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Section 1: The Properties of Gases: PV NRT R N K

1. The document discusses the properties of ideal gases and the ideal gas law. It describes the four variables that specify the state of a gas sample: volume, number of moles, pressure, and temperature. 2. Only three of these variables are independent, and the ideal gas law expresses pressure as a function of the other three. The ideal gas law is derived from Boyle's, Charles', and Avogadro's laws. 3. The ideal gas law is only applicable under certain conditions such as low pressure and high temperature. It assumes gas particles are point masses that do not interact with one another.

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Akib Imtihan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
25 views

Section 1: The Properties of Gases: PV NRT R N K

1. The document discusses the properties of ideal gases and the ideal gas law. It describes the four variables that specify the state of a gas sample: volume, number of moles, pressure, and temperature. 2. Only three of these variables are independent, and the ideal gas law expresses pressure as a function of the other three. The ideal gas law is derived from Boyle's, Charles', and Avogadro's laws. 3. The ideal gas law is only applicable under certain conditions such as low pressure and high temperature. It assumes gas particles are point masses that do not interact with one another.

Uploaded by

Akib Imtihan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 1: The Properties of Gases

Gases are a good starting point for our study of thermodynamics since they form the simplest
state of matter.They also form a basis upon which we can build more elaborate concepts.

Section 1.1. The Perfect (Ideal) Gas (Sections 1A.1 and 1A.2)

We are all familiar with the ideal gas law: pV = n RT


where R is the gas constant. R = NA k where NA is Avogadro’s constant and k is the Boltzmann
constant. R is determined from experimental measurements and R = 8.20574 × 10-2 L atm K-1
mol-1 (Note: make sure the units you use are compatible with the other units of the equation, see
Table 1A.2 and the data sheet). The ideal gas law is an example of an equation of state (an
equation that interrelates the physical properties of the system)

The equation of state describes the physical condition of a sample of gas (or liquid or solid).
Initially, we focus on gases. The state of a pure gas sample is specified by four quantities:
• The volume, V , occupied by the gas

• The number of moles, n, in the sample
• The pressure, p, of the sample

• The temperature, T, of the sample
Note: Two samples of the same substance with the same physical properties are said to be in the
same state.

Only three of these quantities are independent variables in describing the state of the sample. It
has been shown experimentally that each substance is described by an equation of state which
interrelates these four variables, e.g., pressure is a function of temperature, volume, and the
number of moles:
p = f (T, V, n)

1.1.A Empirical Origin of Perfect Gas Law


Boyle’ Law: pV = constant, at constant n, T
If we plot this relation as p versus 1/V, we obtain a straight line.

Isotherm: line
corresponding to a
single constant T
2

Charles’ Law: V = constant × T, at constant n, p


p = constant × T, at constant n, V

Isobar: line
corresponding to a
single constant p

Isochore: line
corresponding to a
single constant V

Boyle’s and Charles’ laws are example of a limiting law, i.e, only strictly true for p → 0 (but
work reasonably well at normal pressures (p ~ 1 bar). What is the typical pressure in a natural
gas pipeline? 14-100 bar! Do we expect the perfect gas law to be applicable?

Avogardo’ principle: V = constant × n, at constant p, T

A combination of these relations leads to the perfect (ideal) gas equation of state:
pV = n RT
3

where R is the gas constant.

The ideal gas law holds under the following conditions:


• Low pressure (p → 0)
• High temperature

• Away from the condensation point into a liquid

Why? What are the assumptions underlying the perfect gas law? We will come back to these
assumptions when we talk about Real Gases.
1) Atoms or molecules are point masses, i.e., they have no volume, in constant random motion
2) Atoms or molecules of an ideal gas do not interact with one another, i.e., interatomic or
intermolecular forces (interactions) are equal to zero [this assumption is how your textbook
differentiates between a perfect and ideal gas; in an ideal gas, these forces are identical but not
identically zero]

Do we understand all the parameters that go into this equation of state?


1. Volume, V: Easy to measure
2. Amount of gas, n, Number of moles (or atoms/molecules): Easy, count the molecules/atoms
3. Pressure, p [see Textbook section 1.A1(a)]

What is pressure? Definition is Force per unit area
p = F/A
SI unit: 1Pa=1Nm−2.
Other units you will see: 1 atm = 1.01325 ×105 Pa
1 bar = 105 Pa (this is standard pressure, denoted p⊖)
Where does the force come from?

Molecules/atoms colliding with the walls of container (kinetic molecular theory: will see again
later)
4. Temperature, T [see Textbook Section 1.A1.(b)]

A lot of confusion existed in the early 19th century regarding the difference between the
intensity of heat (temperature) and the substance of heat itself. When a hot object is placed in
thermal contact with a cold object, we all know that heat will flow from the hot object to the cold
object and that the temperature of the hot object will decrease, while the temperature of the cold
object will increase.
The concept of temperature comes from the observation that a change in physical state
(e.g. a change in volume) can occur when two objects are placed in thermal contact. If no
changes in any of the physical properties of the two objects occur when they are placed in
thermal contact, we say that the two objects are in thermal equilibrium with one another or have
the same temperature.
Temperature tells us the direction of the flow of energy. If energy flows from A to B when they
are in contact, we say that the temperature of A is higher than that of B:
Energy flow: A→B then TA > TB

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