evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

mvgvwRK msMVb ZË¡ D™¢‡ei cUf‚wg D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

mvgvwRK msMVb Z‡Ë¡i ˆewk󨸇jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
we`¨vj‡q mvgvwRK msMVb wKfv‡e KvR K‡i Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
mvgvwRK msMVb ZË¡ I wPivqZ msMVb Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wPivqZ msMVb Z‡Ë¡ kªwgK ev Kg©x‡K wbQK GKwU e¯‘i Z‚j¨ g‡b Kiv nq, AvgjvZvwš¿K
h‡š¿i †m GKwU Ask gvÎ| G Z‡Ë¡ kªwgK‡`i e¨w³Z¡, ¯^Z¡v I Av‡eM Abyf‚wZ‡K D‡c¶v
Kiv nq Ges kªgwefvRb, we‡klvqY I KZ…©Z¡ k„•L‡ji wfwˇZ Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P
`¶Zv AR©‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| G mKj µzwUi Kvi‡YB e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î
AvPiwYK weÁv‡bi wfwˇZ gvbe m¤ú‡K©i welqwU we‡ePbvi K_v A‡b‡Ki g‡b Dw`Z nq|
Elton Mayo I Zuvi mnKg©xMY KZ…©K 1920 Gi `k‡K cwiPvwjZ n_Y© mgx¶v
(Hawthorne Studies) G†¶‡Î AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

n_Y© mgx¶vq cÖgvwbZ nq †h Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î kªwgK‡`i †cÖlYv m„wói Rb¨ gRyix Ges
Kv‡Ri kZ©vejx GKgvÎ g~L¨ wbqvgK bq| kªwgK‡`i wbKU Gme ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ewPZ n‡jI
G‡`i ¯’vb wØZxq¯’v‡b| ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq wn‡m‡e cÖ_g ¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i welqwU
hv‡K Mayo-Gi K_vq ejv hvq “A method of living in a social relationship”.
kªwgK‡`i `‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i weivRgvb mvgvwRK-g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vbmg~n Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K
cÖf‚Z cwigv‡Y wbqš¿Y K‡i, GB ¸iæZ¡cY~ © Avwe®‹vi wPivqZ e¨e¯’vcbv Z‡Ë¡i A‡bK †gŠwjK
a¨vb aviYv‡K Pzigvi K‡i †`q Ges GKwU bZzb msMVb Z‡Ë¡i m~ÎcvZ K‡i| cÖkvmb I
e¨e¯’vcbvi mvwn‡Z¨ GB bZzb wPšÍvaviv‡K mvgvwRK msMVb ZË¡ (Social Systems
Theory) e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq| KL‡bv KL‡bv G ZË¡‡K gvbweK m¤úK© ZË¡ (Human
Relations Theory) e‡jI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

mvgvwRK msMVb Z‡Ë¡ kªwgK ev Kg©x‡`i‡K msMV‡bi mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv †ev‡a DØy× Kivi Dci
¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| GLv‡b kªwgKiv wbR‡`i msMV‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡i Ges
msMV‡bi j¶¨ AR©‡b wb‡R‡`i Ae`vb ivL‡Z Me©‡eva K‡i| GRb¨ msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewj
Aek¨B Ggb n‡q _v‡K †h e¨e¯’vcbvi MwZ cÖK…wZi Dci kªwgK‡`i c~Y© Av¯’vi m„wó nq Ges
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Ggb wek¦vm RvMÖZ nq †h D‡Ïk¨¸‡jvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mydj
cv‡e I mš‘wójvf Ki‡Z cvi‡e| gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i Dci cÖwZwôZ GB gZev` †h `„wófw½‡K

BDwbU- 2 wk¶v cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ 22

¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

D‡a© Zz‡j a‡i Zv nj GB †h, m‡e©v”P cwiZ…ß msMVbB nj me‡P‡q `¶ msMVb| msMV‡bi
AbvbyôvwbK `j ev Dc`j¸‡jv‡K `gb ev webó bv K‡i G¸‡jvi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi
¯^xK…wZ †`Iqv nq Ges msMV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_ G¸‡jvi mvgÄm¨ mvab Kiv nq| GKvR
Kivi Rb¨ gvbweK m¤úK© Kvh©µ‡g `¶ mycvifvBRviMY‡K `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| gvbweK
m¤úK© Z‡Ë¡ mw`”Qv I mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ e¨e¯’vcK I kªwgK‡`i g‡a¨ Ø›` ev †f`v‡f`
wbim‡bi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcbvi †¶‡Î MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ Abykxjb Ges kªwgK‡`i AskMÖn‡Y
Kg© cwi‡ek m„wó I D›gy³ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôvKi‡Yi Dci we‡kl †Rvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq|

Ab¨ †h †Kvb msMV‡bi gZB we`¨vj‡qI AMwYZ mvgvwRK wm‡÷‡gi Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| Gme
wm‡÷‡gi †Kvb ‡KvbwU AvbyôvwbK †hgb weÁvb wk¶K‡`i K¬ve, Avevi †Kvb †KvbwU
AbvbyôvwbK †hgb Pv cv‡bi AvÇv-Pµ| G¸‡jv ¯^í¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi `xN©¯’vqxI n‡Z
cv‡i| mvgvwRK wm‡÷g¸‡jv‡K KZK¸‡jv mvgvwRK-g‡bv‰eÁvwbK Dcv`vb †hgb wek¦vm,
Ac‡ii wbKU cÖZ¨vkv, †cÖlYv, g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` AUzU e܇b Ave× iv‡L|

mvgvwRK wm‡÷‡gi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ Kgc‡¶ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb nq hv‡`i g‡a¨
wg_w¯Œqv N‡U Ges hv‡`i †gvUvgywU GKB iKg j¶¨ I AvPiwYK aviv _v‡K| mvgvwRK
wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb ˆewk󨸇jv nj: (1) eûZ¡, (2) wg_w¯Œqv, (3) j¶¨, (4) AvPiwYK aviv I
c¨vUvb© Ges (5) mgq ev †gqv`Kvj| Gme ˆewkó¨ we‡ePbv K‡i †Kvb evm÷¨v‡Û ev‡mi
Rb¨ A‡c¶gvb 8 Rb e¨w³‡K GKwU mvgvwRK wm‡÷g e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hv‡e Kx? GwU‡K
Aek¨B mvgvwRK wm‡÷g ejv hv‡e bv, KviY G‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb wg_w¯Œqv nqwb Ges G‡`i
GKÎ Ae¯’vbI †Kvb †gqv`x NUbv bq| Zviv wbQK K‡qKRb e¨w³i GKwU mgv‡ek gvÎ
hviv †Kvb GKK j‡¶¨i †cÖw¶‡Z Ave× bq| Ggwbfv‡e 10 Rb QvÎ hviv cÖ_g w`b ev‡m
K‡i ¯‹z‡j hv‡”Q ZvivI †Kvb mvgvwRK wm‡÷g M‡o †Zv‡j bv| wKš‘ K‡qKevi GK‡Î ev‡m
hvÎvi ci Zv‡`i g‡a¨ eÜz‡Z¡i bvbv aviv M‡o DV‡e Ges GKmgq ¯^fveZB Zviv mvgvwRK
wm‡÷‡gi e܇b Ave× n‡q hv‡e|

we`¨vj‡q AmsL¨ mvgvwRK wm‡÷g _vK‡Z cv‡i GK_v Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q| we`¨vj‡qi
mvgvwRK wm‡÷g‡K Ggb GKwU Dc-wm‡÷g (Sub System) wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i hv Ab¨ Avi GKwU Dcwm‡÷‡gi Ask Ges H e„nËi Dcwm‡÷gwUI Avevi Z`‡c¶v
AviI e„nËi GKwU Dcwm‡÷‡gi Ask| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq, ¯‹z‡ji `yBRb evsjv
wk¶K GKwU Dc-wm‡÷g M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡i hv n‡e fvlv wk¶K‡`i Dcwm‡÷‡gi GKwU
Ask, hv n‡e gvbweK wefvM Dcwm‡÷‡gi GKwU Ask hv n‡e ¯‹zy‡ji Dcwm‡÷‡gi GKwU
Ask, hv n‡e Awa`߇ii Dcwm‡÷‡gi GKwU Ask| GB Dcwm‡÷g¸‡jvi †h †Kvb GKwUi
Kv‡Ri aviv ev cÖKw… Z eyS‡Z n‡j GwUi Av‡Mi I c‡ii Dcwm‡÷g m¤ú‡K©I eyS‡Z n‡e|
D`vniY¯^iƒc D”P gva¨wgK ¯Í‡ii BwZnvm wefv‡Mi NUbvewj eyS‡Z n‡j we`¨vjq KZ…©K H
wefv‡Mi Dci Av‡ivwcZ wewawb‡la I Pvwn`v A_ev wk¶K‡`i wewfbœ `‡ji Pvwn`v I
cÖZ¨vkv †Kgb Zv Aek¨B †evSv `iKvi| we`¨vj‡qi cÖkvmKMY A‡bK mgq wk¶K‡`i
†Kvb †Kvb KvR‡K Awk¶Kmyjf KvR e‡j g‡b K‡ib| wk¶KivI KL‡bv KL‡bv Qv·`i
A‡hŠw³K I k„•Ljv cwicš’x AvPi‡Yi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| wKš‘ msMVb‡K GKwU wfbœ †cÖw¶Z
n‡Z Ae‡jvKb Ki‡j Gme AvPiY nqZ h‡_ó †hŠw³K, k„•Ljvc~Y© Ges wk¶K‡`i †ejvq
GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Principles of Educational Administration and Management 23
 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Aek¨B wk¶Kmyjf e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡e| GLv‡b cv_©K¨ nj GB Kvi‡Y †h e¨wZµgag©x

AvPiY¸‡jvi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †Kvb GKwU mvgvwRK wm‡÷g, cy‡iv msMVbwU bq| we`¨vj‡qi
wewfbœ Drm n‡Z †h me bvbv ai‡bi mvsMVwbK kw³i D™¢e nq †m¸‡jv mwVKfv‡e Dcjwä
Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖkvm‡b nZvkvi m„wó nq hv fzj mgm¨vi †¶‡Î fzj mgvavb e‡q Avb‡Z
cv‡i|

wPivqZ msMVb ZË¡ I mvgvwRK msMVb Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ A‡bK wel‡q †gŠwjK aviYvMZ cv_©K ¨
i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Gme cv_©‡K¨i K‡qKwU w`K Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:

1. Aa¯Íb †_‡K Da©Zb c`µ‡g KZ©e¨ I 1. KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †¶‡Î

`vwqZ¡ cvwjZ nq| AvbyôvwbK, wm‡÷‡gi evB‡i wewfbœ
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK `je×Zv KvR
K‡i|
2. ¶gZv cÖavb Kg©KZ©v ev wbe©vnxi 2. ¶gZv wewfbœ `j ev `j‡Mvwôi Kv‡Q
wbKU †Kw›`ªfzZ _v‡K| Qov‡bv _v‡K|
3. AvbyôvwbK j¶¨ _v‡K hv †_‡K wewfbœ 3. AvbyôvwbK Ges AbvbyôvwbK j‡¶¨i g‡a¨
Kv‡Ri wb‡`©kbv Av‡m| cÖvqkB msNvZ nq AvbyôvwbK j‡¶¨i
Rb¨ bvbvgyLx wb‡`©kbv Av‡m|
4. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ gva¨g AbymiY 4. †hvMv‡hvM mswkøó `jmg~‡ni ¯^v_© AbymiY
K‡i P‡j| K‡i P‡j|
5. cÖwZôv‡bi wbqgKvbyb Øviv Drcv`b 5. wewfbœ `‡ji AbvbyôvwbK ev Av`k©gvb
e¨e¯’v (wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg) Øviv Drcv`b e¨e¯’v (wkLb-†kLv‡bv
wbqwš¿Z nq| Kvh©µg) wbqwš¿Z nq|
6. DaŸ©Zbiv Aa¯Íb‡`i Pvwj‡q †bq| 6. Aa¯Íbiv cÖvqkB DaŸ©Zb‡`i Pvwj‡q
†bq|
7. Ø›Ø ev msNvZ AKvh©Ki hv wbg~j Kiv 7. Ø›Ø ev msNvZ Kv‡h©vc‡hvwM (MVbg~jK)
cÖ‡qvRb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Ges Acwinvh© e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
8. Avw_©K Pvwn`v Aa¯Íb‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYv 8. Avw_©K welq Qvov Ab¨vb¨ welqI
m„wó K‡i| Aa¯Íb‡`i g‡a¨ †cÖlYv m„wó K‡i|
9. gvbyl ¯^fveZ KvR Ki‡Z Pvq bv, 9. KvR Ki‡Z bv PvIqvUv gvby‡li Pwi‡Îi
myZivs wbweo cwi`k©b AšÍwb©wnZ ˆewkó¨ bq, GwU Zvi AwR©Z
(Supervision) Riæix| ˆewkó¨ (Learned Behaviour)|
10. cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv I ˆbc~Y¨ _vK‡j 10. cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ Kg©‡¶‡Î Abb¨ mvgvwRK
GKRb‡K Av‡iKR‡bi ¯’v‡b Kv‡R I g‡bv‰eÁvwbK ˆewkó¨ wb‡q Av‡m Ges
wb‡qvM Kiv hvq| wbR wbR Ae¯’vb ev f‚wgKv †_‡K
Drcv`b e¨e¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|

BDwbU- 2 wk¶v cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ 24

 evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

D›gy³ wm‡÷g ZË¡ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;

D›gy³ I e× wm‡÷‡gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
wPivqZ ZË¡ I D›gy³ wm‡÷g Z‡Ë¡i aviYvMZ cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

1960 Gi `k‡K bZzb cÖhyw³ wbf©i mgv‡R D›gy³ wm‡÷g Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e nq| wPivqZ I
mvgvwRK ZË¡ `ywU‡Z msMVb‡K Zvi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡ek n‡Z wew”Qbœ GKwU e× wm‡÷g
(Closed System) wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| D›gy³ wm‡÷g Z‡Ë¡ msMVb‡K
GK ¸”Q ci¯úi m¤úK©h³ y A½ wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv nq †h¸‡jv cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ GKwU
RxešÍ cÖvYxi gZ wµqv-cÖwZwµqv K‡i| A_©vr D›gy³ wm‡÷gZË¡ cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Nwbôfv‡e
m¤úwK©Z Ges cwi‡ek wb‡qB Gi KvRKvievi| GLv‡b msMVb cwi‡ek n‡Z gvbe I e¯‘MZ
m¤úK©, g~j¨‡eva, mgv‡Ri Avkv-AvK•Lv, Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` †hvMvb (Input) wn‡m‡e cvq;
G¸‡jv‡K Drcv`b cÖwµqvi (†hgb- †kªwY wk¶Y Kvh©µg) gva¨‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i Ges
Drcvw`Z cY¨ (†hgb wkw¶Z e¨w³, bZzb Ávb, bZzb g~j¨‡eva) cybivq e¨emv, wk¶v, M„n I
†mevg~jK cÖwZôv‡b Z_v cwi‡e‡k weZiY ev ißvbx K‡i| cÖwZôvb G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgv‡Ri
wbKU †_‡K Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖwZ`vb cvq hv Zv‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z I Dbœq‡bi
c‡_ Pj‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gfv‡eB cÖwZôv‡bi KvR PµvKv‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K|

†Kvb cÖwZôvbB mwVK A‡_© cy‡ivcywi D›gy³ ev e× bq| GKwU cy‡ivcywi e× wm‡÷g Zvi
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ †Kvb gvbe ev e¯ÍMZ m¤ú` †hvMvb wn‡m‡e cv‡e bv Ges cwi‡e‡k
†Kvb Drcvw`Z cY¨I weZiY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| AZGe, G ai‡bi wm‡÷‡gi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡I
_vK‡Z cv‡i bv| c¶všÍ‡i cy‡ivcywi D›gy³ wm‡÷‡g †Kvb wbe©vPbx ev evQvB cÖwµqv _vK‡e
bv e‡j GwUi Kvh© cwiPvjbv AZ¨waK Z_¨ Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq KvPvgvj Øviv fvivµvšÍ n‡e|
AZGe †Kvb cÖwZôvb cy‡ivcywi D›gy³ bv e× Gfv‡e wPšÍv bv K‡i cÖwZôvbwU †Kvb we‡kl
wm×všÍ ev Pv‡ci gy‡L wK cwigv‡Y D›gy³ ev e× Zv we‡ePbv KivB AwaK hyw³m¤§Z|
D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, GKwU ¯‹zj nqZ wk¶vµg m¤úwK©Z wel‡q AwffvK‡`i civgk©
MÖn‡Yi †ejvq h‡_ó D›gy³ n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Qv·`i k„•Ljv welqK wbqgKvby‡bi †ejvq
civgk© MÖn‡Y Ôe×Õ n‡Z cv‡i| AZGe bvbv ai‡bi wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡kœ GKwU ¯‹zj
wewfbœ gvÎvq D›gy³ ev e× n‡Z cv‡i| Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev msMVb‡K
ÔD›gy³-e×Õ gvÎv †¯‹‡ji †Kvb GKw`‡K GKUz †ewk Sz‡K co‡Z †`Lv hvq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki
miKvix ¯‹zj¸‡jv A‡bKUv e× wm‡÷‡gi Abyiƒc| G¸‡jv‡K Qv‡Îi Rb¨ Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi
mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z nq bv, wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †Kvb msMÖvgI Ki‡Z nq bv| G¸‡jvi
BDwbU- 2 wk¶v cÖkvmb I e¨e¯’vcbvi g~jbxwZ 26
¯‹zj Ae GWz‡Kkb

Aw¯ÍZ¡ GKiKg wbwðZB ejv hvq| G¸‡jvi A_©vqbI Kg©`¶Zv ev mvd‡j¨i mv‡_
Nwbôfv‡e m¤úwK©Z bq| A_©vr G¸‡jvi QvÎiv cieZ©x‡Z †Kvb wek¦we`¨vjq ev K‡j‡R fwZ©
n‡Z cvij wKbv, bvwK †eKvi Ae¯’vq c‡_ c‡_ Ny‡i †eovj Zv‡Z wKQy Av‡m hvq bv|
G¸‡jv eQi eQi †gvUvgywU GKB iKg Avw_©K eivÏ ev †hvMvb †c‡q hv‡”Q| Ab¨w`‡K
†ewki fvM †emiKvix cÖwZôvb I ¯‹zj n‡”Q ˆewkó¨MZfv‡e D›gy³ cÖK…wZi| G¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡
wbwðZ bq, wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ G¸‡jv‡K msMÖvg Ki‡Z nq| G¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx MÖvnK ev QvÎ wbe©vPb K‡i| G‡`i A_©vqb I mn‡hvwMZv wbf©i K‡i Kg©`¶Zv I
Drcv`‡bi ¸Yv¸‡Yi Dci| G¸‡jv m¤ú` AvniY I wecY‡bi Rb¨ ci¯úi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq
wjß nq Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv G¸‡jvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ wecbœ ev wejxb nq| ¯^fveZB †e‡P _vKvi Rb¨
Gme cÖwZôvb‡K cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©bkxj Pvwn`vi mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i Pj‡Z nq|

wPivqZ ZË¡ Ges D›gy³ wm‡÷g Z‡Ë¡i g‡a¨ aviYvMZ cv_©K¨¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv nj:

1. msMV‡bi ˆewkó¨ nj Aa¯Íb †_‡K 1. msMV‡bi ˆewkó¨ nj Dc-wm‡÷g¸‡jvi

DaŸ©Zb c`µ‡g KZ©e¨ I `vwqZ¡ Af¨šÍ‡i Ges ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi
cvjb Kiv nq| NUbv P‡µi ms‡hvM KvR K‡i|
2. ¶gZv cÖavb Kg©KZ©v ev wbe©vnxi 2. ¶gZv Dcwm‡÷g¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Qov‡bv _v‡K|
wbKU †Kw›`ªfzZ _v‡K|
3. AvbyôvwbK j¶¨ †_‡K NUbv ev 3. cwi‡e‡ki Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb †_‡K NUbv ev
Kv‡Ri w`K wb‡`©kbv Av‡m| Kv‡Ri w`K wb‡`©kbv Av‡m|
4. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZwôZ gva¨g Abyhvqx 4. †hvMv‡hvM mgMÖ wm‡÷ge¨vcx P‡j hv‡Z Dc
P‡j| wm‡÷g¸‡jvi K‡Ri mgš^q Kiv hvq Ges
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ ms‡hvM mvab Kiv hvq|
5. msMV‡bi wbqgKvby‡bi Øviv 5. Dcwm‡÷g¸‡jvi mv‡_ cwi‡e‡ki mv_©K
Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Dci wbqš¿Y ms‡hvM mva‡bi gva¨‡g Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi
cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq|
6. Ø›Ø msMV‡bi Rb¨ ¶wZKi hv 6. Ø›Ø Acwinvh© hvi mywókxj e¨e¯’vcbv
wbg~j© Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| msMV‡b AbyK‚j cwieZ©b Avbq‡b mnvqK|
7. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi GKwUB gvÎ 7. †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ mgfv‡e
m‡e©vËg cš’v i‡q‡Q| m‡šÍvlRbK wewfbœ cš’v i‡q‡Q|
8. msMV‡bi wKfv‡e KvR Kiv DwPZ 8. msMVb wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q †m m¤ú‡K©
†m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i| Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i|
9. e× Ges cwi‡ek n‡Z wew”Qbœ| 9. D›gy³ Ges Input-Output cÖwµqvi ga¨
w`‡q cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wµqv K‡i|
10. m¤úK© GKB iKg Ae¯’vq ev ¯’wei 10. m¤ú‡K© MwZgqZv _v‡K|
Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
11. P‚ovšÍ KZ…©Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ g~L¨ 11. g~L¨ Kg©KZ©v‡K Ggb A‡bK NUbvi KZ…©Z¡ I
Kg©KZ©vi nv‡Z _v‡K| `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z nq hv Zvi wb‡Ri m„ó bq Ges
wbqš¿‡YI bq|

GgGW †cÖvMÖvg Principles of Educational Administration and Management 27