were to evaluate this topic, we can say that people tend to believe in many
things even without any evidence. We tend to believe things that are only being told by
people from us.
V. ANALYSIS
If we were to analyse this topic, we can say that numerology is being used by
people from way back until today. People should think that we must first analyse things
before we believe on them.
 NUMBER MYSTICISM

I. CONTENT
Number mysticism is one of the most important symbolic aspects of astrology
and at the same time some of the roots of number mysticism are to be found in celestial
observation. Number symbolism holds the view that numbers have not only a
quantitative-numerical value where one number follows the next, but also possess an
inherent quality independent of their numerical value. This quality enables us to
comprehend cosmic cycles and laws and to transfer and relate them to life on Earth.
Some esoteric schools (like the Kabbalah) associate letters of the alphabet with certain
numbers and so come to a completely different understanding of texts such as the
Bible. Western number mysticism can largely be traced back to the ideas of the Greek
mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras. According to him, number is the archetype
of all things. Among German astrologers Thomas Ring in particular has studied number
mysticism.
The basic astrological numbers are three and four. Three is considered to be a
divine number. It resolves the polarity represented by the number two. Four is
considered to be a material number and the square with its four corners is thought to be
the archetypal symbol of the mundane sphere. When three and four are added the
result is seven, the number of classical planets (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars,
Jupiter, and Saturn). Four times seven is 28, the number of days the Moon takes to orbit
the Earth once, and roughly the number of years that Saturn takes to orbit the Sun. It
takes Uranus seven years to pass through one sign of the zodiac and twelve times
seven (84) years to pass through all the signs. Three times four is twelve, the number of
signs of the zodiac and the total number of houses in a horoscope, but also the number
of years Jupiter takes to make one orbit of the sun.
Astrology's major alternative explanatory model of causality postulates direct
cause and effect between planetary positions as independent variables and human
events and behaviour as dependent variables.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
Number mysticism for me is something that I would love to learn about because I
am a person who’s interested and wants to learn more about astrology.
B. FAMILY
 Number mysticism is useful in our family because we use it almost every day in
our lives just like a calendar.
C. COMMUNITY
For the community, number mysticism is extremely important because it is useful
and is a daily basis for people especially for those who work in offices. People could use
number mysticism as a daily guide and reminder.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Number mysticism is extremely important and is widely used in Science of
Technology particularly in the field of Astrology. Through number mysticism,
astronomers could use it to predict future astrological phenomenon.
III. REFLECTION
Because of this topic, I learned more about mysticism and how it works on things
that we use on our daily basis such as a calendar. Number Mysticism could greatly
contribute in many things especially in the field of science and technology.

IV. EVALUATION
If I were to evaluate this topic, I can say that number mysticism is something that
people must learn to love and appreciate. Because it does not only tell time but it also
tends to predict future astrological phenomenon.
V. ANALYSIS
By analysing this topic, I learned that number mysticism can sometimes be
accurate and not. Number mysticism should be studied further more in order to broaden
it a little more.
 ASIAN MATH

I. CONTENT
When speaking of mathematics in East Asia, it is necessary to take into account
China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam as a whole. At a very early time in their histories,
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam all adopted the Chinese writing system, in addition to other
cultural institutions. As a result, books produced in any one of these countries could,
and actually did, circulate in scholarly circles throughout the region. Scholars versed in
mathematics in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam learned at first from Chinese sources, but in
time books produced in Japan and Korea found their way to China.
The most important work in the history of mathematics in Chinese is Jiuzhang
suanshu (The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art), which contains arithmetic,
algebraic, and geometric algorithms, presented in relation to problems, some of which
evoke the duties of the civil administration: surveying fields (areas), levying taxes
according to various types of grains (ratios), determining wages for civil servants
according to their position in the hierarchy (unequal sharing), measuring planned
earthworks to determine labour needs and granaries to determine storage capacity
(volumes), levying fair taxes (problems combining various proportions), and so forth.
Once people in West Asia figured out how to write down numbers, about 3500
BC, they quickly began to want to use cuneiform to write down other mathematical
ideas. The earliest example of this that we have is from about 2700 BC. It shows a
multiplication table to help people figure out the area of a space by multiplying width by
length. The first column is the width, the second is the length, and the third column is
the area. It uses a system for writing down large numbers in base 60 (the way our
clocks work today).
With the development of trade and more travel along the Silk Road between
China, India, and West Asia, in the 300s BC, Greek mathematicians were able to talk to
Persian and Indian mathematicians more easily than before. A lot of new ideas about
infinity, patterns of numbers, and exponents came out of these conversations, but most
importantly, from Egypt to India, all across West Asia, mathematicians began to work
more on proving that theorems were always true in every case. About 150 BC,
Hipparchus (born in Nicaea, now in Turkey) worked on developing trigonometry, making
lists of sines and cosines.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
As a student in the Philippines which is an Asian country, I am exposed to Asian
Mathematics throughout my whole life. The Philippines is also known for people who
are great in mathematics.
B. FAMILY
As for my family, we were greatly influenced by Asian Mathematics especially
that our family has a Chinese blood. Early generations from our family were exposed to
Chinese Mathematics and one of this is the use of the Abacus.
C. COMMUNITY
For our community, Asian Mathematics is used on a daily basis. Without
mathematics, communities here in the Philippines would not be able to do many thing
such as running a business.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Asian mathematics greatly influenced today’s Science and Technology.
Countries like China and Japan usually use Asian Mathematics to make technologies
that are widely used all over the world.
III. REFLECTION
Asian Mathematics greatly influenced not only myself and my family but also the
whole country. I learned that Asian Mathematics contributed many things in the world
today.
IV. EVALUATION
If I were to evaluate this topic, I could say that we must appreciate Asian
Mathematics more such as using the Abacus more and any other mathematical
apparatus made from Asia.
V. ANALYSIS
If I were to analyse this topic, I could say that Asian Mathematics is extremely
important for students like me because it could redefine my future.
 ISLAMIC MATH

I. CONTENT
The Islamic Empire established across Persia, the Middle East, Central Asia,
North Africa, Iberia and parts of India from the 8th Century onwards made significant
contributions towards mathematics. They were able to draw on and fuse together the
mathematical developments of both Greece and India. One consequence of the Islamic
prohibition on depicting the human form was the extensive use of complex geometric
patterns to decorate their buildings, raising mathematics to the form of an art. In fact,
over time, Muslim artists discovered all the different forms of symmetry that can be
depicted on a 2-dimensional surface. The Qu’ran itself encouraged the accumulation of
knowledge, and a Golden Age of Islamic science and mathematics flourished
throughout the medieval period from the 9th to 15th Centuries. The House of Wisdom
was set up in Baghdad around 810, and work started almost immediately on translating
the major Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works into Arabic.
Mathematics during the Golden Age of Islam, especially during the 9th and 10th
centuries, was built on Greek mathematics (Euclid, Archimedes, Apollonius) and Indian
mathematics (Aryabhata, Brahmagupta). Important progress was made, such as the full
development of the decimal place-value system to include decimal fractions, the first
systematised study of algebra (named for The Compendious Book on Calculation by
Completion and Balancing by scholar Al-Khwarizmi), and advances in geometry and
trigonometry. Arabic works also played an important role in the transmission of
mathematics to Europe during the 10th to 12th centuries.
The study of algebra, the name of which is derived from the Arabic word meaning
completion or "reunion of broken parts", flourished during the Islamic golden age.
Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, is
along with the Greek mathematician Diophantus, known as the father of algebra. In his
book The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, Al-
Khwarizmi deals with ways to solve for the positive roots of first and second degree
(linear and quadratic) polynomial equations. He also introduces the method of
reduction, and unlike Diophantus, gives general solutions for the equations he deals
with.
 Al-Khwarizmi's algebra was rhetorical, which means that the equations were
written out in full sentences. This was unlike the algebraic work of Diophantus, which
was syncopated, meaning that some symbolism is used. The transition to symbolic
algebra, where only symbols are used, can be seen in the work of Ibn al-Banna' al-
Marrakushi and Abū al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī al-Qalaṣādī.

II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
Even though I don’t have any relations with Islam, I can say that I use Islamic
Math. I use methods just like Algebra in my everyday life and in school.
B. FAMILY
For my family, I can say that Islamic Math had influenced us in solving real life
problems. Islamic math is useful in our everyday chores and how we run our daily lives.
C. COMMUNITY
For the community, Islamic Math has greatly influenced most of the people of the
country. From different topics that are being taught at school to solving real life
problems in our daily lives, Islamic Mathematics was involved.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
For Science and Technology, I can say that things like measurement of different
materials and buildings was highly influenced by Islamic Mathematics. Algebra and
other techniques formulated by Islamic Mathematics is being used in building and
making things.
III. REFLECTION
I could say that Islamic Mathematics has influenced me throughout my life and
because of this, it helped me in solving real life problems.
IV. EVALUATION
Islamic mathematics has greatly influenced in the improvement of modern
mathematics. Theorems and techniques are still being used and is widely recognized by
modern day mathematicians.
V. ANALYSIS
The Islamic Empire has contributed many things in the improvement and
advancement of mathematics. It has paved a way for modern day mathematicians to
make use of mathematics in solving real life problems even more.
 EUROPEAN MATH

I. CONTENT
During the centuries in which the Chinese, Indian and Islamic mathematicians
had been in the ascendancy, Europe had fallen into the Dark Ages, in which science,
mathematics and almost all intellectual endeavour stagnated. From the 4th to 12th
Centuries, European knowledge and study of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and
music was limited mainly to Boethius’ translations of some of the works of ancient
Greek masters such as Nicomachus and Euclid. All trade and calculation was made
using the clumsy and inefficient Roman numeral system, and with an abacus based on
Greek and Roman models.
By the 12th Century, though, Europe, and particularly Italy, was beginning to
trade with the East, and Eastern knowledge gradually began to spread to the West.
Robert of Chester translated Al-Khwarizmi's important book on algebra into Latin in the
12th Century, and the complete text of Euclid's “Elements” was translated in various
versions by Adelard of Bath, Herman of Carinthia and Gerard of Cremona. The great
expansion of trade and commerce in general created a growing practical need for
mathematics, and arithmetic entered much more into the lives of common people and
was no longer limited to the academic realm.
Europe’s first great medieval mathematician was the Italian Leonardo of Pisa,
better known by his nickname Fibonacci. Although best known for the so-called
Fibonacci Sequence of numbers, perhaps his most important contribution to European
mathematics was his role in spreading the use of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system
throughout Europe early in the 13th Century, which soon made the Roman numeral
system obsolete, and opened the way for great advances in European mathematics.
An important (but largely unknown and underrated) mathematician and scholar of
the 14th Century was the Frenchman Nicole Oresme. He used a system of rectangular
coordinates centuries before his countryman René Descartes popularized the idea, as
well as perhaps the first time-speed-distance graph. Also, leading from his research into
musicology, he was the first to use fractional exponents, and also worked on infinite
series, being the first to prove that the harmonic series 1⁄1 + 1⁄2 + 1⁄3 + 1⁄4 + 1⁄5... is a
divergent infinite series (i.e. not tending to a limit, other than infinity).
 The German scholar Regiomontatus was perhaps the most capable
mathematician of the 15th Century, his main contribution to mathematics being in the
area of trigonometry. He helped separate trigonometry from astronomy, and it was
largely through his efforts that trigonometry came to be considered an independent
branch of mathematics. His book "De Triangulis", in which he described much of the
basic trigonometric knowledge which is now taught in high school and college, was the
first great book on trigonometry to appear in print.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
For me European Mathematics was useful, because of this I learned about
Fibonacci sequence and the time-speed-distance graph by Nicole Oresme. I am glad
that I was influenced by European Mathematics because it helped me a lot in solving
real life problems.
B. FAMILY
For my family, European Mathematics has paved a very much simpler and faster
life such as reading Roman Numerals written on clock.
C. COMMUNITY
The community could greatly use many techniques formulated by European
mathematics such as the Hindu – Arabic System. It is helpful especially for engineers
who build different structures in the community.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
For Science and Technology, European Mathematics is extremely important
particularly in the application of the Time-speed- distance graph to the field of Science
and Astrology.
III. REFLECTION
European Mathematics has greatly influenced me throughout my life, it helped a
lot in my daily life such as reading Roman Numerals written in the clock, measuring and
solving triangular coordinates.
IV. EVALUATION
European Mathematics has contributed many things in making mathematics
more advance and complex. European people has proved ones again there contribution
to the advancement of the human civilization.
V. ANALYSIS
 European Mathematics has greatly influenced and contributed to the body of
knowledge of mathematics during the medieval times until today.

MATH 600 YEARS AGO

I. CONTENT
Binary lies at the heart of our technological lives: those strings of ones and
zeroes are fundamental to the way all our digital devices function. But while the
invention of binary is usually credited to German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz in the
18th Century, it turns out the Polynesians were using it as far back as 600 years ago.
Polynesians May Have Invented Binary Math 600 Years Ago How old is the binary
number system? Perhaps far older than the invention of computers or even the
invention of binary math in the West. The residents of a tiny Polynesian island may have
been doing calculations in binary—a number system with only two digits—centuries
before it was described by Gottfried Leibniz, the co-inventor of calculus, in 1703.
The Babylonians used base-60. The Mayas used base-20. Some Australian
aboriginal groups may have used base-5. And of course, today most counting and
calculation is done by computers not in decimal but binary, the base-2 system of zeros
and ones. Each system has subtle advantages depending on what sort of counting and
calculations are needed. The decimal system is handy considering that people have 10
fingers. But when it comes to division, other systems are better. Because 10 has only
two prime factors (2 and 5), dividing by thirds results in an annoyingly infinite
approximation (0.3333 …) whereas the base-12 counting system produces a nice finite
solution. (Indeed, some mathematicians have advocated for a worldwide switch to base-
12.) Binary, meanwhile, has a leg up on decimal when it comes to calculation, as
Leibniz discovered 300 years ago. For example, although numbers in binary become
much longer, multiplying them is easier because the only basic facts one must
remember are 1 x 1 = 1 and 0 x 0= 1 x 0 = 0 x 1 = 0.
But Leibniz may have been scooped centuries earlier by the people of
Mangareva, a tiny island in French Polynesia about 5000 kilometers south of Hawaii.
While studying their language and culture, Andrea Bender and Sieghard Beller,
anthropologists at the University of Bergen in Norway, were astonished to find a
mathematical system that seems to mix base-10 and base-2. “I was so thrilled that I
couldn’t sleep that night,” Bender says. It could be not only the first new indigenous
arithmetic system discovered in decades, but also the first known example of binary
arithmetic developed outside Eurasia.
Like all Polynesians, the people who first settled on Mangareva more than 1000
years ago had a decimal counting system. But, according to Bender and Beller, the
islanders added a binary twist over the ensuing centuries. Just like English has a few
special words like a dozen for 12 and a score for 20, the Mangarevan language has
special words for large groups.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
For myself, I already encountered various numerical systems like Binary Code. It
was introduced to me when I was at my 7 th grade. I learned that computers read using
binary codes.
B. FAMILY
As for my family, I think that they are not used to Binary Codes because during at
their time it is not still that widely known.
C. COMMUNITY
Nowadays, technologies like computers are widely used and through this, binary
codes exist.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
In terms of Science and Technology I could say that Binary lies at the heart of our
technological lives: those strings of ones and zeroes are fundamental to the way all our
digital devices function.
III. REFLECTION
I could say that without Binary Codes, our lives would be much more difficult,
because it paved the way for people to make technologies that would greatly improve
and help us on how we make a living.
IV. EVALUATION
Mathematics 600 years ago has paved the way for people to make our lives
faster and more productive in making technologies such as computers and
smartphones.
V. ANALYSIS
Just like what I have said, Binary lies at the heart of our technological lives: those
strings of ones and zeroes are fundamental to the way all our digital devices function.
 REVITALIZATION OF EUROPEAN MATH

I. CONTENT
Medieval mathematics was on the whole far removed from anything that we think
of as mathematics today. Indeed to study this period at all you need to be prepared to
enter a world whose preconceptions, political, religious, or mathematical, were very
different from our own. There are texts that are recognisably devoted to arithmetic,
geometry, or occasionally algebra, but most of the writings that were later described as
'mathematical' were concerned with astrology and astronomy (the distinction between
the two was often blurred). Others border on philosophy, natural philosophy (or early
science), and even theology.
The modern period of mathematics was characterized by the comprehensive and
systematic synthesis of mathematical knowledge. It is remarkable for its uncovering of
deep structural phenomena, and the generalization, unification, and synthesis of all of
mathematics. Like all other areas of intellectual activity in the sixteenth century,
mathematics was revitalized by the translation of Classical texts from Greek to Latin. It
was further stimulated by the absorption of ideas from Islamic sources, and by the new
technical challenges posed by increased trade and navigation. During the seventeenth
century in particular, mathematics in western Europe began to change rapidly and
dramatically. At the beginning of that century, mathematicians looked back on ancient
learning as something they could barely hope to emulate. By the end of it, they had far
outstripped Classical achievements in both methods and results, and had developed
their own tools and language, recognisably similar to those we use today. The most
notable mathematical advances of the seventeenth century were the development of
analytical geometry, the new acceptance of indivisibles, the discovery and use of infinite
series, the discovery of the calculus, and the beginnings of a mathematical
interpretation of nature. All of these changes were continued, consolidated, and argued
about during the eighteenth century.
At the same time, mathematical learning was becoming more widespread, and the
number of publications increased rapidly. In recent years the availability of electronic
databases and searchable text has transformed research possibilities for this period.
Every book published in England in the seventeenth century is now catalogued, and
usually digitally available, on a database known as EEBO (Early English Books Online).
Its eighteenth-century counterpart is ECCO (Eighteenth Century Collections Online).
Access to these is available only through academic libraries, but they are an excellent
way to begin to explore the literature.
II. EXPERIENCE
A. SELF
I can say that European Mathematics has greatly influenced me as a student.
Theorems and mathematical techniques that I learned in school was influenced by
European Mathematics.
B. FAMILY
For my family, European Mathematics influenced us in solving real life problems.
European mathematics has paved a way for families to have a faster life because of
various techniques influenced by it.
C. COMMUNITY
Our community today was influenced by the European Mathematics such as
using the Hindu-Arabic System.
D. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
For Science and Technology, European Mathematics is extremely important
particularly in the application of the Time-speed- distance graph to the field of Science
and Astrology.
III. REFLECTION
I could say that European Mathematic has paved the way for other
mathematicians to improve and revitalize mathematics in a way of formulating new
theorems and techniques that until now is still being used as a primary basis.
IV. EVALUATION
I could say that Europeans really has the courage to make greater things even in
the midst of hardships and doubts. They proved that Europeans really have brilliant
minds and has contributed many things in improving the world.
V. ANALYSIS
 European mathematicians proved that they don’t give up any fights and they
would continue to make greater things in order to improve how we humans live in this
planet.

Department of Education
Region X
Division of Cagayan de Oro City
GUSA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-X
Gusa, Cagayan de Oro City

CERAE (Content, Experience, Reflection, Analysis,

Evaluation)

SUBMITTED BY:
RODOLF GERONE G. MACAHILOS
11-RYDBERG

SUBMITTED TO:
Sir Ferdinand M. Corpuz
Subject Teacher