 Name Habib Ullah

 Reg.No EN120182038
 Section A
 Department English
 Semester 4th
 Paper Research Methodology
 Date 18/07/2020
 Teacher Name Salma khatoon
 Student email habib4u8888@gmail.com

Q1.
ANS.
The research consists of two words re and search. Re means again and search
means to find out.
Research means to find out something new in already existing knowledge.
In research, we find out more of the already existing knowledge, new facts in any
branch of knowledge which has not yet been discovered
 According to Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to
gain new knowledge.
 Clifford Woody research comprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organising and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last,
carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.
 A collection of method and methodologies that research applies
systematically to produce scientific knowledge about the social world.
Significance of research
All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than
overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to the
invention” is a famous Hudson Maxim in context of which the
significance of research an well be understood.
 The role of research in several fields of applied economics,
whether related to business or the economy as a whole, has greatly
increased in modern times. for example, if the company has
economy is going down and the find out why the economy is going
down and the search out and solve the problem.
 Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in
our economic system.
 Formulating the hypothesis and suggesting a solution.
 Research has its special significance in solving various operational
and planning problems of business and industry.
 Collecting, organizing and evaluating data.
 Making a deduction and reading conclusion.
Q2. The scope of research methodology is broader
than research methods. Discuss.
Research Method
1. Research methods are defined as all those methods/techniques that are
used for conduction of research.
2. Research methods are techniques refers to the methods researchers
use in performing research operations.
3. At times, a distinction is also made between research techniques and
research methods.
(a)Research techniques refer to the behaviour and instruments used in
performing research operations such as making observations, recording
data, techniques of processing data and the like.
(b)Research methods refer to the behaviour and instruments used in
selecting and constructing research technique.
For Example
Library: method: Analysis of historical recording of notes, content
analysis tape and research record analysis.
Technique: Analysis of documents, statistical compilations and
manipulations, reference and abstract.
 Research Methodology
1. Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve the
research problems. It is understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically.
2. Researchers need to identify whether which technique or methods
will apply to different kinds of problems. In this, we study the
various steps adopted by the researcher in studying his research
problem along with the logic behind them.
3. Researchers need to calculate the mode, the median or the standard
deviation or chi-square, how to apply particular research techniques, but
they also need to know which of these methods or techniques are
relevant and what they mean and indicate and why.
context of our research study and explain why we are using that
particular method or technique and why we are not using others so that
result results are capable of being evaluated either by the researcher
himself, For Example, An architect who is going to design a building
will evaluate numbers like how many doors, ventilators, and uses
particular materials and not others and the like Likewise, the researcher
should specify what he decides and why he decides so that others too
can evaluate.

Q3. “A research scholar has to work as a judge and derive the truth
and not as a pleader who is only eager to prove his case in favour of his
plaintiff.” Discuss the statement by pointing out the objectives of
research.
Ans…
The purpose of the research is to get answers to questions through the
appliance of scientific procedures. A research scholar should strive to
seek out out the reality which is hidden and which has not been
discovered yet. A research scholar has got to work to make or recreate
research. like a judge who evaluates hidden underpinnings of the case
around all aspects and provides justice (a new order). Unlike the
pleader who researches not finding the hidden aspects but creating
anything to justify or satisfy the case in favour of the plaintiff
whether it's true or not, according to one plaintiff thinking, by
which there's no research happening. A research scholar has got
to gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to realize new insights into
it. just like the judge who understands the case, becomes conversant
in the case and provides new insights thereto as judgement. Then, a
search has got to portray accurately the characteristics of a
specific individual, situation or a bunch. Sort of a judge who asks
questions and evaluates the case accurately considering all the
aspects, unlike the pleader who is concentrated on one idea of
pleading for the plaintiff regardless of the truth. Then, to work out the
frequency with which something occurs or with which it's related
to something else. The judge on hearing the case tries to associate it
with the opposite older cases that judgements got by which the judge
identifies the frequency of the case and provides judgement
accordingly counting on truth. Unlike the pleader who tries to
only believe pleading for the plaintiff regardless of counting on truth.
A researcher should be ready to understand the research process and
its outcome whether it's true and reliable, like a judge whose
judgement is generally reliable, unlike the pleader who pleads for all
either reliable or not.
Q4.
Ans. Research is the scientific study and method which required all
the principle and technique .if we critically evaluate the following
principle we well come to know how research is important and what are
the basic elements that are required the reason that this principle is so
important that each and every which we have to see and research or we
have to add in our research that must be based upon concrete evidence
and solid evidence there is evidence which we found are not real their
research goes to wrong paths.
So far avoiding any mislead in our research we must read all the
previous research which are conducted on the topic which we are having
that will help us to find common evidence and logical reasoning for the
research .we are doing it not mean that we just pick any solid fact from
one place but the fact which we have picked must be common and
conclusion it will say that it every such must be logically and full of fact
2 .second principle show that research must be clearly logically
formulated sources of research problem identification of variable
creation of hypothesis in research design
it should it be idea analysis technique adequate to obtain the valid there
are many research instrument that selects the suitable study problem
editing and coding etc.
Research design
The formidable problem that follows the task of defining the research
problem is the preparation of the design of the research project,
popularly known as the "research design". Decisions regarding what,
where, when, how much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a
research study constitute a research design. “A research design is the
arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner
that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure." "it is the plan, structure and strategy of investigation
conceived to obtain the answer to research questions and to control
variance" "it is a blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis
of data.
AS such the design includes an outline of what the researcher will do
from writing the hypothesis and its operational implications to the final
analysis of data. More explicitly, the design decisions happen to be in
respect of/What is the study about? why is the study being made? where
will the study be carried out? /What type of data is required? /Where can
the required data be found? /What periods will the study include? (What
will be the sample design? what techniques of data collection will be
used? VHow will the data be analysed? Vin, what style will the report be
prepared?
Keeping in view the above-stated design decisions, one may split the
overall research design into the following parts: VThe sampling design
which deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the
given study; VThe observational design which relates to the conditions
under which the observations are to be made; VThe statistical design
which concerns with the question of how many items are to be observed
and how the information and data gathered are to be analysed; VThe
operational design which deals with the techniques by which the
procedures specified in the sampling, statistical and observational
designs can be carried out.
From what has been stated above, we can state the important features of
research design as under: It is a plan that specifies the sources and types
of information relevant to the research problem. It is a strategy
specifying which approach will be used for gathering and analysing the
data. It also includes the time and cost budgets since most studies are
done under these two constraints.
NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN
Research design is needed because it gives the smooth going of the
various research operations, so making research as efficient as possible
we can get maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort,
time and money. Just as for better, economical and attractive
construction of a house, we need a blueprint (or what is commonly
called the map of the house) well thought out and prepared by an expert
architect, similarly we need a research design or a plan in advance of
data collection and analysis for our research project.
Research design stands for advance planning of the methods to be used
for collecting the relevant data and the techniques to be used in their
analysis, keeping in view the objective of the research and the
availability of staff, time and money.
 DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGNS
It can be categorized as follows: 1. Research design in case of
exploratory research studies the survey of concerning literature the
experience survey the analysis of 'insight-stimulating' examples
2. Research design in case of descriptive and diagnostic research studies
3. Research design in case of hypothesis-testing research studies.
Data collection method
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has
been defined and research design prepared. Research should keep
in mind two types of data i.e. primary data and secondary data.
Primary data: these are data which are collected afresh and
for the first time.
Secondary data: these are data which have already been
collected by someone else and which have already been passed
through the statistical process.
 Primary Data Collection
The primary data are those which are collected the first time
happens to be in original character. Primary data is one which is
collected by the investigator himself for the purpose of a specific
inquiry or study. There are several methods of collecting primary
data, some methods are as below.
• Observation
• Interview Method
• Through Questionnaires
• Through Schedules.
 Observation method
The observation method is the most commonly used method
especially in studies relating to behavioural sciences. In a
way, we all observe things around us, but this sort of
observation is not scientific observation. Observation
becomes a scientific tool and the method of data collection
for the researcher, when it serves a formulated research
purpose, is systematically planned and recorded and is
subjected to checks and controls on validity and reliability.
Under the observation method, the information is sought by
way of investigator's own direct observation without asking
from the respondent for instance, in a study relating to
consumer behaviour, the investigator instead of asking the
brand of wristwatch used by the respondent, may himself
look at the watch. The main advantage of this method is that
subjective bias is eliminated if the observation is done
accurately. Secondly, the information obtained under this
method relates to what is currently happening; it is not
complicated by either the past behaviour or future intentions
or attitudes. Thirdly, this method is independent of
respondents' willingness to respond and as such is relatively
less demanding of active cooperation on the part of
respondents as happens to be the case in the interview or the
questionnaire method.
This method is particularly suitable in studies which deal
with subjects (i.e., respondents) who are not capable of
giving verbal reports of their feelings for one reason or the
other.
However, the observation method has various limitations.
Firstly, it is an expensive method. Secondly, the information
provided by this method is very limited. Thirdly, sometimes
unforeseen factors may interfere with the observational task.
At times, the fact that some people are rarely accessible to
direct observation creates an obstacle for this method to
collect data effectively.
 Types of Observation Method While using
this method, the researcher should keep in mind things
like>What should be observed? >How the observations
should be recorded? Or >how the accuracy of
observation can be ensured? In case the observation is
characterised by a careful definition of the units to be
observed, the style of recording the observed
information, standardised conditions of observation
and the selection of related data of observation, then
the observation is called as a structured observation.
 But when the observation is to take place without these
characteristics to be thought of in advance, the same is
termed as an unstructured observation. Structured
observation is considered appropriate in descriptive studies,
whereas in an exploratory study the observational procedure
is most likely to be relatively unstructured.
we often talk about the participant and non-participant types
of observation in the context of studies, particularly of social
sciences. This distinction depends upon the observer's
sharing or not sharing the life of the group he is observing. If
the observer observes by making himself, more or less, a
member of the group he is observing so that he can
experience what the members of the group experience, the
observation is called as the participant observation. But
when the observer observes as a detached emissary without
any attempt on his part to experience through participation
what others feel, the observation of this type is often termed
as non-participant observation
When the observer is observing in such a manner that his
presence may be unknown to the people he is observing,
such an observation is described as a disguised observation.
Sometimes we talk of controlled and uncontrolled
observation. If the observation takes place in the natural
setting, it may be termed as uncontrolled observation, but
when an observation takes place according to definite pre-
arranged plans, involving experimental procedure, the same
is then termed controlled observation. In non-controlled
observation, no attempt is made to use precision instruments.
But in controlled observation, we use mechanical (or
precision) instruments as aids to accuracy or standardization.
(ii) Through personal interview: The investigator follows a
rigid procedure and seeks answers to a set of pre-conceived questions
through personal interviews. This method of collecting data is usually
carried out in a structured way where output depends upon the ability of
the interviewer to a large extent.
(iii) Through telephone interviews: This method of collecting
information involves contacting the respondents on the telephone itself.
This is not a very widely used method but it plays an important role in
industrial surveys in developed regions, particularly, when the survey
has to be accomplished in a very limited time.
(iv) By mailing of questionnaires: The researcher and the
respondents do come in contact with each other if this method of survey
is adopted. Questionnaires are mailed to the respondents with a request
to return after completing the same. It is the most extensively used
method in various economic and business surveys. Before applying this
method, usually, a Pilot Study for testing the questionnaire is conduced
which reveals the weaknesses, if any, of the questionnaire.
Questionnaire to be used must be prepared very carefully so that it may
prove to be effective in collecting the relevant information.
(v) Through schedules: Under this method, the enumerators are
appointed and given training. They are provided with schedules
containing relevant questions. These enumerators go to respondents with
these schedules. Data are collected by filling up the schedules by
enumerators based on replies given by respondents. Much depends upon
the capability of enumerators so far as this method is concerned. Some
occasional field checks on the work of the enumerators may ensure
sincere work.
 1. I considered the most challenging principle is collecting
data. If there is small it will be easy but every area is large
that message collecting is so hard
 2.the most important principle is the data analysis technique
adequate to supporting finding in because due to that we
collect the data and we can calculate unlimited data