Differentiation and its application

2.1 Differentiability of a function

Let f ( x ) be defined on an open interval I and x0  I . It is said to be differentiable at x0 if

f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
lim
x →0 x

f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
exists that means left hand derivative Lf ( x0 ) = lim is equal to
x →0 − x
f ( x0 + x ) − f ( x0 )
right hand derivative Rf  ( x0 ) = lim .
x →0 + x

P(x0 , y0)
P

Q y
Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)

x
O x0+∆x x0

Fig-1: ( left hand derivative )

y
Q Q(x0+∆x, y0+∆y)
P
y
P(x0 , y0)

x
O x0 x0+∆x
Fig-2: ( right hand derivative )

Note: Every differentiable function is continuous but reverse is not always true.

5 x − 1, x 1
Example 1: Discuss the differentiability of f ( x ) =  at x = 1.
3 x + x 2
, x  1
Solution: Differentiability at x = 1.

Page 1 of 18
Consider the left-hand derivative
f (1 + x ) − f (1) 5 (1 + x ) − 1 − 4 5x
Lf  (1) = lim− = lim− = lim− =5
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x

and the right-hand derivative

f (1 + x ) − f (1) 3 (1 + x ) + (1 + x ) − 4 5x + ( x )
2 2

Rf (1) = lim+
 = lim+ = lim+ =5
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
Here Lf  (1) = Rf  (1) and hence f ( x ) is differentiable at x = 1.

2.2 Derivative of a function

Let f ( x ) be defined on an open interval I and is differentiable at each point x  I ,we simply
say it is differentiable and the resulting function denoted by f  ( x ) is called the derivative of
f ( x) .
If y = f ( x ) is differentiable at the point x 0 , we simply say it is differentiable and the resulting
function denoted by f  ( x0 ) is called the derivative of f ( x ) at x 0 and gives the slope of the
tangent line to f ( x ) at ( x0 , f ( x0 ) ) . Thus
y f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
f  ( x0 ) = lim = lim .
x →0 x x → x0 x − x0

Fig-3:Right derivative of y = f ( x ) (Ref: Calculus-Anton)

The gradient (or slope) of the tangent at ( x0 , f ( x0 ) ) is given by f  ( x0 ) .

The equation of the tangent line through the point ( x0 , y0 ) is y − y0 = f  ( x0 )( x − x0 ) .
The equation of the normal line at ( x0 , y0 ) is
−1
y − y0 = ( x − x0 ) , provided f  ( x0 )  0.
f  ( x0 )
The graphical representation of tangent and normal lines are given through an example.
2.3 Derivatives of Elementary Functions
d p
x = px p −1 , for any rational number p.
dx
Proof by using the definition of differentiation: Let f ( x) = x p , so

Page 2 of 18
 f ( x + x ) − f ( x ) ( x + x ) x p (1 + xx ) − x p
p p
− xp
lim = lim = lim [using binomial
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x
expansion]

x p 1 + p xx +
p ( p −1)
( xx ) +   − x p
2

= lim  2!

x →0 x
p ( p −1) p ( p −1)( p − 2 )
= lim  px p −1 + x p − 2 ( x ) + x p −3 ( x ) +  
2

x →0  
2! 3!

= px p −1 .
For the process of differentiations we need to know the formula of derivatives of some basic
functions which are given bellow:

d
dx
(c ) = 0 , c is constant d x
dx
( )
e = ex
d
dx
(ln x ) = 1 , x  0
x

d
(sin x ) = cos x d
(cos x ) = − sin x d
au( x )  bv( x ) = a du  b dv
dx dx dx dx dx

Example 2:(i)If f ( x ) = 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 9 , then f  ( x ) = ( 6 )( 3) x 2 + 5 ( 2 ) x + 0 = 18 x 2 + 10 x.

3 x
(ii)If f ( x ) = x + 2sin x − 3ln x + e x then f  ( x ) = 1 + 2 cos x −
+e .
x
Example 3: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y = x 2 at (1,1) .

dy dy
Solution: = 2 x . When x = 1 , =2
dx dx
Equation of tangent line at the point (1, 1)
is
y − 1 = 2 ( x − 1)
Or, 2x − y =1
Equation of normal line at the point (1, 1) is
−1
y −1 = ( x − 1)
2
Or, x + 2y = 3

Example 4: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y = sin 2 x at
 
 ,0 .
2 

Page 3 of 18
 dy 
Solution: = 2 cos 2 x . When x = ,
dx 2
dy
= −2.
dx

 
Equation of tangent line at the point  , 0 
2 
 
is: y − 0 = −2  x − 
 2

Or, 2x+ y =
 
Equation of normal line at the point  , 0 
2 
1 
is: y−0 = x− 
2 2

Or, x − 2y = .
2

Example 5: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y = exp ( x) at

the point where x = 0 .

Solution: At x = 0 , y = exp (0) = 1 .

dy
Now, = exp ( x ) . When x = 0 ,
dx
dy
=1
dx
Equation of tangent line at the point (0, 1)
is
y − 1 = 1( x − 0)
Or, y = x +1
Equation of normal line at the point (0, 1)
is
1
y − 1 = − ( x − 0)
1
Or, y = −x + 1.

Example 6: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y = ln x at

Page 4 of 18
 the point where x = 1 .

Solution: At x = 1 , y = ln1 = 0 .

dy 1
Now, = . When x = 1 ,
dx x
dy
=1
dx
Equation of tangent line at the point (1,0)
is
y − 0 = 1( x − 1)
Or, y = x −1
Equation of normal line at the point (1, 0)
is
1
y − 0 = − ( x − 1)
1
Or, y = −x + 1.

Example 7:

Page 5 of 18
Exercise 2.1
1. Differentiate the following functions:
5 1
, 6x , x + , ( 2 x + 3) , 3 x + ln x, x 4 + 5sin 2 x, exp ( 4 x ) , exp ( 2 x ) + sin x .
2
4
x x
2. The slope of the curve y = x3 − 2 x + 20 at (1,1) is equal to the slope of the curve
y = 8 x − 2 x 2 at ( a, b ) . Find the values of a and b. Ans: a = 2, b =8.
3. The graph of the equation y = qx3 + x2 − 5x + 3 has a slope of 3 at the point where
x = 1 .Find the value of 𝑞. Ans: q = 2 .
4 .Find the coordinates of the point on the graph of y = 3x2 − 2 x at which tangent line is
parallel to the line y = 10 x .Ans: ( 2,8 ) .
5. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.

(i) y = 2 x 2 +1 at x = 1 (ii) y = x − x at x = 4 (iii) y = sin x at x =
4
(iv) y = ln 2 x at x = 1 (v) y = ln x at x = e .
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:
(i) 4 x − y − 1 = 0 , 𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 13 = 0 (ii) 3x − 4 y − 4 = 0 , 4x + 3y − 22 = 0
1 1   1  
(iii) y − = x− , y − = − 2x− 
2 2 4 2  4
(iv) x − y + (ln 2 −1) = 0 , x + y − (ln 2 + 1) = 0 (v) x − ey = 0 , 𝑥𝑒 + 𝑦 − (1 + 𝑒) = 0

2.4 Derivative of function of a function (composite function) (chain rule)

Page 6 of 18
Suppose that y is a function of u and that u is a function x . Now suppose that a small change
x in the variable x gives rise to small changes y and u in the variables y and u
respectively.
y y u
=
x u x
Assuming that, limit of the product in equal the product of the limits of its function, we get,

y y u dy dy du
lim = lim lim This leads to = .
x →0 x u →0 u x →0 x dx du dx

This is commonly known as chain rule of differentiation.

Example 8:

( )
dy −2
(i) Find where y = x 2 + 5 .
dx
( )
−2
Solution: y = x 2 + 5 . Let, u = x 2 + 5 , then y = u −2 .
−4 x
( ) (2x) =
dy dy du −3
Now, = = −2u −3 ( 2 x ) = −2 x 2 + 5 .
(x )
3
dx du dx 2
+5
dy
(ii) Find where y = sec x .
dx
1 1
Solution: y = sec x = . Let, u = cos x , then y = .
cos x u
dy dy du sin x
Now, = = −u −2 (− sin x) = −(cos x) −2 ( − sin x ) = = sec x tan x .
dx du dx cos 2 x
Exercise 2.2
1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to argument:
 x 5
1
( )
, sin   , cos   , (3 − t ), 4cos 2 x, 6sin x 2 , ln 6 − x 2 , csc x and exp 4t 2 − 1 . ( )
( ) 4  x
4
x2 − 3
2.Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
8
(i) y = 2 at x = 2 , (ii) y = 2 x − 1 at x = 5
x +4

(iii) y = sin x at x = , (iv) 𝑥𝑦 = 4 at 𝑥 = 2
6
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:
(i) x − 4 y + 2 = 0, 4 x + y − 9 = 0 (ii) x − 3 y + 4 = 0, x + 3 y −14 = 0

1 3  1 2  
(iii) y − =  x − , y − = −  x −  (iv) x + y − 4 = 0, x − y = 0 .
2 2  6 2 3 6

2.5 Derivative of the product and division of two functions

Page 7 of 18
1. Consider y = uv , where u and v are functions of x. Let x increases by a small amount x

and this terms gives rise to small changes y , u and v in y ,u and v respectively. Then,

y = ( u + u )( v + v ) − uv
= uv + v u + u v

Dividing by x and let x → 0 then u → 0 and v → 0 .

Taking limit x → 0 , we get
y u v
lim = u lim + v lim
x →0 x x →0 x x →0 x

dy du dv
Thus we get =u + v .This is known as product rule.
dx dx dx
u
2. Consider y = = u v −1
v
By product rule,
+ u ( v −1 ) = v −1 + u ( v −1 ) =
dy du d du d dv 1 du u dv
= v −1 −
dx dx dx dx dv dx v dx v 2 dx
du dv
dy v dx − u dx
 = .
dx v2
This result is known as the quotient rule.
Example 9:

i).
d 3
dx
( x cos x ) = 3x 2 cos x − x 3 sin x

d d  sin x  cos x cos x + sin x sin x 1

ii). tan x =  = = = sec 2 x .
dx dx  cos x  2
cos x 2
cos x

Exercise 2.3
1. Differentiate the following functions:
x − 4 ln x cos x
x exp(3x), sin x cos 2 x, exp( x) ln( x 4 ), x 4 − x ,
, and .
x+4 x 2x
2. Find the equation of tangent and normal lines to the curves at the indicated point.
x
(i) y = x x 2 − 3 at x = 2 (ii) y = at x = 2 .
4 + x2
Ans: The equations of tangent lines of the above problems are given bellow:

(i) 5x − y − 8 = 0, x + 5 y − 12 = 0 (ii) 4 y − 1 = 0 .
2.6 Implicit Differentiation

Page 8 of 18
The derivative of the function of the form f ( x, y ) = 0 can be obtained by differentiating each
dy
term separately and solving for .This technique of differentiation is known as Implicit
dx
Differentiation.
Example 10:
d 2
dx
( )
y =
d 2 dy
dy
y ( )
dx
= 2 y y

d
dx
( )
sin y 2 =
d
dy
(
sin y 2
dy
dx
) ( )
= 2 y cos y 2 y .

dy
Example 11: Given that y 2 + sin ( 2 xy ) − x 4 = 0 , Find .
dx
Differentiating each term with respect to x, we have
dy  dy 
2 y + cos(2 xy) 2 y + 2 x  − 4 x 3 = 0
dx  dx 
dy 4 x − 2 y cos ( 2 xy ) 2 x − y cos ( 2 xy )
3 3
dy
Solving for we get, = = .
dx dx 2 y + 2 x cos ( 2 xy ) y + x cos ( 2 xy )

2.7 Parametric Differentiation

Suppose that a curve is given by the parametric equation x = f ( t ) and y = g ( t ) where f ( t )
and g ( t ) are both differentiable. Then
dy dy / dt g  ( t )
= =
dx dx / dt f  ( t )

One of the parametric equations of conic are:

1. Parametric equation of circle: x = r cos t and y = r sin t.
2. Parametric equation of ellipse: x = a cos t and y = b sin t.
3. Parametric equation of parabola: x = t and y = t 2 .
4. Parametric equation of hyperbola: x = a sec t and y = b tan t.
Note: Parametric equations of a curve is not unique.
Example 12: Let x = a ( − sin  ) and y = a (1 − cos  ) . Then
dx dy
= a (1 − cos  ) and = a sin 
d d
dy dy / d sin 
and hence = = .
dx dx / d 1 − cos
Example 13: Find the slope of the curve whose parametric equations are
d2y
x = 1 + 4 sin  , y = 3 − 2 cos  for 0    2 . Hence find .
dx 2
dx dy
Solution: We have = 4 cos and = 2 sin 
d d
dy dy / d 2 sin  1
and hence = = = tan
dx dx / d 4 cos 2
d2y d 1 d d 1 sec2  1 3
and 2 = ( 12 tan  ) = tan  = = sec  .
dx dx 2 d dx 2 4 cos  8

Page 9 of 18
Example 14: Find the equations of tangent and normal line at t = 1 to the curve whose
parametric equations are
x = 2t 2 − 3 and y = 3t 3 -1.
dx dy
Solution: Here = 4t and = 9t 2
dt dt
dy dy / dt 4t
And hence = =
dx dx / dt 9t 2
dy 4
At t = 1, x = −1, y = 2 and = .
dx 9
4
The equation of tangent line is: ( y − 2 ) = ( x + 1) ,  4 x − 9 y + 22 = 0 .
9
9
And the equation of normal line is: ( y − 2 ) = − ( x + 1) ,  9 x + 4 y + 1 = 0 .
4

2.8 Logarithmic Differentiation

If y = f ( x ) , where f ( x ) involves products or quotients of two or more than two functions,
v( x ) dy
and f ( x ) = u ( x ) , it may be simpler to find from the equation ln y = ln f ( x ) .
dx

Example 15: Differentiate y = x x , (where x> 0).

Taking logarithms, ln y = ln x x = x ln x
Then by the product rule and chain rule of differentiation,
1 dy 1
= ln x + x = ln x + 1
y dx x
dy
So = y ( ln x + 1) = x x ( ln x + 1) .
dx
Example 16: Differentiate y = a x , (where a> 0 and a  1 ).
Solution: Taking logarithms, ln y = ln a x = x ln a
Then by the chain rule of differentiation,
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
So, = y ( ln a ) = a x ln a .
dx

2.9 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

We shall derive the derivative of sin −1 x and then state the corresponding results for other
inverse functions leaving their derivatives as exercises.
If y = arcsin x = sin −1 x , − 1  x  1
Then x = sin y , where − 2  y  2

Page 10 of 18
Differentiating with respect to x yields
dy
1 = cos y
dx
dy 1 1 1
so that = = = .
dx cos y 1 − sin 2 y 1 − x2
Note that the positive root is taken here since cos y  0 in − 2  y  2 .
d 1 d 1
sin −1 x = for − 1  x  1 cos −1 x = − for − 1  x  1
dx 1− x2 dx 1− x2
d 1 d 1
tan −1 x = cot −1 x = −
dx 1+ x 2 dx 1 + x2
d 1 d 1
sec −1 x = for (−,−1)  (1, ) csc −1 x = − for (−,−1)  (1, )
dx x x −12 dx x x −1
2

Example 17: Find the derivatives of x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 .

d 
 x sin x + 1 − x  = sin x +
−1 −1 x 1
Solution: 2
+ (1 − x 2 ) −1 / 2 (−2 x) = sin −1 x .
dx   1− x2 2
2.10 Derivative of Hyperbolic Functions
The derivatives of hyperbolic functions may be obtained directly from their definitions in
terms of exponentials, for example
d d  e x − e− x  e x + e− x
sinh x =  = = cosh x ,
dx dx  2 
 2

d d  e x + e− x  e x − e− x
cosh x =  = = sinh x .
dx dx  2 
 2
Derivatives of others hyperbolic functions may be obtained from above results and the
differentiation rules.
d d  sinh x  cosh x cosh x − sinh x sinh x 1
tanh x =  = = = sech 2 x
dx dx  cosh x  2
cosh x cosh 2 x
using the quotient rule.
Similarly we can show that

d d d
sech x = −sech x tanh x , csch x = −csch x coth x and coth x = −csch2 x .
dx dx dx

*Note: cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1, which is a equation of hyperbola.

Example 18: Determine the derivative of y = x 3 sinh 5 x with respect to x.

Page 11 of 18
 dy
Solution: = 5 x3 cosh 5 x + 3x 2 sinh 5 x.
dx

2.11 Higher Order Derivatives

We define the second derivative of y = f (x) as the first derivative of dy / dx and is denoted
d2y d2y d  dy 
by . That is y  = =  
dx 2
dx 2 dx  dx 
In general, the nth derivative of y = f ( x ) is defined by

dny d  d n −1 y 
y (n) = =
dx n dx  dx n −1 
Other notations, i.e.
y, y, y,  , y ( n ) , or y1 , y2 , y3 , , yn
may be used to indicate these derivatives from time to time.

Example 19: Find the first, second, and third derivatives of f ( x ) = 5 x 4 − 3x 3 + 7 x 2 − 9 x + 2 .

Solution: f  ( x ) = f (1) ( x ) = 20 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 14 x − 9

f  ( x ) = f ( 2 ) ( x ) = 60 x 2 − 18 x + 14

f  ( x ) = f ( 3) ( x ) = 120 x − 18.

Example 20: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve y = cosh x at

the point where x = 0 .

Solution: At x = 0 , y = cosh (0) = 1 .

dy dy
Now, = sinh ( x ) . When x = 0 , =0
dx dx
Equation of tangent line at the point (0, 1)
is
y − 1 = 0( x − 0)
Or, y =1
Equation of normal line at the point (0, 1)
is
1
y − 1 = − ( x − 0)
0
Or, x = 0.

Page 12 of 18
2.12 Local Linear Approximation of f ( x ) at x0 :

In this section we will show how derivatives can be used to approximate nonlinear function by
linear functions. A function that is differentiable at x0 is sometimes said to be locally linear at
x0 that means a line (tangent line) approximates the graph of fin the vicinity of ( x , f ( x ))
0 0

at x0 by the equation y = f ( x0 ) + f  ( x0 )( x − x0 ) .
Thus, we can approximate values of f ( x ) by f ( x )  f ( x0 ) + f  ( x0 )( x − x0 ) .
This is called local linear approximation of f ( x ) at x0 .

Example 21:
(a) Find the local linear approximation of f ( x ) = x at x0 = 1 .
(b) Use the local linear approximation obtained in part (a) to approximate 1.1 and compare
your approximation to the result produced directly by a calculating utility.Also find the
percentage of error.
Solution (a): f ( x ) = x and f  ( x ) =
1
. So the local linear approximation of x at x0 is
2 x
f ( x )  f ( x0 ) + f  ( x0 )( x − x0 )
1
x  x0 + ( x − x0 )
2 x0
1
Thus, local linear approximation of x at x0 = 1 is x  1+ ( x − 1) .
2
1 1
Solution (b): x  1 + ( x − 1)  1.1  1 + (1.1 − 1) = 1.05 .
2 2
1.04881 − 1.05
By using calculator 1.1  1.04881 .Percentage of error = 100% = 0.11%
1.04881

Page 13 of 18
 Miscellaneous Problems on Chapter 2
1. Sketch the following graphs and determine whether functions are differentiable or not at
the indicated points.
𝑥2, 𝑥 ≤ 1
(a) 𝑦 = |𝑥 − 2| at 𝑥 = 2, (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = { , at 𝑥 = 1,
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>1
 x 2 , x 1
(c) f ( x) =  , at x = 1.
2 x − 1, x  1
2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x:

( 3x + 4 )
4
, exp ( 4 x 2 + 2 x + 6 ) , ( )
x 2 − 4 , sin ( x 2 + 3x + 2 ) , ln 3 + x , 2 x ,  2 x ln x ,

( ) ( )
ln ( sin x ) + cos ( ln x ) , sin ( cos 3x ) , x 2 − tan ( 5 x + 3) , ln sin −1 x , exp x3 + exp ( arctan x ) ,

( ) ( )
ln2 x sin x
cos −1
2
(
3x 2 , 2 x − x + 1 3 + x ,
5
)( ) ( 7 + x ) ln 2 x ,
3 x cos x
sin x
3
, x −5 , x ,

( )
tan x
1 + x2 , log xcos x , 4cosh 2x and 10sinh 3x .

dy d 2 y d3y
3. Find the values of , 2 and for the following functions at the indicated point.
dx dx dx 3
 x  1
(a) y = cos   at x = , (b) y = arctan ( x ) at x = , (c) y = exp ( 2 x ) sin ( 3 x ) at x = 0 .
4 2 2
dy
4. Find by implicit differentiation.
dx
(a) x3 + x2 y + xy 2 + y3 = 81 , (b) x3 y + 3x 2 y = exp ( 5 x − 3) , (c) xy + y 2 = tan x + y,
(d) sin 2 y + cos xy =  , (e) exp ( y ) + x 3 = y 2 − 3, (f) ln(4 y) = y 2 + 3x. .
dy
5. Find in terms of the parameter t.
dx
( )
(a) x = t 4 + 1, y = t t 2 + 3 , (b) x = sin 2t , y = exp ( t ) , (c) x = t 2 − cos3t , y = sin 2t ,
(d) x = 4sin3 t , y = 5cos t , and (e) x = a (1 + sin 3t ) , y = a ( t − cos 2t ) .
6. The height s ( in feet) at time t (in seconds) of a silver dollar dropped from the top of a
mountain is given by 𝑠 = −16 𝑡 2 + 555.
(a) Find the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of the particle at time 𝑡 = 2 and 𝑡 = 3.
(b) Find the average velocity in the interval [2,3]
(c) How long will it take to hit the ground?
(d) Find the velocity and acceleration when it hit the ground.
7. At 00 Celsius, the heat loss H (in kilocal/m2h) from a persons’s body can be modeled by
( )
H = 33 10 v − v + 10.45 where v is the wind speed (m/s).
dH
(a) Find and interpret its meaning in this situation.
dv
(b) Find the rates of change of H when v=2 and when v=5.

Page 14 of 18
8. A racecar travels northward on a straight, level track at a constant speed, traveling 0.750
km in 20 secs. The return trip over the same track is made in 25 secs.
(a) What is the average velocity of the car in m/s for the first lap of the run?
(b) What is the average velocity for the total trip?
dy
9. Find in terms of x and y where (a) x = 2t 3 + 1, y = t 2 + 1 and (b) x = 3cos t , y = 2sin t .
dx
10. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve x2 + x3 + 3xy + y 2 = 5 at
the point (1,1) .
11. Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to the curve 𝒙𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟒) + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝒚 = 𝟔
at the point where the curve cuts the straight line 𝒚 = 𝟎 .
12. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve 𝑥 = −√3 + 2cos𝜃,
𝜋
𝑦 = 2 − 2 sin 𝜃( 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋)at 𝜃 = 6 .
13. The velocity v ms −1 of a particle at time t seconds, is given by v = 2t + cos 2t , for
0  t  2.

(a) Write down the velocity of the particle when t = 0and t = .
4

(b) If t = k , the acceleration is zero, then show that k = ,
4
 dv  dv
(c) When t  ,  0 and when t 
,  0 . Sketch a graph of v against t .
4 dt 4 dt
14. The following diagram shows part of the graph of the function f ( x ) = 2 x 2 .

The line T is the tangent to the graph of f at x = 1.

(a) Show that the equation of T is y = 4x – 2.
(b) Find the x-intercept of T.
cos x
15. Let f ( x ) = for x  0.
sin x
1
(a) Use the quotient rule to show that f ' ( x ) = −
sin 2 x
(b) Find f '' ( x ) .

Page 15 of 18
    
In the following table, f '   = p and f ''   = q . The table also gives approximate values
2 2

of f ' ( x ) and f '' ( x ) near x = .
2
x   
− 0.1 + 0.1
2 2 2
f '( x) -1.01 p -1.01
f '' ( x ) 0.203 q –0.203
(c) Find the value of p and q.
16. Let f ( x ) = kx . The point P(1, k) lies on the curve of f. At P, the normal to the curve is parallel
4

1
to y = − x . Find the value of k.
8
f ( x ) = 3cos 2 x + sin 2 x
17. Let .
(a) Show that f ' ( x ) = −5sin 2 x .
 3
(b) In the interval x , one normal to the graph of f has equation x = k . Find the
4 4
value of k.
18. The following diagram shows part of the graph of a quadratic function, with equation in
the form y = ( x − p )( x − q ) , where p, q  .

(a) Write down the value of p and q;

(b) Find the equation of the function in the form y = ( x − h ) + k , where h, k  .

2

dy
(c) Find .
dx
(d) Let T be the tangent to the curve at the point (0, 5). Find the equation of T.

19. The number of bacteria, n, in a dish, after t minutes is given by 𝑛 = 800𝑒 0.13𝑡 .
(a) Find the value of n when t = 0.
(b) Find the rate at which n is increasing when t = 15.
(c) After k minutes, the rate of increase in n is greater than 10 000 bacteria per minute. Find
the least value of k, where 𝑘 ∈ ℤ
20. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = e x at the point at
( 0,1) .

Page 16 of 18
21. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = e− x at the point where
x = 0.
22. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = ln ( x − 1) at ( 2, 0 ) .
23. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = ln ( x + 1) at the point
where x = 0 .
24. Find the equations of tangent and normal lines to the curve y = sinh ( x ) at the point
where x = 0 .
25. The main runway at Concordville airport is 2 km long. An airplane, landing at Concordville,
touches down at point T, and immediately starts to slow down. The point A is at the southern
end of the runway. A marker is located at point P on the runway.

As the airplane slows down, its distance, s, from A, is given by s = c + 100t − 4t 2 .

where t is the time in seconds after touchdown, and c meters is the distance of T from A.
(a) The airplane touches down 800 m from A, (i.e. c = 800).
(i) Find the distance travelled by the airplane in the first 5 seconds after
touchdown.
(ii) Write down an expression for the velocity of the airplane at time t seconds
after touchdown, and hence find the velocity after 5 seconds.
The airplane passes the marker at P with a velocity of 36 ms-1. Find
(iii) how many seconds after touchdown it passes the marker;
(iv) the distance from P to A.
(b) Show that if the airplane touches down before reaching the point P, it can stop before
reaching the northern end, B, of the runway.

Answers:1. (a) Not differentiable, (b) Differentiable, (c) Not differentiable ,

10. Tangent line: 8x − 5 y + 13 = 0, Normal line: 5x − 8 y + 3 = 0,
11. Tangent line: 2 y − x − 3 = 0, Normal line: 2 x + y = 6 ,

12. Tangent line: y − 3 x − 1 = 0, Normal line: 3x + y − 1 = 0 ,


13. (a) v=1, (b) (ii) v = , (c)
2

Page 17 of 18
 1 2 cos x 
14. (b) x-intercept at x = , 15. (b) 3
, (c) p = −1, q = 0 , 16. k = 2 , 17. (b) k = ,
2 sin x 4
dy
18. (a) p = 1, q = 5 (or p = 5, q = 1) , (b) y = ( x − 3) − 4 , (c)
2
= 2 x − 6 , (d) y = −6 x + 5 ,
dx
19. (a) 800, (b) ≈ 731, (c) least value of k is 36,
20. Tangent line: y − 1 = x, Normal line: y − 1 = x,
21. Tangent line: y = x, Normal line: y = − x
22. Tangent line: y = x − 2, Normal line: y = − x + 2,
23. Tangent line: y = x, Normal line: y = − x, ,
24. Tangent line: y = x, Normal line: y = − x,
ds
25. (a) (i) s = 400m , (ii) v = = 100 − 8t ,when t = 5 s, v = 60ms-1 , (iii) t = 8s, (iv)
dt
s = 1344m .

Page 18 of 18