Description of Controls

1. Exposure Counter Window

2. Advance Lever

3. Film Rewind Button

4. Selector Dial

5. Film Speed Knob

6. Index Mark

7. Hot Shoe

8. Film Plane Reference

9. Main Switch Lever

10. Film Rewind Crank

11. Film Rewind Knob

12. Lens Flange4.butkus.org

13. Aperture Ring

14. Aperture/Distance Scale Index Mart

15. Focusing Ring/Distance Scale

16. Depth of Field Scale/lnfrared Mark

17. Release Button

18. Strap Lugs

19. "X" Sync PC Outlet

20. Cable Release Socket

21. Self timer lamp

22. Lens

23. Mount Unlock Button

24. Viewfinder Eyepiece

25. Film Guide Rails

26. Film Advance Sprocket

27. Film Take-up spool

28. Film Pressure Plate

29. Back Cover

30. DIN/ASA Conversion Chart

31. Film Chamber

32. Film Aperture

33. Tripod Socket

34. Battery Compartment Cover

35. Auto-winder Coupler

POWER SUPPLY

Your CS-2 is powered by two, 1.5 volt silver oxide batteries (Eveready S-76, Mallory MS 76, G13 or
equivalent).

Battery installation

1. Open the battery compartment by unscrewing the battery compartment cover (34) with a
coin.4.butkus.org

2. Insert the batteries with the negative ( - ) facing you. (Fig.1)

3. Replace the cover and tighten it firmly.

Testing batteries

Test the batteries for sufficient power levels by taking the following procedure:

1. Wind the advance lever (2) if previously not wound.

2. Turn the main switch lever (9) to "ON" position.

3. Depress the release button (17) slightly and look into the viewfinder (24). One of sixteen LED dots for
metering visible in the viewfinder will illuminate if there is sufficient power. (See Fig. 5) If batteries are
below the operational voltage of the camera system, replace them with a fresh set.4.butkus.org

NOTE: Turn back the main switch lever to "OFF" position when you are not taking pictures.

FILM LOADING

Your CS-2 accepts 35mm, Black & White or Color film standard cassettes.

To load the camera:

1. Press the release button to clear the camera mechanism.

2. Fold out and lift up on the film rewind crank (10) to open the camera back. (Fig. 2)
3. Insert the film cassette in the film chamber (31), then push down the film rewind knob 
(11 ) and turn it slightly to lock the cassette in place.4.butkus.org

4. Pull film leader across the film aperture (32) and insert the end of leader into one of the slots in the
film take-up spool. (Fig. 3)

5. With the film rewind crank in the folded out position, rewind the film slightly to remove any slack in
the film cassette. Recheck to see that the film remains secured to the take-up spool and that it is
properly aligned with the sprocket (26). Fold down rewind crank.

6. Close the back cover (29) until you hear an audible click, which indicates that the cover is locked in the
closed position. Advance the film by alternately winding the advance lever and pressing the shutter
release button until the number "1" appears in the film counter window (1). As the advance lever is
wound, the film rewind knob should rotate indicating that the film is advancing properly.

SETTING FILM SPEED

For properly exposed photographs, your CS-2's automatic exposure control system must be set for the
correct ASA (or DIN - for DIN) equivalent, refer to the DIN/ASA conversion chart (30), rating of film you
are using.

To set the film speed:

1. Lift the collar on the Selector Dial (4)4.butkus.org

2. Turn the collar until the ASA rating for (your film appears in the ASA Window

3. Release the collar to lock the setting in place.

FOCUSING THE CAMERA

Your CS-2's focusing screen includes a central horizontal split-image range finder, which is surrounded
by a microprism collar. (Fig. 5)

To focus accurately:

1. Center the split-image range finder on your key subject and turn the focusing ring (15) until the upper
and lower portions of your subject become one, clear vertical image.

2. The microprism collar will a) appear fragmented when image is entirely out of focus, b) appear collar
shimmering but viewable when image is nearly in focus and c) display a sharp clear of your subject when
it is in focus. It is especially useful when there are no pronounced vertical subject elements on which to
center the horizontal split-image range finder.

3. The entire focusing screen may be used for both focus and composition of your photograph.  In as
much as the human eye tends to ignore mirror differences in sharpness, the horizontal split-image range
finder and/or the microprism collar should always be used for critical focus.

SELECTING LENS APERTURE

The aperture setting determines the near and far areas in which items other than your key subject will
remain acceptably sharp. This "zone of focus" is referred to as depth of field. Your lens features a depth
of field scale (16), which allows you to select the zone of focus which will appear in the final photograph.
(Fig. 6)4.butkus.org

Under normal lighting conditions, selecting a larger aperture opening (e.g.: F2.8 or F4) will allow you to
keep your key subject in sharp focus while eliminating distracting elements in the foreground or
background of your photograph. (Fig. 7) Under same conditions, selecting a smaller aperture opening
(e.g.: F11 or F16) will allow you to maintain sharp focus on both near and distant objects. (Fig. 8)

EXPOSURE COMPENSATION

Certain scenes, where the sun is behind the subject or the background is very bright (such as snow or
sand) will cause a foreground subject to be underexposed. Sometimes, this silhouette effect can be very
desirable, but usually, you want your subject to be properly exposed. Under such conditions, set the
Selector Dial (4) "+1" or "+2" to compensate the exposure of
your subject. (Fig. 9) If, on the other hand, the back ground of your subject is dark or colored In black,
set the dial to "-1" or "-2" markings.

TIME EXPOSURE
When making time exposure photographs, your camera should always be tripod-mounted and used with
a locking cable release.

For the time exposure of over 8 seconds in duration:

1. Align "B" setting on the selector dial with the index.

2. Advance the film and press in on tip of cable release to open the shutter.

3. After the desired exposure time in second has elapsed, release the cable release lock to close the
shutter.

SELF TIMER

The self timer delays the tripping of the shutter mechanism for approximately 10 seconds, allowing you
to include yourself in the photograph when desired.

To activate the self timer:

Fix your camera on a tripod.

Advance the film and compose the scene.

Put the eyepiece cap on the eyepiece. The eyepiece cap can be inserted into the accessory shoe when
not being used.

4. Turn the main switch lever to "SELF" position. (Fig. 11 )

5. Press the shutter release button and position yourself in the photograph area within 10 seconds. At
the same time the self timer lamp (21) starts flickering. (Fig. 10) You will notice that the shutter will
activate within 2 or 3 seconds as the flickering interval becomes shorter.

6. Turn back the main switch lever for the next normal shots.
AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL

Your CS-2's automatic exposure control system enables you to take always properly exposed
photographs under the lighting conditions equivalent to from EV-2 to EV-19 (i.e. from candle light to
snow ground view).

Photographing with AUTO:

1. Turn the main switch lever to "ON" position.

2. Align the "AUTO" marking on the selector dial (4) with the index (6).

3. Advance the film, focus, select the aperture size and compose your subject.

4. Press the release button slightly so that one of sixteen LED dots visible in viewfinder indicates the
shutter speed with which you are about to photograph.

NOTE I. When the shutter speed of slower than 1/30 of a second is indicated, the camera should be
tripod-mounted and used with a cable release to eliminate the possibility of vibration due to camera
movements. The CS-2 is equipped with a threaded cable release socket (20) and tripod socket (33) for
use with these accessories.

NOTE II. When the LED of "OVER" or "UNDER" flickers indicating that it is out of range, another larger or
smaller aperture size should be selected. If the aperture is already maximum or minimum, and
electronic flash unit or ND filter should be used.

5. Depress the release button ail way down to activate the shutter.

FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY

The CS-2 is synchronized for "X" flash photography, using either the hot shoe (7) or "X" sync PC outlet
(19). With either connection, the shutter speed dial should be set at the red "X" marking except the case
as follows:

A special connector of the Cosina strobe flash unit, made exclusively for CS-2, enables you to take flash
photographs without setting the shutter speed dial knob to "X" position when the unit is inserted in the
hot shoe. When the pilot lamp of the unit illuminates, indicating that it is ready to flash, the shutter
speed of camera is automatically set to 1/60 of a second to synchronize with flash. You will notice the
moment that the pilot lamp illuminates without removing your eye from the eyepiece (24), if you
depress the release button half way down so that the LEDs in viewfinder Illuminate. The LEDs fails when
the pilot lamp illuminates.

For more details, refer to the instructions attached to the unit.

INTERCHANGING LENSES

Any wide-angle or telephoto interchangeable lens with K type bayonet mount can be mounted on your
CS-2 camera body.

To take off the lens:

1. Push the mount unlock button (23).

2. Hold the camera and lens body steadily, and rotate the lens body counterclockwise.

3. Rotating approximately 65 degrees you will note that the lens becomes free.

To mount the lens:

1. Join the red index marks on both camera and lens. '

2. Rotate the lens clockwise until it snaps.

REMOVING FILM

When you have finished exposing the last frame in your film cassette (12, 20, 24 and 36 exposure
settings are coded in red on your film counter dial), remove the cassette.

To rewind the film:

1. Push in the film rewind button (3). (Fig. 12) 

2. Fold out the film rewind crank and turn in direction of arrow.

3. When the crank turns freely (without tension or "drag"), pull up on the crank to open the camera
back. The film counter will automatically reset to zero.
4. Remove the exposed cassette for processing. Insert a fresh roll of film while the camera back is still
open, or close the camera for storage.

NOTE: Do not load or unload your film under direct sunlight.4.butkus.org

 

CARING FOR YOUR CAMERA

1. Never force any camera operation. Consult this instruction manual if any questions occur.

2. Remove batteries when storing camera. Batteries can leak as they age, causing damage to your
camera. Always inspect the batteries for signs of leakage before installing them in your camera.

3. Keep the lens cap on when not taking photographs. The cap protects your lens from dust or dirt
particles.

4. Clean your camera's interior. Periodically remove any dust or film particles from the film chamber,
rear lens element, take-up spool area or film pressure plate with an air blower. Inspect the film pressure
plate for accumulated deposits from film backing and clean with lens cleaner and fissure if required.

5. Keep your camera and film away from direct sunlight or heat. Never store your camera or film on the
rear window deck, glove compartment or other hot areas in your car.

6. Protect your camera from moisture. Do not store your camera in a moisture retaining enclosure or
environment. In area of high humidity, extra care should be taken to insure that your camera is kept in a
comparatively cool, dry location.

7. Do not touch the shutter curtain.

PHOTOGRAPHING WITH AUTO-WINDER

Your CS-2 is designed to be coupled with Cosina Auto-winder which enables you to take approximately 2
frames per second at the maximum shutter speed. The auto-winder is powered by 4 pcs. of readily
available AA size alkaline battery.
To photograph with the winder:

1. Couple the winder with the camera body. (Fig. 1 3)

2. Tighten the screw. ( Fig. 14)

3. Set the switch to "ON" position. The winder advances the film, if previously not wound.

4. Set the exposure and focus.

5. Depress the release button fully to activate the shutter. The winder will immediately start advancing
the film. At this moment if you release your finger from the release button, only a single shot is made. If
you keep depressing it, continuous shots at a rate of 2 frames per second can be made.

6. When you have finished exposing the last frame in your film cassette, take procedure as described in
"REMOVING FILM". You need not remove the winder from camera body when removing film.

NOTE: Set the switch at "OFF" position when the winder is not in use.

SPECIFICATIONS

Camera Type: 35mm Automatic Single Lens Reflex camera.

Film Format: 24mm x 36mm.

Lens Mount: K type bayonet mount. Flange back focus distance: 45.44mm.

Shutter: Magnetically controlled cloth curtain focal plane shutter with shutter speed from 8 to 1/1000
sec. and B (Bulb) Flash synchronization "X" at 1/60 sec.

Viewfinder: Fixed pentaprism type

                    Magnification: - 0.9 (with f=50mm lens)
                    Field of view: 93% for both horizontal and vertical. Focusing with horizontal split-image
center spot with
                    surrounding microprism collar on matte type fresnel screen.
                    Display: Shutter speed indication with 16 LEDs.
                    Electrically controlled self timer of 10-second duration with flickering lamp.

Automatic system: Operating range: EV-2 - EV19 (with ASA 100 and lens of F1.4 - F22)
                                TTL, aperture preferred, open-aperture exposure measurement with 2 pcs. of
                                 SPC.
                                Center weighted average measurement.
                                Exposure level control adjustable +2, +1 - 1, - 2 EV (in the case of ASA 3200, +2, +1 and
-1
                                only are adjustable)

Film Speed Range : ASA 25 - 3200.

Film Advance: 135° rotation of wind lever with standoff angle of 30°

Shutter Release: Electrically controlled solenoid switch.

Film Counter: Progressive type. Automatically resets when the camera back is opened

Power Source:  2 pcs. of S-76 (or MS 76 or G 13 or equivalent) 1.5-volt silver oxide battery.
                          Battery test with LEDs in viewfinder. 4www.butkus.org
 

Dimensions: 136.5 x 83.5 x 51mm.

Weight:  530 gm

Attachable accessories: Cosina Auto-winder, Cosina Auto-strobe flash.

Description of Parts

(1 ) Shutter Speed Index

(2) Shutter Speed Dial
(3) Shutter Release Button
(4) Film Advance Lever
(5) Frame Counter
(6) Neck Strap Eyelet
(7) Self-timer Lever
(8) View Finder
(9) Film Speed Index
(10) Film Rewind Crank
(11 ) Film Rewind Knob
(12) Film Speed Selector Dial
(13) Synchro Contact

(14) LED Lamps 

(15) Viewfinder Eyepiece (16)
Accessory Shoe
(17) Tripod Socket _
(18) Battery Chamber Lid
(19) Film Guide Rails
(20) Rewind Fork
(21 ) Film Cartridge Chamber _
(22) Film Pressure Plate
(23) Film Cartridge
Confirmation Window
(24) Camera Back
(25) Film Rewind Button 
(26) Film Take-up Spool 
(27) Film Sprockets
 Attaching Neck-strap
Attach the neck-strap to the camera as illustrated right:

Attaching detaching Lens

To detach or attach the lens from / to the camera, avoid the place under direct
sunshine.
1.Align the lens mount screw with that of the camera, then, turn the lens
clockwise.
     Pay attention not to tighten the lens screw too strongly.
2.To detach the lens from the camera, turn the lens counter-clockwise.

Attaching/detaching View finder

Attach the view finder by inserting it until it firmly clicks on the camera's
accessory shoe.(16)
When detaching the lens from the camera, pull the lens towards you straightly
not to turn it forcibly.4.butkus.org

Inserting Batteries

1.Turn the battery chamber lid (18) counterclockwise using a coin or

something similar.

2.Two LR44 type alkaline batteries or two SR44 type silver batteries are used
with camera.

3.Place the batteries so that both positive(+)sides are at the bottom of the
compartment.

4.Turn the battery chamber lid clockwise until it close firmly.

Battery Check

1.Move the film advance lever (4) to the ready position.

2.Lightly press the shutter release button(3). Now the exposure metering
system is switched on. When one of three LED lamps (·, or ) lights, then
battery condition is satisfactory. lf no lamp lights, the batteries need
replacing or have been loaded incorrectly.

3. Renew both batteries as necessary.

4.When not using of the camera, always return the film advance lever to the original position to prevent
accidentally releasing the shutter.

Caution: Keep batteries away from infants and small children. In case a battery is accidentally
swallowed, call a doctor immediately as the material inside the batteries can cause serious problems.
 Loading Film

1. To open the camera back(24), pull Film rewind knob (11) out. When the
back cover opens, the frame counter(5) automatically resets to "S".

2. Insert the film cartridge into the film chamber so that the projecting end of
the film cartridge is downward. Do this in a place away from direct sunlight.

3. Fold out and lift up the film rewind crank(10). Then rotate the crank
carefully while push in it down lightly until the film locks on the film rewind
fork(20).

4. return the film rewind knob to its original position.

5. Insert the film leader into the groove of the film takeup spool (26) and
place it so that the film perforations engage with the spool teeth.

6. Check that the film perforations engage properly with the teeth of Film
sprockets (27) and the film slides smoothly along the film guide rails (19) by
operating lightly the film advance lever (4) to advance the film.

Caution: Do not touch the shutter curtains.

7.Turn the film rewind crank gently in the direction of the arrow to properly tension the loaded film.
Stop turning the crank when it becomes stiff, and return the crank to its original position.

8.Gently close the back cover and push it until it clicks.

9. Advance the film a couple of frames, pressing the shutter release button
each time, until the frame counter indicates "1" between 0 and 2. (1n this
case, the film advance lever should be at the ready position, because the
shutter release is interlocked when the lever is in the stored position).

The film rewind knob rotates each time the film is advanced showing that the film is advancing properly.

When advancing the film, wind the film advance lever slowly and secure. Iy until the film is fully
transported to the next frame.4.butkus.org

FILM SPEED SETTING

 1.Filmspeed in indicated on the outside of film package, in the film
instructions or on the film cartridge.

2.Set Film speed Selector Dial (12) so that Film speed index(9) indicates the
value on Film speed Selector Dial corresponding to the film used. For
example, if film speed shown on the film is ISO 100/21 , set the Film speed
Selector Dial to the 100 on the dial matches with the index.

3.Click points are provided at each step of film speed on the Film speed
Selector Dial. When setting the film speed, make sure that it clicks.

Exposure Setting (shutter speed priority)

1. Place the film advance lever (4) in the ready position and turn the
shutter speed dial so that the indicator white line aligns with the desired
shutter speed value. Then if the dial is set at the intermediate positions
of the index, shutter speed will be incorrect. Be sure that the dial clicks
at the position where the white line aligns with the desired value.

2.With brighter subjects, fast moving subjects or with the higher value
film speed of the film used, it is recommended to use higher shutter
speeds.

3.Recommended shutter speed with ISO 100/21 film under typical

situation is as below:

4.To monitor exposure, lightly press the shutter release button (3) and
turn the aperture ring until the green · mark lights.

When the red left arrow mark lights, it means over exposure. So turn the aperture ring in the direction
of greater f/value. It the red right arrow mark lights, it means under exposure, so turn the aperture
ring to a smaller f/value.

Note: Outside the exposure metering range of your camera (EV 4 to EV19), the exposure meter will not
function properly and the green LED indicator may come on indicating incorrect exposure.

Subject  Shutter speed

Stationary subject in subdued 1~1/15
Light 1/30~1/60
Indoors in normal conditions 1/ 125~1 /250
Outdoors on a fine day 1/500~1/2000
Seaside in midsummer 1 /500~ 1/2000
Mountain area with snow
1/500~1/2000
Fast moving subjects

Exposure Setting (aperture priority)

1.Place the film advance lever (4) in the ready position and turn the aperture ring until the index on the
lens barrel indicates the desired f/value.

2.The suitable aperture value changes according to the brightness of the subject, the depth-of-field
desired or filmspeed of the film in use, and typical settings of the aperture with ISO 100/21 film are as
below.

3.Click points are provided each step of filmspeed on the Filmspeed Selector Dial. When setting the film
speed, make sure that it clicks.

3.To monitor the exposure, lightly press the shutter release button
(3) and turn the shutter speed dial until the green · mark lights. If the
red left arrow mark lights, turn the shutter speed dial to the
higher shutter speed setting and if the red right arrow mark lights,
then turn the shutter speed dial to the lower shutter speed setting. 
When the green · mark lights at intermediate positions between
click, first set the dial at a click on either side and make fine control
by operating the aperture ring afterwards.4.butkus.org

Note: Outside the exposure metering range of your camera (EV 4 to EV 19), the exposure meter will not
function properly and the green LED indicator may come on indicating incorrect exposure.

Subject      f/value

Indoors in normal conditions   F/4 to F/5.6

Outdoors on a cloudy day      F/4 to F/8

Outdoors on a fine day           F/8 to F/11

Seaside in midsummer            F/11 to F/16

Mountain areas with snow      F/11 to F/16

 Composition
1.Look at the subject through the view finder.

·As the viewfinders lens is separated from the cameras

shooting lens, the actual shot image through the camera lens
may differ from that seen through the viewfinder depending
on the distance to the subject ( as illustrated right). When
shooting the subject is at near distance, pay much attention so
that the subject is within the frame.

Focusing
This camera is provided the wide-angle lens offering a greater
depth of field.
Turn the distance ring of the lens until it aligns with the
approximate distance to the subject on the distance index.

Depth-of-field

1. When you are focusing on a given subject, objects in the

foreground and background will appear acceptably sharp in the
picture. The range in which all objects appear acceptably sharp in
the picture is called "depth-of-field."

2. To obtain the depth-of-field range at different aperture settings,

the depth-of field scale is used.
The distance covered by the range between pairs of the same
f/stops on the depth-of-field scale as the f/value used is the depth-
of-field. To obtain the actual distance values of the depth-of-field,
read the values within the range of the focusing scale.

3.For instance, when the lens is focused on a subject at a distance

of 1 m with the aperture set at f/8 the depth-of-field can be
obtained by using the depth-of-field scale as follows: the values on
the distance scale corresponding with the f/values shown on the
depth-of-field scale are approximately 0.5m and infinity
respectively. This means that all objects within the range between
0.5m and infinity distance can be reproduced acceptably sharp in
the picture with the aperture set at f/8.
 Holding Camera
1. Hold the camera in the palm of the left hand so as to turn the lens
focusing ring easily with fingers.

2. Hold the camera body lightly by and place your right fore finger lightly on
the shutter release button.

3. Press your left elbow lightly against your body and look through the
viewfinder eyepiece (15) to 'steady the camera against your face. Then
relax your right arm holding the grip.

Flash Photography
Use the grip type (bracket type) flash unit.

1. Connect the synchro cord with the synchro contact of the camera.

2. Set the shutter speed dial (2) at 1/125 second or lower.

3. Set the aperture

Rewinding the Film

1. When the film is at its end, the advance lever no longer operates
smoothly, check the frame counter (5) display. If the frame counter shows
that the all frames of the loaded film have been exposed, the film then
needs to be rewound.

2.Press the film rewind button (25) on the camera base.

3.Fold out the film rewind crank (10) and turn it in the direction of the
arrow.

4. 0nce the pressure eases, the film is completely wound into the cartridge.

5.Lift up the film rewind knob (11) and pull it out to open the camera back (24). Now the film cartridge
can be taken out.

6.Do this in a place away from direct sunlight.

Note: If the film reaches the end of the roll during film advance, the film advance lever will lock. Rewind
the entire roll, then complete the movement of the film advance lever and put it back into place.
 " B" (bulb) Setting
1. With the shutter speed dial (2) set at "B" position, the shutter will
remain open for as long as the shutter release button (3) is pressed.

2. This setting is useful when an exposure longer than one second is

required, such as in landscape photography at night.

3. Be sure to use a tripod and/or cable release when using this long time
shutter speed setting.'

Note: We recommend that you remove the Batteries from the camera at this setting to avoid wasting
the batteries.

Self-Timer
1. Wind the film advance lever (4) and fully turn down the self-timer lever
(7) counterclockwise. Now the self-timer is ready to use.

2. Press the shutter release button (3) and the self-timer operates to
release the shutter in approximately 10 seconds later.

3. 0nce the self-timer becomes ready it is impossible to cancel it manually.

So operate it only when needed.

4. The self-timer is very useful when you wish to include yourself in a picture, or, you can use it in order
to prevent Camera shake in shutter releasing instead of using the cable release.

Specifications

Type: 35mm camera with focal plane shutter and TTL metering system

Film Format: 35mm film,24x36mm

Lens Mount: L-mount

Shutter: Vertically moving metal focal plane shutter B, 1-1/2000sec.

Self-Timer: Mechanical self-timer with 10 sec operating time

Exposure display: Red left arrow mark LED Over exposure warning

Green · mark LED Good exposure indication

Red right arrow mark LED Under exposure warning

 Exposure Metering System: Center-weighted average metering by pressing Shutter Release Button

Exposure Coupling Range: EV4-19 (1SO 100. F4,1sec. - F16, 1/2000sec.)

Flash Terminal: X synchro contact Synchronized at 1/125 sec or lower speed

Film Advance: By single-lever action with 135 throw and 30 stand-off

Film Rewind: By film rewind button and film rewind crank

Frame Counter: Additive type with autoreset by opening the back cover

Film Speed Range: ISO 25-1600 by 1/3 steps

Power Source: Two 1.5V Alkaline batteries (LR44) or Silver batteries (SR44) 4www.butkus.org

Dimensions: 135.5(W) 78.5(H) 33.5(D)mm

Weight: 320g

These specification and external appearance are subjected to change for improvement without prior
notice.
Camera Basics

A camera is a light tight box, it is a tool or a piece of equipment designed to accurately control the
amount of light that reaches the light sensitive film. Camera's have a hole, called an aperture, through
which light enters the camera. Between the aperture and the film is a shutter. The shutter opens to let
in light and closes to shut out light. The camera usually has a button called the shutter release button,
that when pressed triggers the shutter, making it open and close. On cameras that take several pictures
on a single strip of film, there is a film film advance lever or knob. The lever advances the film after each
exposure.
The Lens
In front of the aperture, a camera usually has a lens. The lens are pieces of ground glass designed by a
computer to collect light rays reflected from a subject and focus them into a sharp image on a segment
of film. From the point of view of equipment, it is normally the lens that gives the image its character;
how sharp it appears, how much of it is in focus, the contrast, the impression of perspective, and more.
SLR (Single Lens Reflex) cameras offer a greater range of creative expression and control because of their
interchangeable lenses.
The mechanism of a lens is concerned chiefly with two functions: focusing and changing the aperture
size. The aperture controls the amount of light passing through the lens, and at the same time the depth
of field. Depth of field is the distance range between the nearest and farthest subjects that will appear in
acceptably sharp focus. The size of the aperture is indicated by an f-number (also known as an f-stop)
which is the scale of the aperture. The smaller the number, the larger the aperture, so f 1.8 is wider than
f11. Also the larger the aperture, the less depth of field, so f1.8 has less depth of field than f11.
Focal Length
Of all the features designed into a camera lens, none makes such an
obvious difference to the image as focal length. Practically, focal
length can be thought of in terms of three types: wide-angle,
standard and telephoto. This is normal terminology, although wide-
angle lenses are short-focus, and telephoto lenses long-focus.
There are two main effects of changing from a lens of one focal
length to another: Magnification and angle of view. One important
reason for using a different focal length is to give a particular visual
style and this is ultimately connected to perspective. Yet perspective
stays the same as long as the camera is not moved, regardless of
what lens is used.

1. Exposure Counter
2. Film Advance Lever
3. Shutter Release Button
4. Shutter Speed Dial
5. Film Speed Dial
6. Shutter Speed Index

7. Direct X Contact
8. Accessory Shoe
9. Lens Mounting Index
10. Film Rewind Crank
11. Film Rewind Knob
12. Grip

13. Lens Release Button

14. Self-Timer Lever
15. Aperture Ring
16. Focusing Ring
17. Aperture/Distance Index
 || 18. Film Rewind Stud
19. Film Chamber
20. Viewfinder
21. Shutter Curtain || 22.
Battery Compartment
23. Tripod Socket
24. Film Rewind Button
25. Sprocket Wheel || 26.
Film Take-Up Spool
27. Camera Back ||
Aperture
The Lens aperture shares
with the shutter the
control of the amount of
light reaching the film. A second major function of the aperture is the control of the depth of field.
Remember that correct exposures come in pairs. Your aperture (f-stop) and shutter speed work
together. A change of one f-stop equals a change of one shutter speed, and vice versa. Once you have an
accurate setting, you can speed up the shutter one stop and open the lens one stop an still have an
accurate setting. In other words, if you halve the light admitted by the aperture and double the light
admitted by the shutter speed, the exposure remains the same. You may also do just the opposite, slow
the shutter and close down the lens and the exposure remains the same.
It is best to pre-select aperture or shutter speed before making camera settings. This is determined by
your subject and lighting conditions For example, say you need a lot of depth of field so all objects in
your composition are in sharp focus. You will need to pre-select a small aperture (Large f-stop), f-11 or
higher, and then adjust the shutter speed to add or remove light that enters the camera. If you have a
lot of movement in your composition and it is important that you freeze the action, you will use shutter
speed pre-selection. Pre-select a fast shutter speed 1/125 or faster (depends on the action), then adjust
your lens aperture to add or remove light that enters the camera.

Shutter Speed
1. Shutter speed dial - adjusts the length of time the shutter is
opened
2. On most 35mm cameras, the shutter speed dial is located near
the film advance lever.
3. The B setting allows you to make exposures longer than what is
marked on the shutter speed dial.
4. The number begins at 1 or 2 and goes to 500, 1000, this will very
depending on the camera.
5. The numbers refer to fractions of a second.