THE INTRODUCTION

The 1997 Kyoto Protocol and the 2015 Paris Agreement were negotiated under the UNFCCC
and build on the Convention.
The objective of the UNFCCC is to “stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system ”.

Science: why is there a need to act?

The international climate regime is built upon a clear understanding of the threats posed by, and
the causes of climate change. More than a century and a half of industrialization, along with the
clear-felling of forests and certain farming methods, has led to increased quantities of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.
This knowledge and understanding of climate change, its causes and effects, has been
constantly growing in breadth and depth over the last decades. It is based on the work of
the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC) as well as on research findings of
many other organizations. The IPCC now has a well-established role as the leading
international body for the assessment of climate change. It reviews worldwide research, issues
regular assessment reports and compiles special reports and technical papers.
The IPCC released its Fifth Assessment Report  (AR5), with its three Working Group
(WG) reports and a synthesis report in 2014. The WG I contribution looks at the
science of climate change. It is categorical in its conclusion: climate change is real
and human activities are the main cause. WG 1 was also able to estimate cumulative
carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions since pre-industrial times – (CO2 being the most
 abundant GHG that has resulted, in particular, from burning fossil fuels) – and
provide a CO2 budget for future emissions to limit warming to less than 2 °C.
Thanks to the IPCC, this is what we know: From 1880 to 2012, the average global temperature
increased by 0.85 °C. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by 19 cm as oceans
expanded due to warming and ice melted. The sea ice extent in the Arctic has shrunk in every
successive decade since 1979.Given current concentrations and ongoing emissions of GHGs, it
is likely that the end of this century will see a 1–2 °C increase in global mean temperature.
Average sea level rise is predicted to be 24–30 cm by 2065 and 40–63 cm by 2100 relative to
the reference period of 1986–2005.
The UNFCCC objective is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system".[1] The
framework sets non-binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and
contains no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international
treaties (called "protocols" or "Agreements") may be negotiated to specify further action towards
the objective of the UNFCCC. Initially, an Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)
produced the text of the Framework Convention during its meeting in New York from 30 April to 9
May 1992. The UNFCCC has 197 parties as of December 2015.
The parties to the convention have met annually from 1995 in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to
assess progress in dealing with climate change. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was concluded and
established legally binding obligations for developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions in the period 2008–2012.[4] The 2010 United Nations Climate Change
Conference produced an agreement stating that future global warming should be limited to below
2.0 °C.  In 2015 the Paris Agreement was adopted, governing emission reductions from 2020 on
through commitments of countries in Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), with a view of
lowering the target to 1.5 °C.[6] The Paris Agreement entered into force on 4 November 2016. 

KYOTO PROTOCOL
Kyoto Protocol, in full Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, international treaty, named for the Japanese city in which it was adopted in
December 1997, that aimed to In force since 2005, the protocol called for reducing the emission of
six greenhouse gases in 41 countries plus the European Union to 5.2 percent below 1990 levels
during the “commitment period” 2008–12.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted as the first addition to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty that committed its signatories to develop
national programs to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), affect the energy balance of the global atmosphere in ways
expected to lead to an overall increase in global average temperature, known as global warming.
According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, established by the United
Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organization in 1988, the
long-term effects of global warming would include a general rise in sea level around the
world, resulting in the inundation of low-lying coastal areas and the possible
disappearance of some island states; the melting of glaciers, sea ice, and
Arctic permafrost; an increase in the number of extreme climate-related events, such
as floods and droughts, and changes in their distribution; and an increased risk
of extinction for 20 to 30 percent of all plant and animal species. 
The protocol provided several means for countries to reach their targets. One approach
was to make use of natural processes, called “sinks,” that remove greenhouse gases from
the atmosphere. The planting of trees, which take up carbon dioxide from the air, would be
an example.

KYOTO PROTOCOL(PARAGUAY)
The Government from the Paraguay, worried by the thematic of the Climatic Change, it has ratified
the Convention Marco of the United Nations for the Climatic Change and ratified the Protocol of
Kyoto on August 27 1999 and he/she has committed to fulfill the commitments assumed in the
mark of the Convention, including the remission of the National Communication, prepared in the
article 12° of the convention. In 1996 the process of integration of the topic Climate Change has
begun under the structure of the Secretary of State of Natural Resources and environment Likewise,
Paraguay begins the application of international support through the interim financing mechanisms
the GEF, for projects related to the Climate Change.
At the moment another international initiative of implementation exists in Paraguay related to the
climate change. Paraguay is participating of the second phase of the Program of Training for the
Climate Change CC:TRAIN - UNDP/GEF project implemented by the Institute of the United
Nations for Investigation and the Professional Formation (UNITAR), together with other countries
like Cuba, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia, in Latin America. The Project counts with an global amount
of 2,7 million American Dollars for the implementation of the same one in the 17 participant
countries. With CC:TRAIN, Paraguay has established a interinstitutional and multisectorial
National Team which is responsible for the activities related to the climate change. Likewise, in the
mark of this National Team work technician's group has been constituted for the elaboration of the
Greenhouse Gases Inventory for the year 1990.
The government organizations in Paraguay that are related with the thematic of Climate Change
include: the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock through the Undersecretary of State of Natural
Resources and environment, the Ministry of National Defense through the Address of Meteorology,
the National University of Asuncion and the University of Pilar and the Joint Implementation
Office.

The Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention and for the first time brings all nations into a
common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects,
with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. As such, it charts a new course in the
global climate effort.The Paris Agreement central aim is to strengthen the global response to the
threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees
Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even
further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the agreement aims to strengthen the ability of
countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.
The Paris Agreement requires all Parties to put forward their best efforts through “nationally
determined contributions” (NDCs) and to strengthen these efforts in the years ahead. This includes
requirements that all Parties report regularly on their emissions and on their implementation efforts.
There will also be a global stocktake every 5 years to assess the collective progress towards
achieving the purpose of the agreement and to inform further individual actions by Parties. The
Paris Agreement opened for signature on 22 April 2016 – Earth Day – at UN Headquarters in New
York. It entered into force on 4 November 2016, 30 days after the so-called “double threshold”
(ratification by 55 countries that account for at least 55% of global emissions) had been met.  Since
2016, Parties work together in the subsidiary bodies (APA, SBSTA and SBI) and various
constituted bodies. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement (CMA) met for the first time in conjunction with COP 22 in Marrakesh (in November
2016) and adopted its first two decisions. 
The Paris Agreement, adopted through Decision 1/CP.21, addresses crucial areas necessary to
combat climate change.
Long-term temperature goal (Art. 2) – The Paris Agreement, in seeking to strengthen the global
response to climate change, reaffirms the goal of limiting global temperature increase to well below
2 degrees Celsius, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees.
Global peaking and 'climate neutrality' (Art. 4) –To achieve this temperature goal, Parties aim to
reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) as soon as possible, recognizing peaking
will take longer for developing country Parties, so as to achieve a balance between anthropogenic
emissions by sources and removals by sinks of GHGs in the second half of the century.
Mitigation (Art. 4) – The Paris Agreement establishes binding commitments by all Parties to
prepare, communicate and maintain a nationally determined contribution (NDC) and to pursue
domestic measures to achieve them. It also prescribes that Parties shall communicate their NDCs
every 5 years and provide information necessary for clarity and transparency. To set a firm
foundation for higher ambition, each successive NDC will represent a progression beyond the
previous one and reflect the highest possible ambition. Mitigation measures are translated in, for
example, an increased use of renewable energy, the application of new technologies such as
electric cars, or changes in practices or behaviours, such as driving less or changing one’s diet.
Futher, they include expanding forests and other sinks to remove greater amounts of CO2 from
the atmosphere, or simply making improvements to a cookstove design.
Adaptation (Art. 7) – Adaptation in the simplest terms, refers to the actions that countries will
need to take to respond to the impacts of climate change that are already happening, while at
the same time preparing for future impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices and
structures that can reduce our vulnerability to climate change impacts, such as sea level rise. It
also includes making the most of any beneficial opportunities associated with climate change,
such as increased crop yields or longer growing seasons in some regions. Adaptation solutions
take many shapes and forms, depending on the unique context of a community, business,
organization, country or region. There is no ‘one-size-fits-all-solution’—adaptation can range
from building flood defences, setting up early warning systems for cyclones and switching to
drought-resistant crops, to redesigning communication systems, business operations and
government policies. Many nations and communities are already taking steps to build resilient
societies and economies, but far greater action and ambition will be needed to cost effectively
manage the risks, both now and in the future. Successful adaptation activities also call for the
effective engagement of stakeholders—including national, regional, multilateral and
international organizations, the public and private sectors, and civil society—and the
management of knowledge for adaptation at each step. All Parties should engage in adaptation,
including by formulating and implementing National Adaptation Plans, and should submit and
periodically update an adaptation communication describing their priorities, needs, plans and
actions. The adaptation efforts of developing countries should be recognized.
Loss and damage (Art. 8)- COP 19(2013) established the Warsaw International Mechanism for
Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts, as the main vehicle under the
Convention to promote the implementation of approaches to address loss and damage in a
comprehensive, integrated and coherent manner. Key functions of the Warsaw International
Mechanism are:
1) Enhancing knowledge and understanding of comprehensive risk management approaches.
2) Enhancing action and support, including finance, technology and capacity-building to
address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, so as to
enable countries to undertake a range of relevant actions.
3) Assessing the risk of loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate
change, including slow onset impacts.
4) Identifying options and designing and implementing country-driven risk management
strategies and approaches, including risk reduction, and risk transfer and risk-sharing
mechanisms.
5) The systematic observation of, and data collection on, the impacts of climate change, in
particular slow onset impacts, and accounting for losses, as appropriate.
6) Promoting an enabling environment that would encourage investment and the involvement
of relevant stakeholders in climate risk management.
7) Involving vulnerable communities and populations, and civil society, the private sector
and other relevant stakeholders, in the assessment of and response to loss and damage.
The Paris Agreement, in its Article 8, recognizes the importance of averting, minimizing and
addressing loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including
extreme weather events and slow onset events, and the role of sustainable development in
reducing the risk of loss and damage.
Areas of cooperation and facilitation to enhance understanding, action and support include:
 Early warning systems
 Emergency preparedness
 Slow onset events
 Events that may involve irreversible and permanent loss and damage
 Comprehensive risk assessment and management
Climate finance- Climate finance refers to local, national or transnational financing—
drawn from public, private and alternative sources of financing—that seeks to support
mitigation and adaptation actions that will address climate change. The Convention,
the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement call for financial assistance from Parties
with more financial resources to those that are less endowed and more vulnerable.
Climate finance is needed for mitigation, because large-scale investments are required
to significantly reduce emissions. Climate finance is equally important for adaptation,
as significant financial resources are needed to adapt to the adverse effects and reduce
the impacts of a changing climate. In accordance with the principle of “common but
differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities” set out in the Convention,
developed country Parties are to provide financial resources to assist developing
country Parties in implementing the objectives of the UNFCCC. Developed country
Parties should also continue to take the lead in mobilizing climate finance from a wide
variety of sources, instruments and channels, noting the significant role of public
funds, through a variety of actions, including supporting country-driven strategies, and
taking into account the needs and priorities of developing country Parties. Overall,
efforts under the Paris Agreement are guided by its aim of making finance flows
consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions and climate-resilient
development.
The Global Environment Facility  (GEF) has served as an operating entity of the
financial mechanism since the Convention’s entry into force in 1994. At COP 16, in
2010, Parties established the Green Climate Fund  (GCF) and in 2011 also designated it
as an operating entity of the financial mechanism. In addition to providing guidance to
the GEF and the GCF, Parties have established two special funds—the Special Climate
Change Fund (SCCF) and the Least Developed Countries Fund  (LDCF), both managed
by the GEF—and the Adaptation Fund  (AF) established under the Kyoto Protocol in
2001.
Technology Transfer- The development and transfer of climate technologies is critical
for achieving the ultimate objective of the Convention. The Convention notes that all
Parties shall promote and cooperate in the development and transfer of technologies
that reduce emissions of GHGs. It also urges developed country Parties to take all
practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance the transfer of, or access to, climate
technologies to other Parties, particularly to developing countries. Over the years,
technology development and transfer with regard to adaptation has received increasing
attention. The Paris Agreement speaks of the vision of fully realizing technology
development and transfer for both improving resilience to climate change and reducing
GHG emissions. 
Technology Mechanism
In 2010 the COP established the Technology Mechanism  with the objective of
accelerating and enhancing climate technology development and transfer. It consists of
two complementary bodies that work together, – the Technology Executive
Committee (TEC) and the Climate Technology Centre and Network  (CTCN). The
mechanism will also serve the Paris Agreement.
Poznan Strategic Program on Technology Transfer
Through the Poznan strategic program on technology transfer , the Global Environment
Facility (GEF) provides funding to climate technology development and transfer
activities. The program has supported countries to undertake technology needs
assessments, develop technology pilot projects and implement hundreds of climate
projects with objectives related to climate technologies. Countries created the PSP in
2007, when the COP requested the GEF to elaborate a strategic programme for scaling
up the level of investment for technology transfer. 
BARRIERS TO TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Barriers to technology transfer arise at each stage of the process and vary with sectors.
The most important barriers in developing economies that could impede the transfer of
Technology’s to mitigate and adapt to climate change are:
* Lack of politics to internalize clean technology’s over productive sectors through laws,
rules, general norms usage and quality control and quality standards.
* Lack of data, information, knowledge and awareness, especially on "emerging"
technologies
* High transaction costs
* Lack of access to capital, in particular due to inadequate financial strength of smaller
firms
*Trade barriers: high tariffs and/or quantity controls
* Insufficient human and institutional capabilities
* Inadequate vision about and understanding of local needs and demands
POSSIBLE ACTIONS AND INITIATIVES TO REMOVE BARRIERS
The possible actions to be taken from way to eliminate barriers are those of
strengthening institutionally to communication centers, as the Center of Diffusion of
clean technologies at regional level.
1) Incentives to take place with clean technologies that encourage the managers to invest
in efficient and environmentally sustainable technologies.
2) Intensive training about the opportunities of the adoption of clean technologies for the
country.
3) Fiscal incentives that help to all different productive sectors to invest in new
technologies.
4) Financial incentives for small and medium companies that facilitate the effective
implementation of new technologies to the country.
Capacity Building-  Capacity-building  is about enhancing the ability of individuals,
organizations and institutions in developing countries and in countries with economies
in transition to identify, plan and implement ways to mitigate and adapt to climate
change. Capacity-building under the UN climate change regime takes place on three
levels:
Individual: Developing educational, training and awareness raising activities.
Institutional: Fostering the development of organizations and institutions, including their
missions, culture, structures and human and financial resources.
Systemic: Creating enabling environments through economic and regulatory policies and
accountability frameworks in which institutions and individuals operate.
Over the recent years, various arrangements have been established to enhance
capacity-building under the UN climate change regime:
The Durban Forum for in-depth discussion on capacity-building
The Durban Forum is an annual, in-session event organized under the auspices of
the Subsidiary Body for Implementation  (SBI) that brings together stakeholders from
diverse backgrounds to share experiences, good practices and lessons learned in
building the capacity of developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
Stakeholders involved include technical and policy experts, practitioners and
representatives from national governments and IGOs, civil society and private sector
entities.
The Paris Committee on Capacity-building
In 2015, Parties to the Convention established the Paris Committee on Capacity-
building with the aim of addressing gaps and needs in implementing capacity-building
in developing countries and further enhancing capacity-building efforts, including
with regard to coherence and coordination. With its terms of reference adopted in
2016, the Paris Committee is now becoming operational.

Nationally determined contributions?

Nationally Determined Contributions, or NDCs, are at the heart of the Paris

Agreement. In short, they represent the contribution of each Party towards meeting
the objective of this Agreement. For example, NDCs should, in aggregate, set the
world on a trajectory towards peaking of global emissions as soon as possible and
rapid reductions thereafter towards a balance of emisisons and removals. The Paris
Agreement requires each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive
NDCs that it intends to achieve, and to pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the
aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.
In the negotiations leading up to the Paris Agreement  governments, at COP 19 in
2013, agreed that they would initiate or intensify domestic preparations for their
intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs) towards achieving the
objective of the Convention. At the time, the intention was to avoid a situation in
which the Paris Agreement would have been agreed with no specific actions and
timeframes for all its Parties. As such, INDCs were intended to cover this gap by
inviting countries to outline the climate efforts they would undertake in the context of
the Paris Agreement. By the time of the adoption of the Paris Agreement, almost all
Parties to the Convention had submitted their INDCs, all of which have been compiled on
the INDC portal. In response to a request by the COP the secretariat prepared a synthesis
report on the aggregate effect of these INDCs. This report was published on 1 November
2015 and updated in May 2016.
 The decision adopting the Paris Agreement (Decision 1/CP.21 ) specifies that the first
NDC of each Party will be its INDC at the time of ratification of the Paris Agreement,
unless the Party decides otherwise. A Party, for example, may decide to revise its
INDC and communicate a revision as its first NDC.

Transparency and accountability

Reporting is one of the cornerstones of the UN climate change regime: it provides

transparency and is the basis for understanding and gauging the implementation of
the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement . To achieve the objective of the
Convention, Parties need accurate, consistent and internationally comparable data on
trends in GHG emissions and on efforts to change these trends. Under the
Convention, all Parties must communicate certain information to the COP, through
the secretariat, within agreed time lines. The two main elements of this information
are the details on their activities to implement the Convention—that is, their climate
change policies and measures—and their national inventories of GHG s.
What types of reports does the UNFCCC use?

All Parties are committed to submitting reports—known as National

Communications  (NCs)—on the actions that they are taking to implement the
Convention. The COP provides the guidelines for Parties to use for reporting.The
secretariat compiles a summary of the information in these reports, which are often
hundreds of pages long. Both the individual NCs and the secretariat summaries are
available on the UNFCCC website. NCs from Annex I Parties provide information on:
emissions and removals of GHGs; national circumstances; policies and measures;
vulnerability assessment; financial resources and transfer of technology; education,
training and public awareness; and any other activities undertaken to implement the
Convention. Annex I Parties that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must also include
supplementary information in their NCs and their annual inventories of emissions and
removals of GHGs to demonstrate compliance with the Kyoto Protocol commitments.
With respect to non-Annex I parties, the information required is less detailed than for
Annex I Parties. NCs from developing countries provide information on GHG
inventories, measures to mitigate emissions and efforts to facilitate adequate
adaptation to climate change.

Greenhouse gas inventories

All Parties are committed to compiling inventories of GHG emissions. The IPCC has

developed inventory methodologies for the national reporting of GHG emissions that
countries use to develop their national inventories. Annex I Parties are required to submit
a separate inventory of their GHG emissions every year, covering emissions and
removals of direct GHGs from sectors such as: energy; industrial processes and product
use; agriculture, forestry and land use; and waste sectors. Non-Annex I Parties compile
these as part of their National Communications (NCs) and are not required to submit a
separate annual emissions inventory.

Mechanism for reporting and compliance under the Kyoto Protocol

Supplementary reporting

Annex I Parties  that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are also required to report
supplementary information required under Article 7, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto
Protocol, with the inventory submission due under the Convention, in accordance
with paragraph 3(a) of decision 15/CMP.1.
The reports of Annex I Kyoto Protocol Parties are subject to review by international
expert review teams (ERTs), which prepare review reports and, under certain
circumstances, may also identify questions of implementation or recommend
adjustments.
The Kyoto Protocol compliance mechanism
In addition to the reporting and review arrangements, tThe Kyoto Protocol also
established a Compliance Committee , which is designed to strengthen the Kyoto
pProtocol’s environmental integrity, ensure the transparency of Parties' accounting
and reporting, and support the credibility of the carbon market. Its objective is to
facilitate, promote and enforce compliance with the commitments under the Kyoto
Protocol. The Compliance Committee has two branches – the enforcement branch and
the facilitative branch – each of which is composed of 10 members and has a
Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson . The Committee also meets as a Plenary, usually
twice a year. 
UN climate change regime promote science and policy interaction

Periodic review of the long-term global goal

In 2010, the COP agreed on a long-term global goal (LTGG) to reduce GHG
emissions so as to hold the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above
pre-industrial levels. The COP also decided to periodically review the adequacy of
this LTGG in the light of the ultimate objective of the Convention and to periodically
review the overall progress towards achieving the LTGG, including a consideration of
the implementation of the commitments under the Convention. This review – carried
out for the first time in 2013–2015 – was also to consider strengthening the LTGG,
including in relation to temperature rises of 1.5 °C.

The outcome of the 2013-2015 review and in particular its conclusion regarding the
long-term global goal (captured in Decision 10/CP.21  paragraph 4) were contributing
factors to Parties' strengthening that goal as reflected.

Research
The Convention calls on Parties to promote and cooperate in research and systematic
observation of the climate system, including through exchange of information and
supporting international programmes, networks and organizations. Parties are also
called upon to cooperate in improving the capacities of developing countries so that
they can participate in research and systematic observation activities. Annual research
dialogues are organized to inform Parties about ongoing and planned activities of
regional and international research programmes and organizations active in climate
change research, and to communicate Parties' views on research needs and priorities
to the scientific community, in particular, to relevant research programmes and
organizations and the IPCC.

Cooperation with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socioeconomic information relevant
for understanding the risk of human-induced climate change. The IPCC is best known
for its comprehensive assessment reports, incorporating summaries for policymakers
from a synthesis report and from all three working groups, which are widely
recognized as the most credible sources of information on climate change. In addition
to its assessment reports, the IPCC also produces shorter special reports and technical
papers on specific issues.
For example, in 2000, the IPCC issued a special report on land use, land-use change
and forestry (LULUCF), which served as an input into negotiations on the rules for
the LULUCF sector under the Kyoto Protocol; in 2011, the IPCC produced a
special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation; and in
2012, the IPCC issued a special report on managing the risks of extreme events and
disasters to advance climate change adaptation. 
Through its Task Force on Inventories, the IPCC carries out important work on
developing methodologies for estimating and reporting GHG emissions. The 2006
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories , for example, are used by
all Parties to prepare their annual emissions inventories.

Green house inventories=

 
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 The concentration of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere is directly linked to the average global temperature on earth;
 
 The concentration has been rising steadily, and mean global temperatures along with it, since the time of the
Industrial Revolution as a result from human activity, primarily the buring of fossil fuels and changes in land use;

 The concentration of GHGs in the earth’s atmosphere is directly linked to the average global temperature on earth;
 
 The concentration has been rising steadily, and mean global temperatures along with it, since the time of the
Industrial Revolution as a result from human activity, primarily the buring of fossil fuels and changes in land use;