Micro Web

Framework
by
Naveen
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Introduction
Flask is a web development framework developed in Python.

Flask provides a development server and a debugger.

It uses Jinja2 templates.

It is working with WSGI 1.0.

It provides integrated support for unit testing.

Many extensions are available for Flask, which can be used to

enhance its functionalities.

What does “micro” mean?

The “micro” in micro framework means Flask aims to keep the core
simple but extensible.

Flask won’t make many decisions for you, such as what database to
use. Those decisions that it does make, such as what templating
engine to use, are easy to change. Everything else is up to you, so
that Flask can be everything you need and nothing you don’t.

By default, Flask does not include a database abstraction layer, form

validation or anything else where different libraries already exist that
can handle that. Instead, Flask supports extensions to add such
functionality to your application as if it was implemented in Flask
itself.

Numerous extensions provide database integration, form validation,

upload handling, various open authentication technologies, and
more. Flask may be “micro”, but it’s ready for production use on a
variety of needs.

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Why is Flask called a micro-framework?

Flask is known as a micro-framework because it is lightweight and

only provides components that are essential.

It only provides the necessary components for web development,

such as routing, request handling, sessions, and so on.

For the other functionalities such as data handling, the developer

can write a custom module or use an extension.

Install Flask
$ pip install Flask

Install virtualenv
If you are using Python 2, the venv module is not available. You need
to install.

On Linux, virtualenv is provided by your package manager:

# Ubuntu

$ sudo apt-get install python-virtualenv

# CentOS, Fedora

$ sudo yum install python-virtualenv

On Windows, as an administrator:

> \Python27\python.exe Downloads\get-pip.py

> \Python27\python.exe -m pip install virtualenv

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 Hello world Example
1) Create a folder and name it, You can give any name.

2) In created folder create a module (a python file) and name it, you
can give any name. Ex : Demo1.py

3) Write the Program into the file as

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def wish():
return "Hello Flask"
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

4) save the module and run the module using command prompt.

5) Open the Command prompt and type the command as

python module.py

Example : python Demo1.py

Serving Flask app "Demo1" (lazy loading)

* Environment: production

WARNING: Do not use the development server in a production

environment.

Use a production WSGI server instead.

* Debug mode: off

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* Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)

6) Open the browser and type the URL as http://127.0.0.1:5000

Output

Program Explanation

# Importing flask module

from flask import Flask

# An object of Flask class is our WSGI application.

# Flask constructor takes the name of current module (__name__)

as argument.

app = Flask(__name__)

# The route() function of the Flask class is a decorator which tells

the application which URL should call the associated function.

@app.route('/')

# ‘/’ URL is bound with wish function.

def wish():

return 'Hello World'

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# main driver function

if __name__ == '__main__':

# run() method of Flask class runs the application on the local

development server.

app.run()

Example to render the Html Text

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/')
def show_html():
html_text = '''<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to Flask With Naveen</h1>
</body>
</html>'''
return html_text
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

Output

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 Routing
Use the route() decorator to bind a function to a URL.

@app.route('/')

def index():

return 'Index Page'

@app.route('/hello')

def hello():

return 'Hello, World'

Example to render Multiple web pages

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/one')
def page_one():
html_text = '''<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is Page 1</h1>
</body>
</html>'''

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 return html_text

@app.route('/two')
def page_two():
html_text = '''<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is Page 2</h1>
</body>
</html>'''
return html_text

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

Output

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 Variable Rules
You can add variable sections to a URL by marking sections with
<variable_name>.

Your function then receives the <variable_name> as a keyword

argument.

Optionally, you can use a converter to specify the type of the

argument like <converter:variable_name>.

from markupsafe import escape

@app.route('/user/<username>')

def show_user_profile(username):

# show the user profile for that user

return 'User %s' % escape(username)

@app.route('/post/<int:post_id>')

def show_post(post_id):

# show the post with the given id, the id is an integer

return 'Post %d' % post_id

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@app.route('/path/<path:subpath>')

def show_subpath(subpath):

# show the subpath after /path/

return 'Subpath %s' % escape(subpath)

Converter types:

string (default) accepts any text without a slash

int accepts positive integers

float accepts positive floating point values

path like string but also accepts slashes

uuid accepts UUID strings ( Universally unique identifier )

Example on variable in URL

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/<name>')
def wish(name):
html_text = '''<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome Mr/Miss : '''+name+'''</h1>
</body>
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 </html>'''
return html_text
if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

Output

Example on variable with type conversion in URL

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)
@app.route('/<name>/<int:age>')
def display_age(name,age):
if age>=23:
message = "Welcome Mr/Miss : "+name+" Your age is valid"
else:
message = "Welcome Mr/Miss : " + name + " Your age is
Invalid"
html_text = '''<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>''' + message + '''</h1>
</body>
</html>'''
return html_text

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if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(debug=True)

Output

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 Unique URLs /
Redirection
Behaviour
The following two rules differ in their use of a trailing slash.

@app.route('/projects/')

def projects():

return 'The project page'

@app.route('/about')

def about():

return 'The about page'

The canonical URL for the projects endpoint has a trailing slash. It’s
similar to a folder in a file system. If you access the URL without a
trailing slash, Flask redirects you to the canonical URL with the
trailing slash.

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The canonical URL for the about endpoint does not have a trailing
slash. It’s similar to the pathname of a file. Accessing the URL with a
trailing slash produces a 404 “Not Found” error. This helps keep URLs
unique for these resources, which helps search engines avoid
indexing the same page twice.

Rendering
Templates
The Flask configures the Jinja2 template engine automatically.

Jinja2 : https://jinja.palletsprojects.com/en/2.11.x/

To render a template you can use the render_template() method.

All you have to do is provide the name of the template and the
variables you want to pass to the template engine as keyword
arguments.

Here’s a simple example of how to render a template:

from flask import render_template

@app.route('/hello/')

@app.route('/hello/<name>')

def hello(name=None):
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 return render_template('hello.html', name=name)

Flask will look for templates in the templates folder.

So if your application is a module, this folder is next to that module,

if it’s a package it’s actually inside your package:

Case 1: a module:

Case 2: a package:

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 Template
Designer
Jinga 2 template engine provides some delimiters which can be used
in the HTML to make it capable of dynamic data representation.

The template system provides some HTML syntax which are

placeholders for variables and expressions that are replaced by their
actual values when the template is rendered.

The jinga2 template engine provides the following delimiters to

escape from the HTML.

o {% ... %} for statements

o {{ ... }} for expressions to print to the template output

o {# ... #} for the comments that are not included in the template
output

o # ... ## for line statements

Example

from flask import Flask

from flask import render_template

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app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/<name>')
def showIndex(name):
return render_template("index.html",name=name)

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run()

template

<html>
<head>
<title>Python With Naveen</title>
</head>
<body>
<style>
h1{
font-family: "Agency FB";
font-size: 40px;
background-color: red;
color: yellow;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
<h1>Welcome Mr/Miss : {{ name }}</h1>
</body>
</html>

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Output

Static Files

Just create a folder called static in your package or next to your

module and it will be available at /static on the application.

To generate URLs for static files, use the special 'static' endpoint
name:

url_for('static', filename='style.css')

The file has to be stored on the filesystem as static/style.css.

Example

from flask import render_template

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

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@app.route('/open/<name>')
def showtemplate(name):
return render_template('index.html',name=name)

if __name__ == "__main__":
app.run(debug=True)

template

<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="{{
url_for('static',filename='example.css')}}">
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to Templates {{ name }}</h1>
<a href="http://www.facebook.com">Open Face Book</a>
</body>
</html>

example.css

h1{
text-align: center;
font-size: 60px;
background-color: blue;
color: yellow;
font-family: "Agency FB";
}

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Pending Notes will be Updated in short

Thank you

Python With Naveen

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