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    Name: Mustafa Khader Abdel Abbas. Stage: (Morning) .: Biodisel Processing and Production

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    مصطفى الجبوري
    This document discusses biodiesel processing and production methods. It describes that biodiesel is produced through a chemical reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol. This produces compounds called methyl esters, which are known as biodiesel. The document then summarizes two common biodiesel production methods - the supercritical methanol process and the hybrid-T biodiesel process. The supercritical process uses supercritical methanol and does not require a catalyst. The hybrid process combines a conventional transesterification step and a supercritical esterification step to produce biodiesel from oils with fatty acid content up to 20%. Both methods aim to provide more efficient biodiesel production compared to conventional methods.

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    Name: Mustafa Khader Abdel Abbas. Stage: (Morning) .: Biodisel Processing and Production

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    مصطفى الجبوري
    38 views10 pages
    This document discusses biodiesel processing and production methods. It describes that biodiesel is produced through a chemical reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol. This produces compounds called methyl esters, which are known as biodiesel. The document then summarizes two common biodiesel production methods - the supercritical methanol process and the hybrid-T biodiesel process. The supercritical process uses supercritical methanol and does not require a catalyst. The hybrid process combines a conventional transesterification step and a supercritical esterification step to produce biodiesel from oils with fatty acid content up to 20%. Both methods aim to provide more efficient biodiesel production compared to conventional methods.

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    This document discusses biodiesel processing and production methods. It describes that biodiesel is produced through a chemical reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol. This produces compounds called methyl esters, which are known as biodiesel. The document then summarizes two common biodiesel production methods - the supercritical methanol process and the hybrid-T biodiesel process. The supercritical process uses supercritical methanol and does not require a catalyst. The hybrid process combines a conventional transesterification step and a supercritical esterification step to produce biodiesel from oils with fatty acid content up to 20%. Both methods aim to provide more efficient biodiesel production compared to conventional methods.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views10 pages

    Name: Mustafa Khader Abdel Abbas. Stage: (Morning) .: Biodisel Processing and Production

    Uploaded by

    مصطفى الجبوري
    This document discusses biodiesel processing and production methods. It describes that biodiesel is produced through a chemical reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats with an alcohol such as methanol. This produces compounds called methyl esters, which are known as biodiesel. The document then summarizes two common biodiesel production methods - the supercritical methanol process and the hybrid-T biodiesel process. The supercritical process uses supercritical methanol and does not require a catalyst. The hybrid process combines a conventional transesterification step and a supercritical esterification step to produce biodiesel from oils with fatty acid content up to 20%. Both methods aim to provide more efficient biodiesel production compared to conventional methods.

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    of 10

    Name: Mustafa Khader Abdel Abbas.

    Energy Department
    Stage: 4th (morning).

    Biodisel Processing and Production

    Supervisor
    Asst.lecture: Ethar Aqeel
    .Introduction
    Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is produced
    by chemically reacting a vegetable oil or animal fat with an
    alcohol such as methanol. The reaction requires a catalyst, usually
    a strong base, such as sodium or potassium hydroxide, and
    produces new chemical compounds called methyl esters. It is these
    esters that have come to be known as biodiesel. Because its
    primary feedstock is a vegetable oil or animal fat, biodiesel is
    generally considered to be renewable. Since the carbon in the oil
    or fat originated mostly from carbon dioxide in the air, biodiesel is
    considered to contribute much less to global warming than fossil
    fuels. Diesel engines operated on biodiesel have lower emissions
    of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, particulate matter,
    and air toxics than when operated on petroleum-based diesel fuel.
    The objective of this paper is to describe the processing and
    production of biodiesel. The emphasis will be on processing as it
    is conducted in the United States, where most biodiesel is
    produced by reacting soybean oil or used
    Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production.
    The raw materials for biodiesel production are vegetable
    oils, animal fats and short chain alcohols. The oils most
    used for worldwide biodiesel production are rapeseed
    (mainly in the European Union countries), soybean
    (Argentina and the United States of America), palm (Asian
    and Central American countries) and sunflower, although
    other oils are also used, including peanut, linseed,
    safflower, used vegetable oils, and also animal fats.
    Methanol is the most frequently used alcohol although
    ethanol can also be used. Since cost is the main concern in
    biodiesel production and trading (mainly due to oil prices),
    the use of non-edible vegetable oils has been studied for
    several years with good results Besides its lower cost,
    another undeniable advantage of non-edible oils for
    biodiesel production lies in the fact that no foodstuffs are
    spent to produce fuel [4]. These and other reasons have led
    to medium- and large-scale biodiesel production trials in
    several countries, using non-edible oils such as castor oil,
    tung, cotton, jojoba and jatropha. Animal fats are also an
    interesting option, especially in countries with plenty of
    livestock resources, although it is necessary to carry out
    preliminary treatment since they are solid; furthermore,
    highly acidic grease from cattle, pork, poultry, and fish can
    be used. Microalgae appear to be a very important
    alternative for future biodiesel production due to their very
    high oil yield; however, it must be taken into account that
    only some species are useful for biofuel production.
    Although the properties of oils and fats used as raw
    materials may differ, the properties of biodiesel must be the
    same, complying with the requirements set by international

    standards.
    Treatment of Raw Materials.
    The content of free fatty acids, water and non-degradable
    substances is key Parameters to achieve high conversion
    efficiency in esterification reaction. The use of essential catalysts
    in triglycerides with a high percentage of free fatty acids Not
    recommended [18], as part of the latter reacts with the catalyst to
    form soap. in a As a result, part of the catalyst is spent, and is no
    longer available for Esterification. In short, the efficiency of the
    reaction is diminished with Increase the acidity of the oil. Basic
    independence is applicable if it is content Free fatty acids (FFAs)
    are less than 2%. In the case of highly acidic raw materials.
    (animal fats from cattle, poultry, pork; vegetable oils from cotton,
    coconut, most used oils, etc.) an acid transesterification [19] is
    necessary as a preliminary stage, to reduce the level of FFAs to
    the above-mentioned value. Besides having low humidity and acid
    content, it is important that the oil presents a low level of non-
    saponificable substances. If the latter were to be present in
    significant amounts and soluble in biodiesel, it would reduce the
    level of esters in the product, making it difficult to comply with
    the minimum ester content required by the standards. The AOCS
    standards [20] list the required properties of oils. Anyway, the
    properties required by the oils are finally determined by the
    biodiesel industry in each country. For instance, in Argentina the
    oils for biodiesel production usually have: • Acidity level \0.1 mg
    KOH/g • Humidity \500 ppm • Peroxide index\10 meq/kg • Non-
    saponificable substances \1%
    biodiesel processing and production
    1-Supercritical Methanol Process.
    RPS offers Biodiesel Production Process through Supercritical
    method. The Supercritical Biodiesel Production Process is the
    third generation technology that does not require any catalyst
    whatsoever to convert Feedstocks (Oils & Fats) with a wide range
    of Fatty Acid range between 0 to 100 percent to Methyl Esters and
    high-quality Glycerin. This production method has simplified
    operations compared to a conventional production process (such
    as esterification, glycerolysis, enzymatic and transesterification
    production methods) and involves minimal monitoring. The
    overall processing cost compared to a traditional production
    process is reduced by 30 percent including the carbon footprint.
    RPS has built to date two Supercritical Biodiesel Production
    facilities and are the largest facilities in the world. We have the
    exclusive rights to the Patents related Supercritical Biodiesel
    Production Process. The future of renewable fuels such as
    Biodiesel and its intrinsic value is dependent on energy efficient
    processing method and processing capability of low-value
    feedstocks. The Supercritical Biodiesel Production Process fits
    very well in the above criteria.
     

    Supercritical Process Advantages.


    1. Process can handle Oils & Fats with Fatty Acid up to 100
    percent.
    2. No use of Acid or Base Catalyst whatsoever.
    3. Processing cost far below Conventional Process.
    4. No Soaps, No Salts and No Side Products formed during the
    process.
    5. Glycerin Purity greater than 95 percent and sold as
    Technical Grade.
    6. Hands free operation with low maintenance and no
    downtime.
    7.
    F

    inished Biodiesel exceeds ASTM-6751 Standards.


    2-Hybrid.T Biodiesel Process.
    RPS introduces Hybrid.T Biodiesel Production Process to convert
    oils & fats with a fatty acid range between 0 – 20 percent to high-
    quality Methyl Esters (Biodiesel). The Hybrid.T process combines
    the advantages of both Supercritical and Conventional
    Transesterification processes, and it is the most efficient method to
    produce Biodiesel compared to the existing Biodiesel production
    technologies. The filtered and degummed feedstock is stripped of
    fatty acids to produce low fatty acid feedstock and converted to
    Methyl Esters through Conventional Transesterification step with
    very low base catalyst consumption. The stripped high fatty acid
    feedstock is converted to Methyl Esters using the Supercritical
    Esterification step without acid catalyst whatsoever. The Methyl
    Esters produced through both Transesterification and Supercritical
    steps are blended to be washed and distilled to 98 percent yield
    Biodiesel. The total Methanol used in the process is far below a
    conventional method which helps reduce methanol recovery and
    distillation cost. There is no salt formation in the process, due to
    no use of an acid catalyst. The glycerin quality is quite superior
    and exceeds 95 percent purity. The overall processing cost to
    produce Biodiesel is the lowest in the industry.
    Hybrid.T Process Advantages.
    1. Process can handle Oils & Fats up to 20% FFA.
    2. Methanol usage 1/4th compared to Acid Esterification.
    3. SMO usage 1/4th compared to Conventional Process.
    4. No use of catalyst in Supercritical step whatsoever.
    5. 98% by weight Biodiesel production yield.
    6. Lowest processing cost in the Industry.
    7. No salt deposits with low maintenance.
    8. Distilled Biodiesel that exceeds ASTM-6751 standards.
    9. Smaller footprint, delivered within 8 to 10 months.

    Conclusions.
    Biodiesel is an important new alternative transportation fuel. It can
    be produced from many vegetable oil or animal fat feedstocks.
    Conventional processing involves an alkalicatalyzed process, but
    this is unsatisfactory for lower cost high free fatty acid feedstocks
    due to soap formation. Pretreatment processes using strong acid
    catalysts have been shown to provide good conversion yields and
    high-quality final products. These techniques have even been
    extended to allow biodiesel production from feedstocks like
    soapstock that are often considered to be waste.

    References.
    1-G.B. Bradshaw, New soap process, Soap, 18, May (1942) 23–24, 69–70.
    2-G.B. Bradshaw, W.C. Meuly, Process of making pure soaps. U.S. Patent
    No. 2,271,619 (1942).
    3-G.B. Bradshaw, W.C. Meuly, Preparation of detergents, U.S. Patent No.
    2,360,844 (1944

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