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    Climate Policies: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Amir Hossain Hossain

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    Golam Mowla
    The document discusses key climate policies and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was the first attempt by the UNFCCC to mandate country-level emission reductions but lacked participation from major emitters. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding treaty under the UNFCCC with a goal of limiting warming to 1.5-2C through voluntary national plans and commitments to reduce emissions and increase climate resilience. It differs from Kyoto by not differentiating obligations between developed and developing countries.

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    Climate Policies: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Amir Hossain Hossain

    Uploaded by

    Golam Mowla
    23 views8 pages
    The document discusses key climate policies and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was the first attempt by the UNFCCC to mandate country-level emission reductions but lacked participation from major emitters. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding treaty under the UNFCCC with a goal of limiting warming to 1.5-2C through voluntary national plans and commitments to reduce emissions and increase climate resilience. It differs from Kyoto by not differentiating obligations between developed and developing countries.

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    The document discusses key climate policies and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was the first attempt by the UNFCCC to mandate country-level emission reductions but lacked participation from major emitters. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding treaty under the UNFCCC with a goal of limiting warming to 1.5-2C through voluntary national plans and commitments to reduce emissions and increase climate resilience. It differs from Kyoto by not differentiating obligations between developed and developing countries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views8 pages

    Climate Policies: Prof. Dr. Mohammad Amir Hossain Hossain

    Uploaded by

    Golam Mowla
    The document discusses key climate policies and agreements, including the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. The Kyoto Protocol was the first attempt by the UNFCCC to mandate country-level emission reductions but lacked participation from major emitters. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding treaty under the UNFCCC with a goal of limiting warming to 1.5-2C through voluntary national plans and commitments to reduce emissions and increase climate resilience. It differs from Kyoto by not differentiating obligations between developed and developing countries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    Climate policies

    Prof. Dr. Mohammad Amir Hossain Hossain


    Abbreviation

     Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)


     Conference of the Parties (COP)
     United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
     greenhouse gases (GHGs)
     United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP
     World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
     least-developed coun- tries (LDCs)
     Clean Development Mechanism (CDM
     certified emission reduction (CER
    The Kyoto Protocol, 1997

     The publication of the Second IPCC Assessment Report in 1995 showed that
    the measures taken up to that point under the UNFCCC to fight global
    warming were insufficient. As a consequence, on 11 December 1997, the
    UNFCCC parties signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, which only came
    into operation on 16 February 2005
     At the time, more than 55 countries had ratified Kyoto, accounting for more
    than 55% of global carbon dioxide emission in 1990
     the important omission of the United States of America (USA/US): the biggest
    emitter in 1990, has never ratified the Protocol
     190 countries and the European Union (EU) have ratified Kyoto, while Canada
    withdrew in December 2011
    Paris Agreement
     The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations
    Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), on climate
    change mitigation, adaptation, and finance, signed in 2016.

     The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on


    climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at COP 21 in
    Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4
    November 2016.
     Its goal is to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to
    1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels.
     To achieve this long-term temperature goal, countries aim
    to reach global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon as
    possible to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century
     The agreement was negotiated by representatives of 196
    state parties at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the
    UNFCCC in Le Bourget, near Paris, France, and adopted by
    consensus on 12 December 2015
     The United States withdrew from the agreement in 2020, but
    rejoined in 2021.
    Aims of Paris Agreement
     The aim of the agreement, as described in its Article 2, is to have a stronger response to
    the danger of climate change; it seeks to enhance the implementation of the United
    Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) through:
     (a) Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-
    industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above
    pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts
    of climate change;
     (b) Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change and foster
    climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development, in a manner that does
    not threaten food production;
     (c) Making finance flows consistent with a pathway towards low greenhouse gas emissions
    and climate-resilient development.
     Countries furthermore aim to reach "global peaking of greenhouse gas emissions as soon
    as possible.“
     For USA the specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally
    bound
     the agreement is considered an "executive agreement rather than a treaty
    Difference between the Paris Agreement and
    the Kyoto Protocol
     The Paris Agreement has a 'bottom up' structure in contrast to most
    international environmental law treaties, which are 'top down', characterized
    by standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement. Unlike
    its predecessor, the Kyoto Protocol, which sets commitment targets that have
    legal force, the Paris Agreement, with its emphasis on consensus building,
    allows for voluntary and nationally determined targets.
     Another key difference between the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol
    is their scope. While the Kyoto Protocol differentiated between Annex-1 and
    non-Annex-1 countries, this division is blurred in the Paris Agreement, as all
    parties are required to submit emissions reduction plans. The Paris Agreement
    still emphasizes the principle of "Common but Differentiated Responsibility
    and Respective Capabilities"—the acknowledgement that different nations
    have different capacities and duties to climate action—but it does not provide
    a specific division between developed and developing nations

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