(Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.

CHAPTER 3: DERIVATIVES
SECTION 3.1: DERIVATIVES, TANGENT LINES, and
RATES OF CHANGE
1) a)

( )
f 3.1 − f 3 ( ) ; this is f (3 + h) − f (3) with h = 0.1 30.5
3.1 − 3 h
(
f 3.01 − f 3) ( ) ; this is (
f 3+ h − f 3) ( ) with h = 0.01 30.05
3.01 − 3 h
(
f 3.001 − f 3 ) ( ) ; this is ( f 3+ h − f 3) ( ) with h = 0.001 30.005
3.001 − 3 h

( )
f 2.9 − f 3 ( ) ; this is f (3 + h) − f (3) with h = − 0.1 29.5
2.9 − 3 h
(
f 2.99 − f 3) ( ) ; this is (
f 3+ h − f 3) ( ) with h = − 0.01 29.95
2.99 − 3 h
(
f 2.999 − f 3 ) ( ) ; this is ( f 3+ h − f 3) ( ) with h = − 0.001 29.995
2.999 − 3 h

b) No

c) 30

3
()
2) a) f ′ a = . Hint: Rationalize the numerator of the difference quotient.
2 3a − 2

3 3 23
b) Point-Slope Form: y − 5 =
10
( )
x − 9 , Slope-Intercept Form: y =
10
x+
10

10 10
c) Point-Slope Form: y − 5 = −
3
( )
x − 9 , Slope-Intercept Form: y = − x + 35
3

cm cm cm
3) a) i. − 4.3 , ii. − 4.03 ; b) − 4
sec sec sec
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.2

SECTION 3.2: DERIVATIVE FUNCTIONS and

DIFFERENTIABILITY
1 1
−
( ) ( ) = ( x + h)
2
f x+h − f x x2 2
1) Hint:
h h
()
; f′ x =−
x3
(
r x+h −r x ) ( ) = (x 4
)
+ 4x 3 h + 6x 2 h2 + 4xh3 + h4 − x 4
2) Hint:
h h
()
; r ′ x = 4x 3

2 2
()
3) f ′ x =
6 6
()
′′ = − − ′′′ =
8
() 8

( )
, or , f x , or , f x , or ,
x1/3 3
x x 4/3 3 4
x 3x 7 /3 3 3 x7
56 56
()
f ( ) x = − 10/3 , or −
4

9x 9 3 x10 ( )
4) 0
()
5) a) v t = 20t 4
b) v (1) = 20 mph , v ( 2 ) = 320 mph , v ( − 4.7 ) = 9759.362 mph ; mph = miles per hour
c) a ( t ) = 80t 3
mi mi mi
()
d) a 1 = 80
hr 2
, a ( 2 ) = 640 2 , a ( − 4.7 ) = −8305.84 2
hr hr
6) a) Yes; b) No; c) No; d) No (observe that p is discontinuous at −1 ); e) No; f) Yes
7) a) Yes, there is a vertical tangent line; a cusp
b) Yes, there is a vertical tangent line; neither a corner nor a cusp
c) No, there is not a vertical tangent line; a corner
8)
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.3

SECTION 3.3: TECHNIQUES OF DIFFERENTIATION

(
g w+ h − g w ⎢ ) ( ) (
⎥⎦ ⎣ ) (
⎡3 w + h 2 − 5 w + h + 4 ⎤ − ⎡3w2 − 5w + 4 ⎤
⎦ )
1) Hint: =⎣ ;
h h
( )
g ′ w = 6w − 5

6 1 1 6 1 1
2) a) 15x 2 + − + 2
+ − +
( )
, or 15x
x 3 2x 3/ 2 18x 2/3 x 3 2 x 3 18 3 x 2

13 13
b) , or
(5 − t ) (t − 5)
2 2

c) 4z 3 − 16z ; this can be factored as 4z z + 2 z − 2 . ( )( )

( )(
d) 2w − 3 w3 − 2 + w2 − 3w + 1 3w2 ) ( )( )
1 5
e) i. − (Hint: First, reexpress using algebra.),
x 3 2x 2
2 − 5x 1 5
ii. , which is equivalent to − .
2x 3 x 3 2x 2

f) −
(
4 3 + 4x ) , which could be “simplified” to −
4 3 + 4x( ) ;
(3x + 2x ) (3 + 2x )
2 2
2 2
x
ask your instructor if s/he has a preference.
g) 18x
6
h) −
(3x + 1)
3

3) a) v ( t ) = 12t + 30t − 182

ft ft
b) v (1) = 24 , v ( 2 ) = 90
ft
, v ( − 4.7 ) = 106.08
min min min
c) a ( t ) = 24t + 30
ft ft ft
()
d) a 1 = 54
min 2
, a 2 = ()
78
min 2
, a − (
4.7 = )
−82.8
min 2
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.4
1 1
4) a) Point-Slope Form: y − 1 = −
2
( )
x − 2 , Slope-Intercept Form: y = − x + 2
2

( )
b) Point-Slope Form: y − 1 = 2 x − 2 , Slope-Intercept Form: y = 2x − 3

() () () ( ( ) ( ) ( ))
5) Hint: Dx ⎡⎣ f x g x h x ⎤⎦ = Dx ⎡⎣ f x g x ⎤⎦ h x .

() ()
2
6) 3 ⎡⎣ f x ⎤⎦ f ′ x . Hint: Assume that f, g, and h are equivalent functions.

⎛ 1 73 ⎞
7) a) ⎜ − , ⎟ and 2, − 5
⎝ 3 54 ⎠
( )
⎛ 5⎞
b) Point-Slope Form: y − ⎜ −
⎝ ⎟
2⎠
( )
= − 4 x − 1 , Slope-Intercept Form: y = − 4x +
3
2
⎛ 5⎞ 1
( ) 1
c) Point-Slope Form: y − ⎜ − ⎟ = x − 1 , Slope-Intercept Form: y = x −
⎝ 2⎠ 4 4
11
4
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 4 85 ⎞
d) ⎜ 3, − ⎟ and ⎜ − , − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3 27 ⎠

( ) ( )
8) a) 10, 200 and −10, 200 . Hint: Find the point(s) a, f a ( ( )) on the flight path
where the slope of the tangent line there equals the slope of the line
connecting the point and the target.

( )
b) − 2, 104 and 50, 2600 ( )
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.5

SECTION 3.4: DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
1
1) a)
4

b)
5
. Hint: lim
( )
sin 5x
= 1.
3 x→0 5x
c) 1000
d) 0. Hint: Factor the numerator.

(
2) a) 5x 4 cos x − x 5 sin x , or x 4 5cos x − x sin x )
1
b)
1 + cos w

( )( ) ( )(
c) csc 2 r − csc r cot r , or csc r csc r − cot r )
( )( )
d) 7 sec α tan α + 8α

(
e) 2θ tan θ + θ 2 sec 2 θ , or θ 2 tan θ + θ sec 2 θ )
⎧ π ⎫
( )
f) 0, Dom k ′ = ⎨ β ∈ β ≠ + π n
⎪⎩ 2
( n ∈)⎬⎪
⎭

⎧ π 3π ⎫
3) ⎨ x ∈ x = + 2π n, or x =
4 4
+ 2π n ( n ∈)⎬⎪
⎩⎪ ⎭

4) a) { x ∈ x = π n ( n ∈)}
⎧ 4π 5π ⎫
b) ⎨ x ∈ x =
⎪⎩ 3
+ 2π n, or x =
3
+ 2π n ( n ∈)⎬⎪
⎭
c) Tangent line: y = 3 , Normal line: x = 0
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.6

5) Tangent line:
⎛ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎞
Point-Slope Form: y − 2 = 3 ⎜ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ,
⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
9π + 8
Slope-Intercept Form: y = 3x + ;
4
Normal line:
1⎛ ⎛ 3π ⎞ ⎞
Point-Slope Form: y − 2 = − ⎜ x − ⎜ − ⎟ ⎟ ,
3⎝ ⎝ 4 ⎠⎠
1 8 −π
Slope-Intercept Form: y = − x +
3 4

⎧ π 2π π ⎫
6) Most efficiently: ⎨ x ∈ x = +
⎪⎩ 2 3 2
(
n, or x = − + 2π n n ∈ ⎬ .
⎪⎭
)
⎧ π π 7π ⎫
Equivalently, ⎨ x ∈ x = + π n, or x = − + 2π n, or x =
⎪⎩ 2 6 6
+ 2π n n ∈ ( )⎬⎪ .
⎭
Hint 1: Use a Double-Angle ID.
( )(
Hint 2: sin 2 x = sin x sin x .)
⎛ cos x ⎞
( )
7) Hint: Dx cot x = Dx ⎜
⎝ sin x ⎟⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
( )
8) Hint: Dx csc x = Dx ⎜
⎝ sin x ⎟⎠

SECTION 3.5: DIFFERENTIALS and

LINEARIZATION OF FUNCTIONS
1) 1.9975

2) −161.56

2 3 π 120 3 + π
3) + = ≈ 1.172
3 180 180
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.7

SECTION 3.6: CHAIN RULE

( ) ( 2x − 3) , or 3( 2x − 3)( x )
2 2
1) a) 3 x 2 − 3x + 8 2
− 3x + 8

10m
b) −
(m )
6
2
+4
5 5 5
⎛ 2 1⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 2 1 ⎞ ⎛ x 4 + 1⎞ ⎛ x 4 − 1⎞
c) 6 ⎜ x − 2 ⎟ ⎜ 2x + 3 ⎟ , or 12 ⎜ x + 3 ⎟ ⎜ x − 2 ⎟ , or 12 ⎜ 3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 ⎟ , or
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠⎝ x ⎠

( )( )
5
12 x 4 + 1 x 4 − 1
x13
d) 18 ⎡⎣ tan 2 ( 6t ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣sec 2 ( 6t ) ⎤⎦

e) 3x 2 sin 2 ( 2x ) + 4x 3 ⎡⎣sin ( 2x ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣cos ( 2x ) ⎤⎦ , or

⎡ x 2 sin ( 2x ) ⎤ ⎡⎣3sin ( 2x ) + 4x cos ( 2x ) ⎤⎦ , or 3x 2 sin 2 ( 2x ) + 2x 3 sin ( 4x ) , or
⎣ ⎦
x ⎡⎣3sin ( 2x ) + 2x sin ( 4x ) ⎤⎦
2 2

f)
8t 2
, or
8t 2
, or
8t 2 ( 8t + 27 )
3 3

( ) (8t ) 8t 3 + 27
2/3 2
8t + 27
3
3 3
+ 27

( )
6
(
g) 7 ⎡⎣π − 6θ 5 + csc 5θ ⎤⎦ − 30θ 4 − 5 ⎡⎣csc 5θ ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣cot 5θ ⎤⎦ , or ( ) ( ))
− 35 ⎡⎣π − 6θ 5 + csc (5θ ) ⎤⎦ 6θ 4
6
( + ⎡⎣csc (5θ ) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣cot (5θ ) ⎤⎦ )

h) 2 ⎡⎣sec ( 2w) ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ tan ( 2w) ⎤⎦ + 2sec 2 ( 2w) , or ⎡⎣ 2sec 2w ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ tan 2w + sec 2w ⎤⎦ ( ) ( ) ( )

i) Same as h).

j) −
sin ( φ) −
, or −
⎡
1 ⎢ sin φ sin φ
+ sin φ
( ) ( )
⎤
sec φ ⎥ , or
2 φ 2 cos φ 2⎢ φ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

−
⎡
φ ⎢ sin φ + sin φ φ sec φ ⎥ ( )
⎤ ( )
2 ⎢ φ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.8

( ) (8x ) ( ) (8x )
2 4 3 3
k) 18 6x − 7 2
+ 9 + 64x 6x − 7 2
+ 9 , which factors and simplifies as

( )( ) (8x )
2 3
2 264x 2 − 224x + 81 6x − 7 2
+ 9 . By the Test for Factorability from
Section 0.7 in the Precalculus notes, the discriminant of 264x 2 − 224x + 81 ( )
is not a perfect square, so it cannot be factored further over the integers.

l)
(
x x 2 − 3 3x 2 + 23 )( ) , or x ( x 2
)(
− 3 3x 2 + 23 ) , or x ( x − 3)(3x
2 2
+ 23 ) , or
(x 2
+5 )
3/ 2

(x 2
+5 )
3
( x + 5) x
2 2
+5

x(x 2
− 3) ( 3x + 23) 2
x2 + 5

( x + 5)
2
2

6
2) −
(3x + 1)
3

() ()
2
3) 3 ⎡⎣ f x ⎤⎦ f ′ x , just like in Section 3.3, Exercise 4.

⎧ π 2π π ⎫
4) Most efficiently: ⎨ x ∈ x = +
⎪⎩ 2 3
n, or x = − + 2π n n ∈ ⎬ .
2 ⎪⎭
( )
⎧ π π 7π ⎫
Equivalently, ⎨ x ∈ x = + π n, or x = − + 2π n, or x =
2 6 6
+ 2π n n ∈ ⎬ , ( )
⎩⎪ ⎭⎪
just like in Section 3.4, Exercise 6.
5) 42

( )
6) a) Dx ⎡ x 3 ⎤ = Dx ⎡⎣ x15 ⎤⎦ = 15x14
5

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

( )
b) Dx ⎡ x 3 ⎤ = 5 x 3 3x 2 = 15x14 ( )( )
5 4

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
dy dy du
( )( ) ( )
4
c) = = 5u 4 3x 2 = 15x 2 u 4 = 15x 2 x 3 = 15x14
dx du dx
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.9

⎛ 1 ⎞
7) a) Dx ⎜ 2 = −
Dx x 2 + 1
=
(
−
2x )
⎝ x + 1⎟⎠
( ) ( )
2 2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
⎛ 1 ⎞
b) Dx ⎜ 2
⎝ x + 1⎟⎠
= D ( ) (
⎡ x 2 + 1 −1 ⎤ = − x 2 + 1 − 2 2x = −
) ( )
2x
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
( )
x 2
x2 + 1
dy dy du ⎛ 1 ⎞ 2x 2x
c) = = ⎜ − 2 ⎟ 2x = − 2 = − ( )
dx du dx ⎝ u ⎠
( )
2
u x2 + 1

8) Hints: How are slopes of perpendicular lines (or line segments) related?

(
Dx a 2 − x 2 = −) x
a −x
2 2
. Horizontal and vertical tangent lines correspond to

special cases.
⎛π ⎞
9) Hint: You will need the Cofunction Identities again: sec ⎜ − x ⎟ = csc x and
⎝2 ⎠
⎛π ⎞
tan ⎜ − x ⎟ = cot x .
⎝2 ⎠

10) a) 2 cos ( 2x )

( )
b) Dx ⎡⎣sin ( 2x ) ⎤⎦ = Dx ⎡⎣ 2 ( sin x ) ( cos x ) ⎤⎦ = ... = 2 cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 2 cos ( 2x )

c) The range of Dx ⎡⎣sin ( 2x ) ⎤⎦ is [ − 2, 2 ] . The range of Dx ( sin x ) is [ −1, 1] .

This tells us, among other things, that the steepest tangent lines to the graph of
y = sin ( 2x ) are twice as steep as the steepest tangent lines to the graph of
y = sin x . More incisively, the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
y = sin ( 2x ) at x = a is twice the slope of the tangent line to the graph of
y = sin x at x = 2a , where a is any real value.
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.10

SECTION 3.7: IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION

dy y2
1) a) =−
dx 2xy + 1

⎛ 1⎞ 2
b) ⎜ ⎟ ( 2 ) + ( 2 ) = 4
⎝ 2⎠

4
c) −
3
4⎛ 1⎞ 4 8
d) Point-Slope Form: y − 2 = − ⎜⎝ x − ⎟⎠ , Slope-Intercept Form: y = − x +
3 2 3 3

dy 2 y − 10x − 9x 2 y 4
2) a) =
(
dx 2 6x 3 y 3 − x − 4 y )
() ( ) ( ) ( ) ( −1) ( )
2 3 4 2
b) 5 2 − 2 2 −1 + 3 2 − 4 −1 = 44

29
c)
46
29 29 52
d) Point-Slope Form: y − −1 = ( ) 46
( )
x − 2 , Slope-Intercept Form: y =
46
x−
23

dy 2 y cos y
=
( y)
3) a)
dx 2x y sin y − cos

b) sin ( 0 ) + 3cos 0 = 3
c) 0

4) Hints: Consider the equation x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , where a > 0 . How are slopes of

perpendicular lines (or line segments) related? Horizontal and vertical tangent lines
correspond to special cases.
 (Answers to Exercises for Chapter 3: Derivatives) A.3.11.

SECTION 3.8: RELATED RATES

24
1) −
17
cm 1.754
2) The radius is increasing at about 0.07458 . Note: ≈ 0.07458 .
sec ( )
2
4π 1.368

ft 5 21 ft
3) The top of the ladder is sliding down at about 5.728 . Exact: .
min 4 min

in 98 745 in
4) The distance is increasing at about 3.59 . Exact: .
min 745 min
in 3
5) The volume is decreasing at 4 .
min
1 cm
6) The base radius is shrinking at .
4000π hr
ohm 37 ohm
7) The total resistance is increasing at about 0.007551 . Exact: .
sec 4900 sec
12
Hint: From the given equation, R = ohms at that moment.
7
ft
8) The plane’s speed is about 2303.8 , or about 1570.8 mph.
sec
2200π ft
Exact: , or 500π mph.
3 sec