Ph.D-Syll Bio

I.
CELL BIOLOGY
A. Structural Organization and function of cellular organelles: - Cell Wall, Nucleus,

Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Peroxisomes, Plastids,
Vacuoles, Chloroplast, Structure and function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.
B. Membrane Structure and Function: - Structure of model membrane, Lipid bilayer and
membrane protein diffusion, Osmosis, Ion channels, Active transport, Ion pumps,
Mechanism of storing and regulation of intracellular transport, Electrical Properties of
membranes.
C. Cell division and cell cycle: - Mitosis and Meiosis their regulation, Steps in Cell- cycle,
Control of cell cycle- check points.
D. Microbial Physiology: - Growth, Yield and characteristics, Strategies of Cell division, Stress
response, Factors affecting growth.
E. Organization of Genes and Chromosomes: - Operon, Interrupted genes, Gene families,
Structure of Chromatin and Chromosomes, Unique and repetitive DNA, Heterochromatin,
Euchromatin, Transposons.
F. Cell signaling: - Hormones & their receptors, Cell Surface receptors, signaling through G-
Protein coupled receptors, Signal transduction pathways, second messengers, Regulation of
signaling pathways, Bacterial Chemotoxis.
G. Cancer: - Ontogenesis, Tumour Suppressor genes, Cancer & the cell Cycle, Virus induced
cancer, Metastasis, Interaction of Cancer Cells & normal cells, Apoptosis cancer therapy.
II. BIOCHEMISTRY
A. Structure of atoms, Molecules and chemical bonds.

B. Composition, Structure and function of biomolecules- Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins,
Nucleic acids and Vitamins.
C. Water
D. Stabilizing weak interactions: - Van der Walls, Electrostatic, Hydrogen bonding,
Hydrophobic interaction, etc.
E. Physical and chemical foundations of biology: - pH , Buffer, reaction Kinectics,
Thermodynamics and colligative properties.
F. Bioenergetics, Gylcolysis, Oxidative phosphorylation, Coupled reaction, Group transfer,
Biological energy transducers.
G. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, Secondary Tertiary and quaternary structure,
domains, Motifs and folds)
H. Conformation of Nucleic acids (A-,B-, Z- DNA), t-RNA, Micro- RNA
I. Principles of Catalysis, Enzymes and enzyme Kinetics, Enzyme regulation, Mechanism of
enzyme catalysis, Isozymes.
III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
A. DNA replication, Repair and recombination: - Unit of replication, Enzymes involved,

Replication origin and replication fork, Fidelity of replication, extra chromosomal replicons,
DNA damage and repair mechanisms.
B. RNA synthesis and Processing: - Transcription factors and machinery, Formation of
initiation complex, Transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, Capping,
Elongation and termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, Splicing, Polyadenylation,
Structure and function of different types of RNA, RNA transport.
C. Protein Synthesis and Processing: - Ribosome, Formation of initiation complex, Initation
factors and their regulation , Elongation and elongation factors, Termination, Genetic code,
Aminoacyation of t-RNA, t-RNA-identity, Aminoacyl t-RNA synthesis, Translational proof
reading, Translational inhibitors, Post- translational modification of proteins.
D. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: - Regulation of phages,
Viruses, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic gene expression, Gene silencing.
IV. IMMUNOLOGY
A. Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity.

B. Antigens: - Antigenicity and immunogenicity, B & T cells epitopes.
C. Antibody: - Structure and function of antibody molecules, Generation of antibody diversity,
Monoclonal antibodies, Antibody engineering.
D. Antigen: - Antibody interactions.
E. MHC molecules.
F. Antigen processing and presentation.
G. Activation and differentiation of B and T- Cells. B and T cell receptors, Humoral and cell
mediated immune responses, Toll like receptors.
H. Primary and secondary immune modulation.
I. Complement system.
J. Cell mediated effectors functions, Inflammation.
K. Hypersonsensitivity and autoimmunity.
L. Immune response during bacterial (Tuberculosis), Parasitic (Malaria) and Viral (HIV)
infections.
M. Immunodeficiecies.
N. Vaccines.
O. Transplantation.
V. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Conventional plant breading & Biotechnology in plant breading.

B. Tissue Culture media.
C. Cell & Tissue culture: - Callus & Suspension culture, Single cell culture.
D. Organogenesis & Somatic Embryogenesis.
E. Rapid clonal propagation and shoot tip culture, Virus free plants.
F. Somaclonal variation.
G. Anther, Pollen & Ovary culture- haploid plants and homozygous lines.
H. Embryo Culture & Embryo rescue.
I. Protoplast isolation, Culture & Fusion, Symmertric and Asymmetric hybrids, Hybrid
biotransformation.
J. Chloroplast Transformation & Vectors.
K. Metabolic Engineering Important products and Control Mechanisms.
L. Marker Assisted selection.
M. Methods of Gene transfer in plants, Agrobacterium mediated, Gene transfer- T- DNA
transfer.
VI. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. Animal Cell Culture: - Equipments & materials & Applications.
B. Physico-Chemical Properties of Animal cell culture media, Balanced salt solutions.
C. Media- Serum & Protein free defined media & their application.
D. Primary & Established cell line cultures.
E. Viability & Cytotoxicity- Measurement
F. Biology of cultured cells.
G. Basic techniques of mammalian cell culture in Vitro, Disaggregation of tissue, Primary
culture, cell Separation, maintenance of cell culture.
H. Scaling up of ACC.
I. Cell Synchronization, Cell Cloning & Micromanipulation.
J. Cell Transformation.
K. Stem cell culture, Embryonic stem cell & its Application.
L. Somatic cell genetics.
M. Organ & Histotypic Cultures.
N. Tissue Engineering.
VII. BIOPROCESS ENGINEERING
A. Introduction to B.E.
B. Bioreactors.
C. Isolation, Preservation & Maintenance of industrial micro- organisms.
D. Kinetics of microbial growth & death.
E. Media for industrial fermentation.
F. Air & media sterilization.
G. Batch, Fed batch, Continuous bioreactors.
H. Bioprocess Parameters – Measurement & Control.
I. Downstream Processing.
J. Single Cell Protein.
K. Enzyme & Whole cell immobilization & Industrial Application.
L. Food Technology – Canning, packing, Pasteurization & Sterilization of food products,
Preservation of food products.
VIII. ENVIROMENTALBIOTECHNOLOGY
A. Environment: - An introduction, Issues & Problem solving approaches, components of

environment, Stratification and the importance of layers.
B. Environmental pollutions: - Air, Water and land pollution & their measurement and
biological control.
C. Waste water treatment: - Aerobic and Anaerobic.
D. Solid wastes: - Sources and management.
E. Global environment problems: - Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect, UV- B, Acid rain, their
impact and biotechnological approach of control.
F. Ecosystem Ecology: - Introduction, Kinds of ecosystem, structure & function of an
ecosystem, Functional aspects of an Ecosystem, Nutrient cycles in ecosystem atmosphere
cycles.
G. Forest and Wildlife conservation.
IX. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY
A. Mendelian Principles: - Dominance, Segregation, independent assortment, deviation from

Mendelian inheritance.
B. Concept of gene: - Allele, multiple, alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests.
C. Extensions of Mendelian principles: - Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene
interactions, Pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy,
linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.
D. Extra Chromosomal inheritance and maternal inheritance.
E. Microbial genetics: - Transformation, conjugation, transduction and sex-duction.
F. Human genetics: - Pedigree analysis, lod score for linkage testing, karyotpes, genetic
disorders.
G. Mutation: - Types, causes and detection, insertional mutagenesis.
H. Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: - Deletion, duplication, inversion,
translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.
I. Recombination: - Homologous and non- homologous recombination, including transposition,
site-specific recombination.
X. APPLIED BIOLOGY
A. Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules.

B. Application of immunological principles (vaccines, diagnostics), tissue and cell culture
methods for plants and animals.
C. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain identification.
D. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.
E. Bioresource and uses of biodiversity.
F. Breeding in plants and animals, including marker- assisted selection.
G. Bioremediation and phytoremediation.
H. Biosensors.
XI. METHODS IN BIOLOGY
A. Molecular biology and recombinant DNA methods: - Isolation and purification of RNA ,
DNA (genomic and plasmid) and proteins, different separation methods; analysis of RNA,
DNA and proteins by one and two dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing gels;
molecular cloning of DNA or RNA fragments in bacterial and eukaryotic systems;
expression of recombinant proteins using bacterial, animal and plant vectors; isolation of
specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in plasmid, phage
cosmid, BAC and YAC vectors; in vitro mutagenesis and deletion techniques, gene knock
out in bacterial and eukaryotic organisms; protein sequencing methods, detection of post-
translation modification of proteins; DNA sequencing methods, strategies for genome
sequencing; methods for analysis of gene expression at RNA and protein level, large scale
expression analysis, such as micro array based techniques; isolation, separation and analysis
of carbohydrates and lipid molecules; RFLP, RAPD and AFLP techniques.
B. Histochemical and immunotechniques: - Antibody generation, detection of molecules using
ELISA, RIA western blot, immunoprecipitation, flowcytometry and immunofluoroscence
microscopy, detection of molecules in living cells, in situ localization by techniques such as
FISH and GISH.
C. Biophysical methods-Analysis of biomolecules using UV/visible, fluorescence, circular
dichorism, NMR and ESR spectroscopy, structure determination using X-ray diffraction and
NMR; analysis using light scattering, different types of mass spectroscopy and surface
plasma resonance methods.
D. Statistical methods-Measures of central tendency and dispersal, probability
distributions(Binomial, Poisson and Normal),sampling distribution, differences between
parametric and non-parametric statistics, confidence interval, errors, levels of significance,
regression and correlation ,t-test, analysis of variance,X2 test, basic introduction to
Muterovariate statistics, etc.
E. Microscopic techniques-Visualization of cells and sub cellular components by light
microscopy ,resolving powers of different microscopes, microscopy of living cells, scanning,
and transmission microscopes, different fixation and staining techniques of EM, freeze etch
and freeze fracture methods for EM, image processing methods in microscopy.
F. Computational methods-Nucleic acid and protein sequence databases, data mining methods
for sequence analysis, web based tools for sequence searches, motif analysis and presentation.

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I.

A. Structural Organization and function of cellular organelles: - Cell Wall, Nucleus,

A. Structure of atoms, Molecules and chemical bonds.

A. DNA replication, Repair and recombination: - Unit of replication, Enzymes involved,

A. Cells and molecules involved in innate and adaptive immunity.

A. Conventional plant breading & Biotechnology in plant breading.

VI. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

A. Environment: - An introduction, Issues & Problem solving approaches, components of

IX. INHERITANCE BIOLOGY

A. Mendelian Principles: - Dominance, Segregation, independent assortment, deviation from

A. Microbial fermentation and production of small and macro molecules.

XI. METHODS IN BIOLOGY

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