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    The British Raj

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    The British Raj was the rule of the British Crown in India from 1858 to 1947. It covered most of modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It was instituted after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and lasted until independence in 1947. The region included areas directly administered by Britain and princely states under British paramountcy. The document provides details on the geographical extent, major provinces, princely states, timeline of events, and impact of British rule.

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    The British Raj

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    zac
    41 views3 pages
    The British Raj was the rule of the British Crown in India from 1858 to 1947. It covered most of modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It was instituted after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and lasted until independence in 1947. The region included areas directly administered by Britain and princely states under British paramountcy. The document provides details on the geographical extent, major provinces, princely states, timeline of events, and impact of British rule.

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    The British Raj was the rule of the British Crown in India from 1858 to 1947. It covered most of modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It was instituted after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and lasted until independence in 1947. The region included areas directly administered by Britain and princely states under British paramountcy. The document provides details on the geographical extent, major provinces, princely states, timeline of events, and impact of British rule.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    41 views3 pages

    The British Raj

    Uploaded by

    zac
    The British Raj was the rule of the British Crown in India from 1858 to 1947. It covered most of modern day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. It was instituted after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and lasted until independence in 1947. The region included areas directly administered by Britain and princely states under British paramountcy. The document provides details on the geographical extent, major provinces, princely states, timeline of events, and impact of British rule.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The British Raj (/rɑːdʒ/; from rāj, literally, "rule" in Sanskrit and Hindustani)[2] was the rule by the

    British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.[3][4][5][6] The rule is also called Crown
    rule in India,[7] or direct rule in India.[8] The region under British control was commonly called India
    in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which
    were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage
    or paramountcy, called the princely states. The region as a whole was never officially referred to as
    the Indian Empire.[9][failed verification – see discussion]

    As "India", it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer
    Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San
    Francisco in 1945.[10]

    This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of 1857,
    the rule of the British East India Company was transferred to the Crown in the person of Queen
    Victoria[11] (who, in 1876, was proclaimed Empress of India). It lasted until 1947, when it was
    partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later the Republic of India)
    and the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the eastern part of which, still
    later, became the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971). At the inception of the Raj in 1858,
    Lower Burma was already a part of British India; Upper Burma was added in 1886, and the resulting
    union, Burma (Myanmar), was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became
    a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948.

    Contents

    1 Geographical extent

    2 British India and the Princely States

    2.1 Major provinces

    2.2 Minor provinces

    2.3 Princely states

    2.4 Organisation

    3 Timeline of major events, legislation, public works

    4 1858–1914

    4.1 Aftermath of the Rebellion of 1857: Indian critiques, British response

    4.2 Demographic history

    4.3 Legal modernisation

    5 Education

    6 Missionary work
    7 Economic history

    7.1 Economic trends

    7.1.1 Industry

    7.1.2 Railways

    7.1.3 Irrigation

    7.1.4 Policies

    7.2 Economic impact

    8 Famines, epidemics, public health

    9 1860s–1890s: New middle class, Indian National Congress

    9.1 1870s–1907: Social reformers, moderates vs. extremists

    9.2 Partition of Bengal (1905–1911)

    9.3 1906–1909: Muslim League, Minto-Morley reforms

    10 1914–1947

    10.1 1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact

    10.2 1917–1919: Satyagraha, Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, Jallianwalla Bagh

    10.3 1920s: Non-cooperation, Khilafat, Simon Commission, Jinnah's fourteen points

    10.4 1929–1937: Round Table conferences, Government of India Act

    10.5 1938–1941: World War II, Muslim League's Lahore Resolution

    10.6 1942–1945: Cripps mission, Quit India Resolution, INA

    10.7 1946: Elections, Cabinet mission, Direct Action Day

    10.8 1947: Planning for partition

    10.9 1947: Violence, partition, independence

    11 Ideological impact

    12 Cultural Impact

    13 See also

    14 Notes

    15 References

    16 Bibliography

    16.1 Surveys

    16.2 Specialised topics

    16.3 Economic and social history


    16.4 Historiography and memory

    17 Further reading

    17.1 Year books and statistical records

    Geographical extent

    The British Indian Empire and surrounding countries in 1909

    The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, except for
    small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry.[12] This area is very diverse,
    containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline,
    tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert.[13] In addition, at various times, it included
    Aden (from 1858 to 1937),[14] Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to
    1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and Singapore (briefly from 1858 to 1867).
    Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its
    independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the states under the Persian Gulf
    Residency were theoretically princely states as well as presidencies and provinces of British India
    until 1947 and used the rupee as their unit of currency.[15]

    Among other countries in the region, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the
    Treaty of Amiens. Ceylon was part of Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798.[16] The kingdoms
    of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them
    and were recognised by the British as independent states.[17][18] The Kingdom of Sikkim was
    established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of
    sovereignty was left undefined.[19] The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to
    1965, but not part of British India.

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