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    12.2 Controls - Valves PDF

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    Shivshankar Ghuge
    The document discusses control valves used in processing plants. It describes the typical components of a control valve assembly, including the valve body, trim, actuator, and accessories. It also discusses important performance issues for control valves like dead band, response time, and sizing. Specifically, it notes that control valves usually have linear, quick-opening, or equal percentage opening characteristics. A positioner is a controller mounted on the valve assembly that helps optimize valve response. Valve trim refers to the internal components like the plug, seat ring, and cage that regulate fluid flow.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    12.2 Controls - Valves PDF

    Uploaded by

    Shivshankar Ghuge
    73 views28 pages
    The document discusses control valves used in processing plants. It describes the typical components of a control valve assembly, including the valve body, trim, actuator, and accessories. It also discusses important performance issues for control valves like dead band, response time, and sizing. Specifically, it notes that control valves usually have linear, quick-opening, or equal percentage opening characteristics. A positioner is a controller mounted on the valve assembly that helps optimize valve response. Valve trim refers to the internal components like the plug, seat ring, and cage that regulate fluid flow.

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    12.2 Controls - Valves (25).pdf

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    The document discusses control valves used in processing plants. It describes the typical components of a control valve assembly, including the valve body, trim, actuator, and accessories. It also discusses important performance issues for control valves like dead band, response time, and sizing. Specifically, it notes that control valves usually have linear, quick-opening, or equal percentage opening characteristics. A positioner is a controller mounted on the valve assembly that helps optimize valve response. Valve trim refers to the internal components like the plug, seat ring, and cage that regulate fluid flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    73 views28 pages

    12.2 Controls - Valves PDF

    Uploaded by

    Shivshankar Ghuge
    The document discusses control valves used in processing plants. It describes the typical components of a control valve assembly, including the valve body, trim, actuator, and accessories. It also discusses important performance issues for control valves like dead band, response time, and sizing. Specifically, it notes that control valves usually have linear, quick-opening, or equal percentage opening characteristics. A positioner is a controller mounted on the valve assembly that helps optimize valve response. Valve trim refers to the internal components like the plug, seat ring, and cage that regulate fluid flow.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 28

    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.

    Petroleum Training

    Control Valves

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Introduction
    • Processing often includes hundreds of control loops
    • Each contains a sensor, transmitter and a controller
    – Each piece must work
    – Loop no better than weakest link
    • Control valve is most common final control element
    • Manipulates fluid (liquid, gas or multi-phase) to compensate
    for load perturbations

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Agenda
    • Typical valve types
    • Parts of a control valve assembly
    • Comments on process control
    • Valve performance

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Types

    • Block valves (for on/off control)


    • Throttling valves – to adjust flow
    • Control valves are throttling valves
    – Sliding stem: globe valves
    – Rotary: butterfly and segmented ball

    Globe Valve
    Natural Gas Engineering
    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Control Valve Assembly

    • Control valve assembly consists of


    – Valve body
    – Internal trim parts
    – Actuator
    – Accessories
    • Positioners
    • Supply pressure regulators
    • Manual operators
    • Limit switches

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Body
    • The housing is called the body
    • Bonnet provides internal
    access and houses the packing

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Trim

    • Trim:
    – internal valve components that modulate flow
    – In a globe valve body
    • Closure member (plug)
    • Seat ring (seating surface for plug)
    • Cage (alignment and orifice)
    • Stem (connects actuator to closure member)

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Globe Valve Trim

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Cages
    • Cage:
    – Surrounds closure member
    – Stability, guiding, balance, and alignment
    – Opening shape determines flow characteristic

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Actuators

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Actuator

    • Pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical


    • Piston or diaphragm types
    • Air-to-open or air-to-close
    • Fail-open or fail closed
    • Rotary or linear
    • May be most important element in
    determining valve response time

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Accessories

    • Positioners – a position controller mounted on


    the valve assembly
    • Supply pressure regulators
    • Manual operators
    • Limit switches

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Process Control
    • Modern process simulators very accurate
    • Minimizing process variation makes money
    • Up to 8% of control loops inadequate
    • Control valves are a major contributor

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Performance Issues
    • Four issues that impact valve performance
    – Dead band
    – Actuator design
    – Response time
    – Sizing
    • Dynamic testing required

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Dead Band
    • Range of controller
    output that fails to
    produce a response
    • Occurs on all control
    reversals
    • Figure based on
    dynamic testing
    • Note: actuator travel
    and flow don’t
    always correspond!
    Natural Gas Engineering
    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Dead Band
    • Causes
    – Friction
    • Can’t be completely eliminated
    • Spring and diaphragm actuators better than piston
    – Backlash (slack in connections)
    – Shaft wind-up
    – Relay dead band
    • Most control actions are 1% or less
    – Example plant audit
    • 30% valves dead band >4%
    • 65% valves dead band >2%

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Actuator-Positioner
    • Must be designed together
    • Good positioner has high gain
    – Static:
    • Sensitive to small changes in input signal
    • 0.125% or less
    • Requires preamplifier
    – Dynamic
    • Move closure member rapidly
    • High air/power
    • Power amplifier

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Response Time

    • Measured as T63
    • Time from initiation of input signal to 63%
    opening
    • Sum of
    – Static time: dead time
    – Dynamic time: duration of movement

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Type
    • Characteristic the
    relationship between
    the valve flow
    capacity and the
    valve travel when the
    differential pressure
    drop across the valve
    is held constant
    • Slope is termed Valve
    Gain

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Gain

    • Linear: constant
    gain
    • Quick-opening:
    high gain at start of
    stroke
    • Equal percentage:
    high gain at end of
    stroke

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Sizing

    • Oversized
    – Can’t really use the controller, all the gain is in the
    valve
    – Tend to operate continuously

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Selection

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Valve Selection

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Control Valves
    • Variable size orifice
    • Dissipates energy
    – Loss of process energy
    – Noise
    – Vibration
    – Robust construction and mounting
    • Usually pneumatic
    – Safe
    – May be slow
    – Match components
    – Air to open – fails closed
    – Air to close – fails open

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    Summary

    • What are the three opening characteristics of


    control valves?
    • What is a positioner?
    • What is valve trim?
    • What is a valve cage?
    • What are the two common air actuator
    mechanisms?
    • What kind of valves are usually used as control
    valves?

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    More Information

    • Control Valve Handbook, Emerson Process


    Management, Fisher Controls, International
    LLC.

    Natural Gas Engineering


    Philip W. Johnson, P.E., Ph.D.
    Petroleum Training

    THANK YOU

    Natural Gas Engineering

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