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The document provides a comprehensive overview of gas discharge physics and thermodynamics, detailing key gas laws such as Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws, along with the ideal gas law and Avogadro's law. It explains the concepts of pressure, volume, temperature, and internal energy, as well as the distinction between ideal and real gases. Additionally, it discusses the importance of enthalpy and the equipartition of energy in thermodynamic systems.

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11 views

W11 ref

The document provides a comprehensive overview of gas discharge physics and thermodynamics, detailing key gas laws such as Boyle's, Charles', and Gay-Lussac's laws, along with the ideal gas law and Avogadro's law. It explains the concepts of pressure, volume, temperature, and internal energy, as well as the distinction between ideal and real gases. Additionally, it discusses the importance of enthalpy and the equipartition of energy in thermodynamic systems.

Uploaded by

Prof. X
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SIF 2019

Gas Discharge Physics

(Revision of Thermodynamics)
Thermodynamics
l A physical system is described by the relation
between its thermodynamic quantities, such as
pressure, energy, density, entropy, specific
heat, etc.
l Equation of state (thermodynamic equation
describing the state of matter under a given set
of physical conditions.
l The ideal gas law was the first quantitative
treatment of kinetics and become the
fundamental of thermodynamics. It gives the
first complete formulation of the laws of energy
conservation and entropy.
Gas Law Revisit
l Properties of gas
l The average kinetic energy of particle
is independent of the kind.
l The average kinetic energy of a particle
is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature.
l Macroscopic parameters : Volume,
Pressure, Temperature, and the number
density

l Plasma
l absence of significant inter-particle
interactions.

Scheffler
Gas Laws
l Boyle’s Law
l Charles’ Law
l Gay-Lussac’s Law
l The Ideal Gas Law
l Advogadro’s Law
l Dalton's law of partial pressures
Boyle’s Law

l Pressure and volume are


inversely proportional at
constant.
l PV = constant.
l P1V1 = P2V2
Boyle’s Law

l A graph of pressure and volume gives an inverse


function
l A graph of pressure and the reciprocal of volume
gives a straight line
Charles’ Law
Volume is proportional to the Kelvin
temperature as the pressure is constant
V = kT
V1 V2
=
T1 T2

Note: The temperature for gas laws must


always be expressed
in Kelvin where Kelvin = oC +273.15 (or
273 to 3 significant digits)
Charles’ Law

l A graph of temperature and volume yields a straight line.


l Where this line crosses the x axis (x intercept) is defined
as absolute zero
Gay-Lussac’s Law

The pressure and temperature are directly proportional

P1 = P2
T1 T2
The Combined Gas Law
When the amount of the gas is constant,
then Boyle’s Charles’ and Gay-
Lussac’s Laws can be combined into
one relationship

P1 V1 = P2 V2
T1 T2
Equation of state :
l Four parameters define the state of gas: Volume,
Pressure, Temperature, and the number of moles
of gas present (n).

PV
= Constant = R
nT

R is defined as the universal gas constant


Ideal Gas Effect

PV = nRT
Where P = pressure
V = volume
T = Kelvin Temperature
n = number of moles

The numerical value of R depends on the pressure unit (and


perhaps the energy unit) Some examples:
R = 62.36 dm3 torr mol-1 K-1
= 0.0821 dm3 atm mol-1 K-1
= 8.314 dm3kPa mol-1 K-1
R
The gas constant (also known as the molar, universal, or ideal gas
constant)

It is equivalent to the Boltzmann constant, but expressed in units of


energy (i.e. the pressure-volume product) per temperature increment per
mole (rather than energy per temperature increment per particle).

The Boltzmann constant kB (often abbreviated k) may be used in place of


the gas constant by working in pure particle count, N, rather than number
of moles, n, since

where NA is the Avogadro constant.

The ideal gas law in terms of Boltzmann's constant is


Advogadro’s Law

l Equal volumes of a gas under the same temperature


and pressure contain the same number of particles.
l If the temperature and pressure are constant the
volume of a gas is proportional to the number of
moles of gas present
V = constant * n
where n is the number of moles of gas
V/n = constant
V1/n1 = constant = V2 /n2
V1/n1 = V2 /n2
Equation of State

P = ρ kT

k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K


= 8.617385 x 10-5 eV/K
k = R/NA
NA = Avogadro's number = 6.0221 x 1023 /mol
Enthalpy
l Enthalpy is a measure of the total energy of a
thermodynamic system.
l Includes the internal energy, which is the energy
required to create a system, and the amount of energy
required to make room for it by displacing its
environment and establishing its volume and pressure.
l The enthalpy of a system is defined as: H = U + p V,

l where
l H is the enthalpy of the system (in joules),
l U is the internal energy of the system (in joules),
l p is the pressure at the boundary of the system and its environment
l V is the volume of the system
Internal Energy
l is defined as the energy associated with the
motion of molecules.
l It refers to the invisible microscopic energy
on the atomic and molecular scale.
l For example, a room temperature glass of
water sitting on a table has no apparent
energy, either potential or kinetic. But on the
microscopic scale it is a seething mass of
high speed molecules traveling at hundreds
of meters per second.
Equipartition of energy
Example
If the temperature of an air parcel is -20.5 C, and its
density is 0.690 kg/m^3, what is the pressure of the
air parcel, in mb?

P=ρRT
T = -20.5 C + 273 K = 252.5 K
ρ = 0.690 kg/m3
R = 287 J/kg K

So, p = 0.690 kg/m3 * 252.5 K * 287 J/kg K = 50000 Pa

In millibars, p ~ 50,000 Pa / 100(Pa/mb) = 500 mb


Dalton’s Law of Partial
Pressures
The total pressure of a mixture of gases is
equal to the sum of the pressures of the
individual gases (partial pressures).

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + . . . .

where PT = total pressure


P1 = partial pressure of gas 1
P2 = partial pressure of gas 2
P3 = partial pressure of gas 3
P4 = partial pressure of gas 4
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
l Example when collecting gases over water as it contain
some water vapor.

l Applies to plasma - a mixture of neutrals, ions and


electrons.
Ideal Gases v Real Gases
l Ideal gases are gases that obey the Kinetic
Molecular Theory perfectly.
l The gas laws apply to ideal gases, but in
reality there is no perfectly ideal gas.
l Under normal conditions of temperature and
pressure many real gases approximate ideal
gases.
l Under more extreme conditions more
deviations from ideal behavior.

29

Scheffler
Real Gases
l For ideal gases the product of pressure and
volume is constant. Real gases deviate somewhat
as shown by the graph pressure vs. the ratio of
observed volume to ideal volume below.

These deviations occur because


l Real gases do not actually have zero volume
l Polar gas particles do attract if compressed
31

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