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Irfan Munir: Name: Roll No: 15CE25 Lab Instructor's Signature:........... Date...................

This document describes an experiment to study the construction, working principle, and operation of a single-phase transformer. The objective is for students to learn about regulating a single-phase transformer by gradually loading it and observing the drop in terminal voltage. Key points covered include: - The transformer consists of a primary and secondary winding wound on a common laminated core. Voltage is applied to the primary and induced in the secondary to power a load. - An ideal transformer has no winding resistance, no leakage flux between coils, and no core losses. A practical transformer differs in that it has iron and winding losses and magnetic leakage. - The voltage transformation ratio depends on the turn ratios of the primary and secondary wind

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Irfan Munir
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64 views

Irfan Munir: Name: Roll No: 15CE25 Lab Instructor's Signature:........... Date...................

This document describes an experiment to study the construction, working principle, and operation of a single-phase transformer. The objective is for students to learn about regulating a single-phase transformer by gradually loading it and observing the drop in terminal voltage. Key points covered include: - The transformer consists of a primary and secondary winding wound on a common laminated core. Voltage is applied to the primary and induced in the secondary to power a load. - An ideal transformer has no winding resistance, no leakage flux between coils, and no core losses. A practical transformer differs in that it has iron and winding losses and magnetic leakage. - The voltage transformation ratio depends on the turn ratios of the primary and secondary wind

Uploaded by

Irfan Munir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGIEERING SCE&T, RAHIM’YAR’KHAN

BASIC ELECTRICAL TECNOLOGY (1ST SEMESTER, FIRST YEAR) EXPERIMENT # 09

Name: Irfan Munir Roll No: 15CE25


Lab Instructor’s Signature:........... Date....................

To study construction, working principle and operation of Single phase transformer

Apparatus:
 Single Phase Transformer instruments panel containing following instruments
 Ammeter, 1A AC
 Voltmeter 220V AC
 Wattmeter
 Rheostats
 Variable AC Power Supply
 Set of experiment cables
OBJECTIVE:
In this experiment the students will learn the concept of regulation of a single phase
transformer. The transformer will be loaded gradually and the drop in the terminal voltage is
observed. The Results are investigated by studying the regulation graph.
DISCUSSION:
A transformer is a static piece of equipment used either for raising or lowering the voltage
of an a.c. supply with a corresponding decrease or increase in current. It essentially consists of two
windings, the primary and secondary, wound on a common laminated magnetic core as shown in
Fig. the winding connected to the a.c. source is called primary winding (or primary) and
the one connected to load is called secondary winding (or secondary). The alternating voltage V1
whose magnitude is to be changed is applied to the primary. Depending upon the number of turns
of the primary (N1) and secondary (N2), an alternating e.m.f. E2 is induced in the secondary.
This induced e.m.f. E2 in the secondary causes a secondary current I2. Consequently, terminal
voltage V2 will appear across the load. If V2 > V1, it is called a step up-transformer. On the
other hand, if V2 < V1, it is called a step-down transformer.

An ideal transformer is one that has


1. no winding resistance
2. no leakage flux i.e., the same flux links both the windings
3. no iron losses (i.e., eddy current and hysteresis losses) in the core
Although ideal transformer cannot be physically realized, yet its study provides a very powerful
tool in the analysis of a practical transformer. In fact, practical transformers have properties that
approach very close to an ideal transformer.
E.M.F. Equation of a Transformer
Consider that an alternating voltage V1 of frequency f is applied to the primary as shown in
Fig.(2.01).

Above equations are calculated from the e.m.f. E1 induced in primary and rms values of E
In an ideal transformer, E1 = V1 and E2 =V2.
Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):
From the above equations of induced e.m.f.,

The constant K is called voltage transformation ratio. Thus if K = 5 (i.e. N2/N1 = 5), then E2 = 5
E1.
For an ideal transformer:
(i) E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 as there is no voltage drop in the windings.

(ii) there are no losses. Therefore, volt-amperes input to the primary are equal to the output voltmperes
i.e.
V1 I1 = V2 I2

Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of voltage transformation ratio. This simply means that if
we raise the voltage, there is a corresponding decrease of current.
A practical transformer differs from the ideal transformer in many respects. The practical
transformer has (i) iron losses (ii) winding resistances and (iii) magnetic leakage, giving rise to
leakage reactances.
Step-Down Transformer :
Because the same magnetic flux lines cut both coils of a transformer, the induced EMF in the
secondary winding, is proportional to the number of turns on both the primary and secondary
windings. If the number of turns on the secondary winding is less than the number of turns on the
primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be less than the primary input voltage.
This type of transformer is called a step-down transformer and is illustrated in Figure.

Step-Up Transformer
If the number of turns on the secondary winding of a transformer is greater than the number of
turns on the primary winding, then the secondary output voltage will be greater than the primary
input voltage. This type of transformer is called a step-up transformer.
Power Rating of Transformers
The power rating of a transformer may be calculated by multiplying the secondary AC voltage by
the full load secondary AC current.
Rating = Secondary Voltage x Secondary Current
Rating = V x A ( U2 x I2 )
Rating = VA
A rating quoted in VA will apply to small transformers. The rating of larger transformers will be
quoted in kVA or MVA

Review Questions:
Q1: Is it possible to get a -ve value for the voltage regulation? Give reason.
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Q2: What is the best value of voltage regulation? Is it possible to get it practically?
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Q3: Calculate the power factor which yields the voltage regulation best value.
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