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    Frequency Domain Techniques For Void Spectrum Detection in Cognitive Radio Network

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    PRANAV KUMAR 17BEC0473
    The document discusses techniques for detecting unused spectrum bands in cognitive radio networks using frequency domain analysis. It proposes analyzing the frequency spectrum of transmitted signals to detect unoccupied bands and calculate the average spacing between frequencies to determine which band could be allocated to a secondary user. It notes that previous techniques had issues with varying signal conditions and setting thresholds, and that this method detects energy in primary user bands and uses FFT to identify energy levels and frequencies.

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    Frequency Domain Techniques For Void Spectrum Detection in Cognitive Radio Network

    Uploaded by

    PRANAV KUMAR 17BEC0473
    33 views20 pages
    The document discusses techniques for detecting unused spectrum bands in cognitive radio networks using frequency domain analysis. It proposes analyzing the frequency spectrum of transmitted signals to detect unoccupied bands and calculate the average spacing between frequencies to determine which band could be allocated to a secondary user. It notes that previous techniques had issues with varying signal conditions and setting thresholds, and that this method detects energy in primary user bands and uses FFT to identify energy levels and frequencies.

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    17BIS0100_VL2018191003645_PE003

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    The document discusses techniques for detecting unused spectrum bands in cognitive radio networks using frequency domain analysis. It proposes analyzing the frequency spectrum of transmitted signals to detect unoccupied bands and calculate the average spacing between frequencies to determine which band could be allocated to a secondary user. It notes that previous techniques had issues with varying signal conditions and setting thresholds, and that this method detects energy in primary user bands and uses FFT to identify energy levels and frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views20 pages

    Frequency Domain Techniques For Void Spectrum Detection in Cognitive Radio Network

    Uploaded by

    PRANAV KUMAR 17BEC0473
    The document discusses techniques for detecting unused spectrum bands in cognitive radio networks using frequency domain analysis. It proposes analyzing the frequency spectrum of transmitted signals to detect unoccupied bands and calculate the average spacing between frequencies to determine which band could be allocated to a secondary user. It notes that previous techniques had issues with varying signal conditions and setting thresholds, and that this method detects energy in primary user bands and uses FFT to identify energy levels and frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 20

    FREQUENCY DOMAIN TECHNIQUES FOR VOID SPECTRUM

    DETECTION IN COGNITIVE RADIO NETWORK

    PROJECT REPORT

    Submitted for the Course:


    Signal Analysis and Processing (ECE1018)

    By

    SR NO. NAME REGISTRATION NO.

    1. OISHEE MAZUMDER 17BIS0100

    2. ROSHNI SINGH 17BIS0007

    3. SHIVAM GAUR 17BIS0026

    4. KARTHIK KUMAR 17BIS0003


    ABSTRACT

    The goal of this project is to detect the sub void bands in the message
    signal transmitted by the user and display the user which is/are absent.
    Also, it will provide a frequency which may be given over to a secondary
    user for temporary use. We will add AWGN noise to simulate a real
    enviroment. Finally the concept of emulation attack and its preventive
    measures will be introduced. All the simulation will be shown on
    MATLAB.

    At the end of the project we will successfully perform the following


    activities:

     Plot the message, carrier and the modulated signal corresponding


    to the message bits sent by the users.
     Show the various effects of noise on the signal sent.
     Plot the frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal, and detect
    the void sub bands
     Calculate the average spacing between two frequencies to tell
    what frequency may be allotted to the SU.
     However, we will be taking information from the SU only for the
    least void sub band.
    CHAPTER 1
    INTRODUCTION

    Cognitive Radio is relatively new standard for mobile communication,


    especially designed to meet the challenges of high spectrum demand for
    packet data. As spectrum is limited and expensive, unutilized spectrum is an
    economic constraint for the service provider. It provides a solution for this by
    providing means of reallocating the unused spectrum to secondary user (SU)
    when part of spectrum is unused by primary users (PU).

    Some of the Past Techniques used:

    Most techniques previously depended upon certain threshold value as the


    result of mathematical or filter operations being performed.

    One of the major drawback of the above techniques is that the signal
    conditions and properties changes significantly under varying conditions.
    Hence setting a fixed threshold is difficult.
    CHAPTER 2
    PROPOSED SYSTEM

    We have thus realized that detecting energy in the primary user band is
    most efficient way to conclude whether an user is present or not.

    Thus FFT of the signal reveals not only the frequencies being present in
    the signal but at the same time the energy content of the bands.

    We therefore propose our system in which we detect energy in primary


    user band to conclude whether an user is present there or not and also
    we use FFT of the signal in order to figure out the energy content of the
    bands as well as the frequencies.
    CHAPTER 3
    METHODOLOGY

     Primary user transmits modulated data over AWGN channel.

     A single transmission slot contains all the frequencies of the primary


    users.

     Users which are not transmitting will have void sub bands.

     The objective is to detect the absence of users from analysis of this


    transmitted signal.

     Each licensed user is allocated with a unique frequency.

     At every transmission frame each primary user can transmit one bit each
    encoded with either 1 or -1. If a user has no data to transmit, the base
    station will transmit 0.

     But due to sampling noise, channel noise, ideal response is not possible
    to get.
    CHAPTER 4
    MATLAB CODE
    clc;

    clear all;

    close all;

    %msg=[1 0 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1];

    msg= input('enter message in [1 1 0 -1....]format:');

    %% define carrier signal

    PrimaryFreq=[100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000]

    U=1:10;

    f=PrimaryFreq(U);

    fs=5000;

    Ts=1/fs;

    me=[];

    ME=[];

    XC=[];

    XA=[];

    M=8;
    for(u=1:length(U))

    % for each msg bit 10 cycles of sine

    cyc=1*M; %as each bit is modulated differently

    t=0:Ts:1*cyc/f(u);

    xc=sin(2*pi*f(u)*t);

    XC=[XC xc];

    %% msg converterd to pulse

    j=1;

    k=1;

    tm=0:Ts:M/f(u);

    me=[];

    for(i=1:length(xc))

    me(i)=msg(u);

    k=k+1;

    end

    ME=[ME me];

    end

    %% modulation

    xm=XC.*ME;
    stem(ME, 'r-');

    hold on;

    plot(XC,'g-');

    hold on;

    plot(xm,'b-','LineWidth',1);

    title('modulated signal');

    legend('Message','Carrier','modulated');

    %% channel

    SNR=120;

    xr=awgn(xm,SNR);

    figure

    plot(xr);

    title('noisy received signal');

    %% Receiver

    %% detection of the base frequency

    spec=abs(real(fft(xr)));

    plot(spec,'b-');

    grid on;
    hold on;

    % suppose 5000 HZ represented by 301 point

    % suppose 100 HZ represented by 301*100/5000 = 6 point

    % now search for 100,200,300........Freq components

    band=floor(length(spec)*100/fs); % freq step for stop band

    lowF=floor(length(spec)*100/fs); % starting freq

    maxF=floor(length(spec)*1000/fs); %as 1000 is max freq

    freFraction=fs/length(spec); % amount of freq at each point in FFT

    W=3; % search window

    k=0;

    MX=[];

    POS=[];

    FREQ=[];

    for(i=lowF:band:maxF)

    sp=spec(i-W:i+W);

    mx=max(sp);

    fi=find(sp==mx,1);

    MX=[MX mx];

    POS=[POS fi+i-W];

    frq=(fi+i-W)*freFraction;

    if(mx>15) % hard threshold


    FREQ=[FREQ frq];

    else

    FREQ=[FREQ 0];

    end

    k=k+band;

    end

    plot(POS,MX,'r*');

    hold off;

    title('spectrum sensing');

    legend('Frequency Spectrum','User bands');

    FREQ

    void_user=find(FREQ==0);

    disp('following users are absent');

    disp(void_user);

    %% Intermediate BS will reuse the spectrum

    % BS will see the diff between subsequent freqs and predict

    d=0;

    k=0;
    for(i=2:length(FREQ))

    if(FREQ(i)~=0 && FREQ(i-1)~=0)

    d=d+FREQ(i)-FREQ(i-1);

    k=k+1;

    end

    end

    disp('Average predicted spacing btn user Freqs=>');

    d=d/k

    %% BS reallocates first unused freq

    fa=1;

    try

    fa=void_user(1);

    fa=FREQ(fa-1)+d;

    catch ex

    disp('all PU present....no reallocation');

    return

    end

    fprintf('freq reallocated for user=%d\n is %5.1f\n\n',void_user(1),fa);

    sd=input('enter data to be sent= ');

    COMMAND WINDOW:

    enter message in [1 1 0 -1....]format: [1 0 -1 1 -1 0 -1 -1 1 1]


    PrimaryFreq =

    100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800


    900 1000

    FREQ =

    114.4068 0 309.3220 406.7797 491.5254 588.9831 690.6780


    796.6102 889.8305 970.3390

    following users are absent


    2

    Average predicted spacing btn user Freqs=>

    d=

    94.4310

    freq reallocated for user=2


    is 208.8

    enter data to be sent= -1


    CHAPTER 5
    MODULATION

    MODULATION

    Modulation is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an
    electronic or optical carrier signal

    Types of modulation:

    There are many common modulation methods, including the following -- a very incomplete

    list:

     Amplitude modulation (AM), in which the height -- i.e., the strength or intensity -- of the

    signal carrier is varied to represent the data being added to the signal.

     Frequency modulation (FM), in which the frequency of the carrier waveform is varied to

    reflect the frequency of the data.

     Phase modulation (PM), in which the phase of the carrier waveform is varied to reflect

    changes in the frequency of the data. In PM, the frequency is unchanged while the

    phase is changed relative to the base carrier frequency. It is similar to FM.

     Polarization modulation, in which the angle of rotation of an optical carrier signal is

    varied to reflect transmitted data.

     Pulse-code modulation, in which an analog signal is sampled to derive a data stream

    that is used to modulate a digital carrier signal.

     Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), which uses two AM carriers to encode two or

    more bits in a single transmission.


    CHAPTER 6
    MODULATED SIGNAL
    Our modulated signal thus looks as follows where the message signal is
    represented in red, the carrier signal is represented in green and the
    modulated signal is represented in blue.
    CHAPTER 7
    SNR VALUE

    Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering
    that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. SNR is defined as
    the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1
    (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise.

    While SNR is commonly quoted for electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal, for
    example isotope levels in an ice core, biochemical signaling between cells, or financial trading
    signals. Signal-to-noise ratio is sometimes used metaphorically to refer to the ratio of useful
    information to false or irrelevant data in a conversation or exchange. For example, in online
    discussion forums and other online communities, off-topic posts and spam are regarded as
    "noise" that interferes with the "signal" of appropriate discussion.
    CHAPTER 8
    EFFECT OF CHANGE IN SNR VALUE

    We observe that as we increase the signal to noise ratio, the noise is


    reduced.
    CHAPTER 9
    FREQUENCY SPECTRUM OF TRANSMITTED SIGNAL
    CHAPTER 10
    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

    As spectrum is limited and expensive, unutilized spectrum is an economic constraint for


    the service provider. Cognitive radio provides a solution for this by providing means of
    reallocating the unused spectrum to secondary user (SU) when part of spectrum is
    unused by primary users (PU). Several past works have addressed this issue using
    various algorithm which ranges from statistical analysis to predictive analysis. In this
    paper we propose a novel solution for spectrum sensing using frequency domain
    analysis of the transmitted data. However, one of the lesser addressed issues in this
    direction has been the consideration of PU emulation attack. If a SU has sufficient
    means of estimating void spectrum, then it can emulate a PU spectrum which then
    results is low accuracy in void spectrum detection.

    FFT of signal data in a time slot reveals the energy in the bands.

    Comparison with QR based spectrum sensing technique reveals that the proposed work
    provides better sensing under high noise by triggering fewer false alarms and through
    more accurate prediction of the unused spectrum.
    CONCLUSION
    The project was successfully executed and we are able to perform the
    following activities:

     Plot the message, carrier and the modulated signal corresponding


    to the message bits sent by the users.
     Show the various effects of noise on the signal sent.
     Plot the frequency spectrum of the transmitted signal, and detect
    the void sub bands
     Calculate the average spacing between two frequencies to tell
    what frequency may be allotted to the SU.
     However, we will be taking information from the SU only for the
    least void sub band.

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