Martensitic Stainless Steel
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Martensitic Stainless Steel
Contents
History
Overview
Chemical compositions Tweezers made of 410 martensitic stainless steel
Mechanical Properties
Physical properties
Processing
Applications [4]
- corrosion resistant engineering steels (see above table on mechanical properties) used in a variety
of mechanical engineering applications
-wear resistant and corrosion resistant applications
References
History
In 1912, Harry Brearley of the Brown-Firth research laboratory in Sheffield, England, while seeking a corrosion-resistant alloy for gun barrels, discovered
and subsequently industrialized a martensitic stainless steel alloy. The discovery was announced two years later in a January 1915 newspaper article in The
New York Times.[5] Brearly applied for a U.S. patent during 1915. This was later marketed under the "Staybrite" brand by Firth Vickers in England and was
used for the new entrance canopy for the Savoy Hotel in 1929 in London.[6]
The characteristic body-centered tetragonal martensite microstructure was first observed by German microscopist Adolf Martens around 1890. In 1912,
Elwood Haynes applied for a U.S. patent on a martensitic stainless steel alloy. This patent was not granted until 1919.[7]
Overview
Martensitic stainless steels can be high- or low-carbon steels built around the composition of iron, 12% up to 17% chromium, carbon from 0.10% (Type 410)
up to 1.2% (Type 440C):[8]
Up to about 0.4%C they are used mostly for their mechanical properties ( pumps, valves, shafts ..).
Above, 0.4% they are used mostly for their wear resistance (cutlery surgical blades, plastic injection molds, nozzles...).
They may contain some Ni (Type 431) which allows a higher Cr and/or Mo content, thereby improving corrosion resistance and as the Carbon content is also
lower, the toughness is improved. Grade EN 1.4313 (CA6NM) with a low C, 13%Cr and 4%Ni offers good mechanical properties, good castability, good
weldability and good resistance to cavitation. It is used for nearly all the hydroelectric turbines in the world, including those of the huge "Three Gorges " dam
in China.
Additions of B, Co, Nb, Ti improve the high temperature properties, particularly creep resistance (for heat exchangers in steam turbines).
A specific grade is Type 630 (also called 17/4 PH) which is martensitic and hardens by precipitation at 475 °C.
Chemical compositions
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Chemical composition of a few common martensitic stainless steel grades from EN 10088-1 (2005) standard
Chemical composition (main alloying elements) in wt%
EN EN AISI
There are many proprietary grades not listed in the standards, particularly for cutlery.
Mechanical Properties
They are hardenable by heat treatment (specifically by quenching and stress relieving, or by quenching and tempering (referred to as QT).[9][10] The alloy
composition, and the high cooling rate of quenching enable the formation of martensite. Untempered martensite is low in toughness and therefore
brittle.Tempered martensite gives steel good hardness and high toughness as can be see below; used largely for medical tools (scalpels, razors and internal
clamps).[11]
Mechanical properties of a few common martensitic stainless steel grades according to EN 10088-3 Standard
Mininmum Yield stress, MPa Tensile strength, MPa Minimum Elongation, % Heat treatment
1.4006 450 650 - 850 15 QT650
1.4021 600 650 - 850 12 QT800
1.4122 550 750 - 950 12 QT750
1.4057 700 900 - 1050 12 QT900
1.4418 700 840 - 1100 16 QT900
1.4542 790 960 - 1160 12 P960
IN the heat treatment column, QT refers to Quenched and Tempered, P refers to Precipitation hardened
Physical properties
Physical properties of a few common martensitic stainless steels from EN 10088-1 (2005) standard
Mean coefficient of
Young’s Modulus at Thermal Conductivity at Specific Thermal
thermal expansion Electrical resitivity
20 °C, 20 °C capacity at 20 °C
EN between 20 and 100 °C
EN AISI
Designation
Gpa W.m−1K−1 J.Kg−1.K−1 10−6Ω.m
10−6K−1.
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Processing
When formability, softness, etc. are required in fabrication, steel having 0.12 per cent maximum carbon is often used in soft condition. With increasing
carbon, it is possible by hardening and tempering to obtain tensile strength in the range of 600 to 900 N/mm2, combined with reasonable toughness and
ductility. In this condition, these steels find many useful general applications where mild corrosion resistance is required. Also, with the higher carbon range
in the hardened and lightly tempered condition, tensile strength of about 1600 N/mm2 may be developed with lowered ductility.
Martensitic stainless steel can be nondestructively tested using the magnetic particle inspection method, unlike austenitic stainless steel.
Applications [4]
Martensitic stainless steels, depending upon their carbon content can be seen as
- corrosion resistant engineering steels (see above table on mechanical properties) used in a variety of mechanical
engineering applications
pumps
valves
boat shafts
cutlery
razor blades
References
1. "Premium Alloys 17-4 Stainless Steel" (https://premiumalloys.com/17_4_ 8. http://metals.about.com/od/properties/a/Steel-Types-And-Properties.htm,
ph.html). Retrieved 2019-11-26. http://www.totalmateria.com/page.aspx?
2. "Classifications of Stainless Steel" (https://app.aws.org/wj/1998/11/koteck ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=199.
i/). aws.org. American Welding Society. Retrieved 2019-04-02. 9. Dossett, Jon L; Totten, George E., eds. (2014). Heat treating of irons and
3. D. Peckner and I.M. Berstein (1977). Handbook of stainless steels. Mc steels (https://dl.asminternational.org/handbooks/book/9/Heat-Treating-of
Graw Hill. pp. Chapter 6. ISBN 978-0070491472. -Irons-and-Steels). ASM International. pp. 382–396. ISBN 978-1-62708-
168-9.
4. "Martensitic Stainless Steels" (https://www.worldstainless.org/about-stainl
ess/what-is-stainless-steel/categories-grades-and-product-forms/). 10. Budynas, Richard G. and Nisbett, J. Keith (2008). Shigley's Mechanical
International Stainless Steel Forum. 2018. Engineering Design, Eight Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher
Education. ISBN 978-0-07-312193-2.
5. "A non-rusting steel". New York Times. 31 January 1915.
6. Sheffield Steel, ISBN 0-7509-2856-5. 11. Akhavan Tabatabae, Behnam; et al. (2009). "Influence of Retained
Austenite on the Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Martensitic
7. Rodney Carlisle; Scientific American (2005-01-28). Scientific American Stainless Steel Castings"
Inventions and Discoveries: All the Milestones in Ingenuity – From the (https://doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.51.471). ISIJ International. 51 (3):
Discovery of Fire to the Invention of the Microwave Oven (https://books.g 471–475. doi:10.2355/isijinternational.51.471 (https://doi.org/10.2355%2
oogle.com/books?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&pg=PA380). John Wiley & Sons. Fisijinternational.51.471).
p. 380. ISBN 978-0-471-66024-8.
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