Revista de Matematică

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Revista de matematică
Scoala Gimnaziala "Diaconu Coresi" Fieni , Fieni, Dambovita
O revista interesanta si bine structurata pe trei sectiuni:I-articole matematice, II-probleme de concurs,

probleme de clasa, III-matematica distractiva.
Propus de: gizelle | 17.04.2010 20:56
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Revista de matematica
Data apariţiei: 25.10.2010
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This article is about all types of games in general. For games played on a consumer electronic, see
Video game. For other uses, see Game (disambiguation).
Ancient Egyptian ivory game board in the exhibition of Tutankhamun's treasure in Paris (2019)
Ancient Egyptian gaming board inscribed for Amenhotep III with separate sliding drawer, from 1390–1353 BC,
made of glazed faience, dimensions: 5.5 × 7.7 × 21 cm, in the Brooklyn Museum (New York City)
Gaming table, circa 1735, wood and ivory marquetry, overall: 78.7 x 94 x 54.6 cm, Cleveland Museum of Art
(Cleveland, Ohio, US)
The Card Players, an 1895 painting by Paul Cézanne depicting a card game, in Courtauld Institute of Art
(London)
A game is a structured form of play, usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes
used as an educational tool.[1] Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for
remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements.
However, the distinction is not clear-cut, and many games are also considered to be work (such as
professional players of spectator sports or games) or art (such as jigsaw puzzles or games involving
an artistic layout such as Mahjong, solitaire, or some video games).
Games are sometimes played purely for enjoyment, sometimes for achievement or reward as well.
They can be played alone, in teams, or online; by amateurs or by professionals. The players may
have an audience of non-players, such as when people are entertained by watching a chess
championship. On the other hand, players in a game may constitute their own audience as they take
their turn to play. Often, part of the entertainment for children playing a game is deciding who is part
of their audience and who is a player.
Key components of games are goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. Games generally involve
mental or physical stimulation, and often both. Many games help develop practical skills, serve as a
form of exercise, or otherwise perform an educational, simulational, or psychological role.
Attested as early as 2600 BC,[2][3] games are a universal part of human experience and present in all
cultures. The Royal Game of Ur, Senet, and Mancala are some of
Chris Crawford
Game designer Chris Crawford defined the term in the context of computers.[8] using a series of
dichotomies:
1. Creative expression is art if made for its own beauty, and entertainment if made for money.
2. A piece of entertainment is a plaything if it is interactive. Movies and books are cited as
examples of non-interactive entertainment.
3. If no goals are associated with a plaything, it is a toy. (Crawford notes that by his definition,
(a) a toy can become a game element if the player makes up rules, and (b) The Sims and
SimCity are toys, not games.) If it has goals, a plaything is a challenge.
4. If a challenge has no "active agent against whom you compete", it is a puzzle; if there is one,
it is a conflict. (Crawford admits that this is a subjective test. Video games with noticeably
algorithmic artificial intelligence can be played as puzzles; these include the patterns used
to evade ghosts in Pac-Man.)
5. Finally, if the player can only outperform the opponent, but not attack them to interfere with
their performance, the conflict is a competition. (Competitions include racing and figure
skating.) However, if attacks are allowed, then the conflict qualifies as a game.
Crawford's definition may thus be rendered as[original research?]: an interactive, goal-oriented activity made
for money, with active agents to play against, in which players (including active agents) can interfere
with each other.
Other definitions, however, as well as history, show that entertainment and games are not
necessarily undertaken for monetary gain.
Other definitions
 "A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that
results in a quantifiable outcome." (Katie Salen and Eric Zimmerman)[9]
 "A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to
manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal." (Greg Costikyan)[10] According
to this definition, some "games" that do not involve choices, such as Chutes and Ladders,
Candy Land, and War are not technically games any more than a slot machine is.
 "A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve
their objectives in some limiting context." (Clark C. Abt)[11]
 "At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control
systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in
order to produce a disequilibrial outcome." (Elliot Avedon and Brian Sutton-Smith)[12]
 "A game is a form of play with goals and structure." (Kevin J. Maroney)[13]
 "to play a game is to engage in activity directed toward bringing about a specific state of
affairs, using only means permitted by specific rules, where the means permitted by the rules
are more limited in scope than they would be in the absence of the rules, and where the sole
reason for accepting such limitation is to make possible such activity." (Bernard Suits)[14]
 "When you strip away the genre differences and the technological complexities, all games
share four defining traits: a goal, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation." (Jane
McGonigal)[15]
Gameplay elements and classification

Games can be characterized by "what the player does". [8] This is often referred to as gameplay.
Major key elements identified in this context are tools and rules that define the overall context of
game.

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This is a document. And you are retarded if you play fortnite!!

Scoala Gimnaziala "Diaconu Coresi" Fieni , Fieni, Dambovita

O revista interesanta si bine structurata pe trei sectiuni:I-articole matematice, II-probleme de concurs,

Propus de: gizelle | 17.04.2010 20:56

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Gameplay elements and classification

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