flow through venture meter

Student Name :- Tara hamed salh

Class :- Second Stage - A
Course Title :- Laboratories II – Fluid LAB
Department :- Mechanical & Mechatronic . Dep

College of Engineering
Salahaddin University – Erbil
Academic Year 2019 – 2020

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-: Abstract
This chapter investigates Venturi meters used in pipes as flow meters for
incompressible fluids. A Venturi meter is a gage to measure the volume flow rate of a
fluid in a pipe. Venturi meters have been used for water and waste water volume flow
rate measurements for centuries. These gages use a converging and diverging nozzle
connected in‐line to a pipe. The chapter analyzes the Venturi meter performance for
water flowing in a circular pipe using equations. It determines the sensitivity of the
flow rates to measurement fluids at different specific gravities. The chapter shows the
sensitivity of the unbalanced measurement fluid height in the U‐tube to the
measurement fluid's specific gravity versus the Venturi meter throat diameter for
different specific gravity fluids. It tabulates responses of the U‐tube measurement
.fluids' unbalanced heights to small flow rate changes

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 Table of content
Abstract ……………………………………………………..…. 2
Table of content ……………………………………………….. 3
Introduction …………………………………………………… 4
Venturi meter ……………………………………………..…… 4
Theory …………………………………………………..…….. 5
Theoretical Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter ……….………… 6

Why measure Flow? ………………………………………..… 7

PROCESS CONTROL …………………………………….. 7 .1

COST ALLOCATION …………………………….………. 7 .2

Examples :- …………………………………………………… 7

Machines ……………………………………………………… 7

In nature ………………………………………………………. 8

Refrence …………………………………………...………….. 9

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-: Introduction
Flow meters are used in the industry to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids.
Differential pressure type flow meters ( Head flow meters)measure flow rate by
introducing a constriction in the flow. The pressure difference caused by the
constriction is correlated to the flow rate using Bernoulli's theorem. If a constriction
is placed in a pipe carrying a stream of fuid,there will be an increase in velocity,and
hence an increase in kinetic energy ,at the point of constriction.From an energy
balance as given by Bernoulli’s theorem,there must be a corresponding reduction in
pressure.Rate of discharge from the constriction can be calculated by knowing this
pressure reduction,the area available for flow at the constriction ,the density of the
fluid and the coefficient of discharge Cd. Coefficient of discharge is the ratio of
actual flow to the theoretical flow and makes allowances for stream contraction and
frictional effects. Venturi meter, orifice meter, and Pitot tube are widely used head
flow meters in the industry. The Pitotstatic is often used for measuring the local
velocity in pipes or ducts. For measuring flow in enclosed ducts or channels, the
Venturi meter and orifice meters are more convenient and more frequently used. The
Venturi is widely used particularly for large volume liquid and gas flows since it
exhibits little pressure loss. However, for smaller pipes orifice meter is a suitable
choice. In order to use any of these devices for measurement it is necessary to
empirically calibrate them. That is, pass a known volume through the meter and note
.the reading in order to provide a standard for measuring other quantities

-: Venturi meter
One of the disadvantages of orifice meters is the large irreversible pressure loss
across the orifice, which results in substantial pumping costs in case of large diameter
pipes. However, the same principle can be exploited with only minimal pressure loss
with the use of a Venturi meter. In this case, the meter consists of a section with both
a smooth contraction and a smooth expansion. Because of the smoothness of the
contraction and expansion, the irreversible pressure loss is low. However, in order to
obtain a significant measurable pressure drop, the downstream pressure tap is placed
at the “throat” of the meter; i.e., at the point of the smallest diameter. Venturimeter is
used to measure the rate of flow through a pipe. Venturimeter consists of a
converging portion, throat and a diverging portion. The function of the converging
portion is to increase the velocity of the fluid and temporarily lower its static
pressure. The pressure difference between inlet and throat is developed. This pressure
difference is correlated to the rate of flow. The expression for theoretical flow rate is

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obtained by applying the continuity equation and energy equation at inlet and throat
.section

For measuring discharge we should apply Bernoulli’s equation at point 1 and at point
2.The following treatment is limited to incompressible fluids. Friction is neglected ,
the meter is assumed to be horizontal and there is no pump. If v1 and v2 are the
.average velocities at point 1 and point 2 respectively and ρ is the density of fluid

Theory :-
Venturimeter is the most widely used device to measure the discharge through the
pipe. A venturi is a converging-Diverging nozzle of circular cross-section.
The principle of venturimeter is that when a fluid flows through the venturimeter,  it
accelerates in the convergent section and decelerates in the divergent section,
resulting in a drop in the static pressure followed by a pressure recovery in the flow
direction. By measuring the difference in the pressures at an axial station upstream of
the convergent section and at the throat, the volumetric flow rate can be estimated.
The flow through the venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by

where
Qactual = Actual discharge in m3 /s
Cv =Discharge co-efficient of a venturimeter
A1 =area at the inlet side in m2
A2 =area at the throat side in m2
h =Differential pressure head of liquid in m
g =Acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2)

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Theoretical Fluid Mechanics: Venturi Meter :-
A Venturi Meter is a device that allows flow rates through pipes to be calculated by
measuring the difference in pressure created by a contraction in a pipe.  When the
flow goes through the contraction it must speed up, and so the pressure must drop.
By measuring the two pressures, engineers can directly calculate the velocity of the
fluid.  Knowing the pipe diameter, this velocity can be converted into a flow rate.

Venturi Meters work based on the principles found in Bernoulli's equation.  Here,
Bernoulli's equation is set so each term is in units of length, allowing an engineer to
calculate the "head" on a pipe.  Remember that for a pipe without energy losses, H is
constant

Because H is constant, we can compare Bernoulli's equation at a point before and

during the contraction:

If we can measure the elevation of each pipe segment (or if it does not change), and
the pressure head using a Piezometer (A small tube with an opening flush with the
wall of the pipe), than we have one equation with two unknowns.

If the pipe diameters are known, conservation of mass law, will give us a second

equation allowing us to solve for velocities (or flow rates):

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Why measure Flow?
In many of today's industrial processes, it is essential to measure accurately the rate
of fluid flow within a system as a whole or in part. This applies equally to gases and
liquids (e.g. carbon dioxide, nitrogen, liquors etc.) which are an integral part of the
process, or to compressed air, water or steam which are fundamental to plant
operation. The installation of any flowmeter can be justified in one of two ways:

1. PROCESS CONTROL
Here the flowmeter is used to measure the rate of fluid or energy flow to allow the
process to be controlled and so ensure that the end product is of the required quality.
A common example of this would be in steam injection systems for the animal feeds
industry...too much steam and the product will not pellet...too little steam and the raw
materials will not process and may damage the production machinery.

2. COST ALLOCATION
Where energy is used to provide process or space heating, it is fundamental to know
where the costs associated with the energy are actually being incurred. Flowmetering
allows energy costs to be allocated to a particular product, department or other user
this usually resulting in a significant reduction in total energy costs

Examples :-

Machines

 Cargo eductors on oil product and chemical ship tankers

 Inspirators mix air and flammable gas in grills, gas stoves, Bunsen
burners and airbrushes
 Water aspirators produce a partial vacuum using the kinetic energy from the
faucet water pressure
 Steam siphons use the kinetic energy from the steam pressure to create a partial
vacuum
 Atomizers disperse perfume or spray paint (i.e. from a spray gun)
 Carburetors use the effect to suck gasoline into an engine's intake air stream
 Cylinder head in piston engine have multiple Venturi areas like the valve seat
and the port entrance.
 Wine aerators infuse air into wine as it is poured into a glass
 Protein skimmers filter saltwater aquaria

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 Automated pool cleaners use pressure-side water flow to collect sediment and
debris
 Clarinets use a reverse taper to speed the air down the tube, enabling better
tone, response and intonation[5]
 The leadpipe of a trombone, affecting the timbre
 Industrial vacuum cleaners use compressed air
 Venturi scrubbers are used to clean flue gas emissions
 Injectors (also called ejectors) are used to add chlorine gas to water
treatment chlorination systems
 Steam injectors use the Venturi effect and the latent heat of evaporation to
deliver feed water to a steam locomotive boiler.
 Sandblasting nozzles accelerate and air and media mixture.
 Bilge water can be emptied from a moving boat through a small waste gate in
the hull. The air pressure inside the moving boat is greater than the water sliding
by beneath.
 A scuba diving regulator is used to assist the flow of air once it starts flowing
 In recoilless rifles to decrease the recoil of firing
 The diffuser on an automobile
 Race cars utilising ground effect to increase downforce and thus become
capable of higher cornering speeds.
 Foam proportioners used to induct fire fighting foam concentrate into fire
protection systems
 Trompe air compressors entrain air into a falling column of water
 The bolts in some brands of paintball markers.

In nature

 Aortic insufficiency is a chronic heart condition that occurs when the aortic

valve's initial large stroke volume is released and the Venturi effect draws the
walls together, which obstructs blood flow
 Hawa Mahal of Jaipur, also utilizes the Venturi effect, by allowing cool air to
pass through, thus making the whole area more pleasant during the high
temperatures in summer.
 Large cities where wind is forced between buildings - the gap between the
Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center was an extreme example of the
phenomenon, which made the ground level plaza notoriously windswept.[6] In fact,
some gusts were so high that pedestrian travel had to be aided by ropes.[7]
 In windy mountain passes, resulting in erroneous pressure altimeter readings[8]
 The Mistral wind in southern France increases in speed through the Rhone
valley.

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 Low-speed wind tunnels can be considered very large Venturi because they
take advantage of the Venturi effect to increase velocity and decrease pressure to
simulate expected flight conditions.
Refrence :-

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328924481_Venturi_Meter

https://www.chegg.com/homework-help/questions-and-answers/venturi-meter-used-measure-flow-
speed-fluid-pipe-u-tube-manometer-connected-two-sections-p-q16011565

http://www.uobabylon.edu.iq/eprints/publication_12_28445_1691.pdf

http://vlab.amrita.edu/?
sub=62&brch=176&sim=1636&cnt=1&fbclid=IwAR0mKzAkn2u2S1DQJAa_IMo3KP2gRYgKoXD-SBzzY-
eVn7T0INOj4gfOq6c

http://www.wermac.org/specials/venturiflowmeter.html?fbclid=IwAR3AiU6B9TTMz5m-
sXIejbHNI5BydXNvJGJHnZfYXAdX80vlvUOFvnKDkak

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venturi_effect